kb made this video for his liveset in synch festival 05.transoxiana is a track from his mini lp thita 2002.

Отправляясь в поход, приказал Тамерлан каждому воину оставить у дороги камень. И вырос курган, и был огонь, и была победа. И возвращались они и поднимали камни свои. Но остались камни... Одна из работ Тимура Бекмамбетова. About Tamerlan: Tamerlane, a Turkic conqueror, established an empire that reached from India to the Mediterranean Sea. By 1370 Transoxiana had become the first conquest of Tamerlane. He came from the Barlas tribe of Mongols, who had settled in Transoxiana in the 1200s and over time had adopted Turkic Muslim culture. Originally a minor aristocrat, Tamerlane concocted a mythical descent from Genghis Khan and rose to power by an adroit combination of treachery and military genius. By 1402 he loosely controlled an empire stretching from India to the Mediterranean Sea. Tamerlane's rise to power signaled the end of the Mongol Empire. His exploits delivered the fatal blow to the empire's two westernmost khanates, the Golden Horde and the Il-Khanid dynasty of Southwest Asia.

http://www.artehistoria.com/civilizaciones/videos/472.htm A la muerte de Mahoma, en el año 632, el mundo islámico ha experimentado una rápida expansión, que le ha llevado, a partir de las ciudades santas de Medina y La Meca, a asentarse en buena parte de la península Arábiga. Entre los años 632 y 656, los cuatro primeros califas consiguen que el Islam se expanda por toda Arabia, Egipto, Siria, Irán y el Jurasán. Muy importante va a ser la expansión musulmana con la dinastía omeya, alcanzando, por el Oeste, a todo el Magreb, la península Ibérica y Sicilia, y por el Este, la Transoxiana y el Sind. Hacia el año 1250, el mundo musulmán, pese a perder la mitad de la península Ibérica, ha logrado avanzar hacia el sur en el Magreb y se ha extendido por la costa oriental de Africa. Además, son zonas islámicas buena parte de Anatolia, la región de Kazán, las tierras entre los mares Caspio y Aral y el norte de la India. Pese a que los cristianos han acabado de reconquistar la península Ibérica hacia el 1500, es entonces cuando el Islam alcanza su máxima extensión. En esa fecha la religión musulmana llega a toda la mitad norte de Africa y avanza por la costa oriental y Madagascar. También ha vuelto a penetrar en Europa por Grecia y los Balcanes, mientras que controla ya una gran extensión del sur de Rusia, casi toda la India y zonas Malasia, Sumatra y Java.

2002 Visit of / Visite de / Besuch von / Visita de / Chiamata di de Samarkande (ouzbekistan) / Samarkand (uzbekistan) Samarkandの訪問 / زياره سمرقند / 访问萨马尔罕 / Samarkand의 방문 Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade route between China and Europe. At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia, and for much of its history it has been under Persian rule. Founded circa 700 BCE it was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it in 329 BCE (see Afrasiab, Sogdiana). Under Sassanid Empire of Persia, Samarkand flourished and became one of the most important cities of the Persian empire. Under Abbasid rule, the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas in 751, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world to be founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe (either through Spain or through crusaders). From the 6th to 13th centuries it grew larger and more populous than modern Samarkand and was controlled by the Western Turks, Arabs (who converted the area to Islam), Persian Samanids, Karakhan Turks, Seljuk Turks, Karakitay, and Khorezmshah before being sacked by the Mongols in 1220. A small part of the population survived, but Samarkand suffered at least another Mongol sack by Khan Baraq to get treasure he needed to pay an army with. The town took many decades to recover from these disasters. In 1370, Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) decided to make Samarkand the capital of his projected world empire, which extended from India to Turkey. For the next 35 years, he built a new city, populating it with artisans and craftsmen from all of the places he had captured. Timur gained a reputation for wisdom and generosity, and Samarkand grew to become the center of the region of Transoxiana. His grandson Ulugh Beg ruled the country for 40 years. In Samarkand, Ulugh Beg created a scientific school that united outstanding astronomers and mathematicians. He also ordered the construction of an observatory; it contained a gigantic but precision-made marble sextant with an arc length of 63 meters. Ulugh Beg is also founder of uzbek language and uzbek nation. In the 16th century,Shaybanids moved their capital to Bukhara, and Samarkand went into decline. After an assault by the Persian warlord Nadir Shah, the city was abandoned in the 18th century. In 1868, the city came under Russian rule, when the citadel was stormed by a force under Colonel A.K. Abramov (1836-1886). Shortly thereafter the small Russian garrison of 500 men were themselves besieged. The assault was led by Abdul Malik Tura, the rebellious elder son of the Bukharan Emir, together with the Bek of Shahrisabz, and the attack was beaten off with heavy losses. Abramov, now a general, became the first Governor of the Military Okrug which the Russians established along the course of the River Zeravshan, of which Samarkand was the administrative centre. It later became the capital of the Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan, and grew in importance still further when the Trans-Caspian railway reached the city in 1888. It became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1925 before being replaced by Tashkent in 1930. (wikipedia) VALPARD FILMS http://valpardfilms.free.fr/

When Muhammad began preaching Islam, Omar ibn Khattab resolved to defend the traditional, polytheistic religion of Arabia. Because of his brutality He was most feared person in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in persecuting the Muslims. In the those days the early Muslims lived in fear of their life and often did not openly pray in the kaaba. To overcome this oppression Muhammad explicitly importune, to strengthen the Power with Omar, He needed thuggish person like Omar to rule over Arabs. According to an early story, recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah, `Umar resolved to assassinate Muhammad, befor Mohammad aske him to joine forces, and promissed him the power. For me is obvies that mohammad look around to find the most brutal savages and asked them to join him. Abu Bekr, the first successor of the Prophet Mohammed, was head of the Moslem community from 632 to 634. He set about patching up the internal unrest between tribes. Then Omar, caliph (head of the Muslem community) from 634 to 644, initiated an explosive expansion of Islam. He seized Syria, then Jerusalem and finally Damascus in 638 after having defeated Heraclius. In 635, other Arab troops launched an assault on the Sassanian Empire, and crossed the Euphrates. The downfall of the empire was well underway when the Arab horsemen dealt the deathblow to the Sassanid dynasty and overran Persia first entering Ctesiphon in 637. Successive victories were to follow. They emerged victorious from the engagement at Nahavand in 642, which left the way open for them to enter the Iranian plateau. The conquest of Persia continued with the fall of Afghanistan (651) and then Transoxiana (674).

http://www.artehistoria.com/civilizaciones/videos/469.htm "En el nombre de Dios, el Clemente, el Misericordioso...". Así empieza el Corán, texto que contiene lo que según el islam es la última Revelación dirigida por Dios -en árabe Alá, "el único Dios"- a la humanidad, a través de un profeta llamado Muhammad o Mahoma. La doctrina islámica se originó en la Hidjaz, la región noroccidental de la península arábiga, y en particular en La Meca y Yathrib, posteriormente conocida como Medina. En ésta última, a comienzos del siglo VII, un mercader de cuarenta años de edad, Muhammad, recibió varias revelaciones de Dios entre los años 610 y 632, con el encargo de predicarlas a la humanidad. La predicación de Mahoma comenzó en La Meca, aunque la persecución de sus adeptos obligó al Profeta a trasladarse a Medina con unos ciento cincuenta seguidores. La huida, en el año 622, conocida como la hégira, marca el inicio del calendario islámico. En Medina, Mahoma siguió predicando y ganando adeptos a su doctrina. Allí formó una nueva comunidad con los fieles de su religión, llamada umma, basada en los principios de fraternidad, igualdad, ayuda mutua y solidaridad. En los diez años siguientes, Mahoma ejerció el control religioso, político y militar sobre una comunidad nueva y dinámica. En el año 630 Mahoma había conseguido ya el poder suficiente para permitirle hacer su entrada triunfal en La Meca. En la cumbre de su autoridad, controlaba gran parte de la península arábiga y había enviado fuerzas para comprobar las defensas bizantinas en el sur de Siria. A la muerte del profeta, sus sucesores recibieron el título de califas, es decir, "sucesor del enviado de Dios". Éstos, en los treinta años siguientes, consiguieron extender el mundo islámico hasta Egipto, Mesopotamia, Siria y buena parte del actual Irán. Especialmente significativa fue la toma de Jerusalén, donde fue levantada la Mezquita de la Cúpula de la Roca. Ésta se construyó sobre el lugar que ocupó el Templo de Salomón, aunque la tradición afirma que sólo se quiso preservar el recuerdo del viaje del Profeta al Paraíso. Con este edificio en Jerusalén, el islam implantaba, junto con Medina y La Meca, un tercer lugar sagrado, cuya apariencia competía, además, con los edificios cristianos de la ciudad Entre los años 661 y 750, el califato estuvo en manos de una nueva dinastía, la omeya, que trasladó la capital desde Medina a Damasco. Con los omeya, el imperio islámico alcanzó su máxima expansión, conquistando el Magreb hasta el Atlántico, la península Ibérica, parte de la Galia y, en el Oriente, ocupando la Transoxiana y el Sind. El derrocamiento de los omeyas en el año 750 dio lugar a una nueva dinastía califal, la abbasí, que cambió su capital a Bagdad. Durante este periodo, la sociedad islámica experimentó un importante proceso de transformación hacia la vida urbana, floreciendo la actividad intelectual y el comercio. Pero paulatinamente los califas de Bagdad vieron cómo su gobierno quedaba reducido a poco más del territorio de Irak, formándose diversos estados prácticamente independientes. Uno de los más importantes fue el emirato omeya de al-Andalus. Abd al-Rahman I, miembro de los derrocados omeyas, se hizo dueño de al-Andalus, adoptando el título de emir. Uno de sus descendientes, Abd al-Rahman III, rompió toda dependencia de Bagdad y se proclamó califa. Con los omeyas, al-Andalus recibió embajadas extranjeras en busca de alianzas, al tiempo que surgieron una agricultura y una industria florecientes y fueron traducidas las obras clásicas. Las sucesivas ampliaciones de la mezquita aljama cordobesa convirtieron al-Andalus y su capital en el faro del islam en Occidente. La desintegración del califato en el año 1031 dio lugar a un periodo de desórdenes y división, los llamados reinos taifas. Almorávides, en el siglo XII, y almohades, en el XIII, consiguieron momentáneamente reunificar al-Andalus. Sin embargo, al final sólo sobrevivió el pequeño reino nazarí de Granada, que pasó a manos de la cristiandad en 1492. A pesar de ello, antes de caer dejó como herencia una de las más asombrosas maravillas arquitectónicas del mundo islámico: la exuberante Alhambra....

The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads.[1] Some of these Eurasian tribes moved into Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries, most famously under Attila the Hun. Huns remaining in Asia are recorded by neighboring peoples to the south, east, and west as having occupied Central Asia roughly from the 4th century to the 6th century, with some surviving in the Caucasus until the early 8th century. The Huns were Mongoloid in appearance according to Roman writers. The only extant description on Attila's appearance is that of Priscus: "short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with gray; and he had a flat nose and a swarthy complexion, showing the evidences of his origin." Attila's physical appearance was most likely that of an Eastern Asian: Mongol and Turkic.[ [edit] Origin and identity The research and debate about the Asian ancestral origins of the Huns has been ongoing since the 18th century. For example philologists still debate to this day which ethnonym from Chinese, Persian or Armenian sources is not identical with the Latin Hunni or the Greek Chounnoi as evidence of the Huns' identity.[3] Recent genetic research[3] shows that the great confederations of steppe warriors were not an ethnically homogeneous people, but tended to be composed of various Eurasian clans, Mongoloid (Turkic, Tungus, Mongol, Finno-Ugric) and Caucasoid (Iranian, peoples of the Caucasus), the Huns had even incorporated many unrelated Iranian Scythian tribes (Alans, Sarmatians), Germanic tribes (Gepids, Goths) and Slav tribes. Hun identity is further complicated by the fame of the name, as apparently many clans claimed to be Huns for the prestige of the name. Similarly, Greek or Latin chroniclers may have used "Huns" in a more general sense, to describe social or ethnic characteristics, believed place of origin, or reputation.[3]"All we can say safely", says Walter Pohl,"is that the name Huns, in late antiquity, described prestigious ruling groups of steppe warriors".[3] These views come in the context of the ethnocentric and nationalistic scholarship of past generations, which often presumed that an ethnic homogeneity must underlie a socially and culturally homogeneous people.[4] Evidence from genetic and ethnogenesis research contrasts with traditional theories based on Chinese records, archaeology, linguistics and other indirect evidence. These theories contain various elements: that the name "Hun" first described a nomadic ruling group of warriors whose ethnic origins were in Central Asia, and was most likely in present day Mongolia; that possibly they were related to, or part of, the Xiongnu (first suggested by Joseph de Guignes in the 18th century); that the Xiongnu were defeated by the Chinese Han Empire; and that this is why they left Mongolia and moved west, eventually invading Europe 200 years later. Indirect evidence includes the transmission of the composite bow, the so-called Hun bow, from Central Asia to the west. This narrative is ingrained in western (and eastern) historiography, but the evidence is often indirect or ambiguous. The Huns left practically no written records. There is no record of what happened between the time they left China and arrived in Europe 150 years later. The last mention of the northern Xiongnu was their defeat by the Chinese in 151 at the lake of Barkol, after which they fled to the western steppe at K'ang-chü (centered on Turkestan in Kazakhstan). Chinese records between the 3rd and 4th century suggest that a small tribe called Yueban, remnants of northern Xiongnu, was distributed about the steppe of Kazakhstan. One recent line of reasoning favors a political and cultural link between the Huns and the Xiongnu. The Central Asian (Sogdian and Bactrian) sources of the 4th century translate "Huns" as "Xiongnu", and "Xiongnu" as "Huns"; also, Xiongnu and Hunnish cauldrons are virtually identical, and were buried on the same spots (river banks) in Hungary and in the Ordos.[5] The Huns may be of Turkic origin. This school of thought emerged when Joseph de Guignes in the 18th century identified the Huns with the Xiongnu or (H)siung-nu.[6] It is supported by O. Maenchen-Helfen on the basis of his linguistic studies.[7][8] English scholar Peter Heather called the Huns "the first group of Turkic, as opposed to Iranian, nomads to have intruded into Europe".[9] Turkish researcher Kemal Cemal bolsters this assertion by showing similarities in words and names in Turkic and Hunnic languages, and similarities in systems of governance of Hunnic and Turkic tribes. Hungarian historian Gyula Nemeth also supports this view.[10] Uyghur historian Turghun Almas has suggested a link between the Huns and the Uyghurs, a Turkic speaking people who reside in Xinjiang, China. The so-called "White Huns" of Procopius were probably not related to the classical Huns, but were most likely related to the Indo-European Iranians and Tocharians.[11][12][13] [edit] History The Hunnic Empire stretched from the steppes of Central Asia into modern Germany, and from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea [edit] 2nd-5th centuries Dionysius Periegetes describes a people who may be Huns living near the Caspian Sea in the 2nd century. By AD 139, the European geographer Ptolemy writes that the "Khuni" are next to the Dnieper River and ruled by "Suni". He lists the "Chuni" as among the "Sarmatian" White Hun tribes in the second century, although it is not known for certain if these people were the Huns. The 5th century Armenian historian Moses of Khorene, in his "History of Armenia," introduces the Hunni near the Sarmatians and describes their capture of the city of Balk ("Kush" in Armenian) sometime between 194 and 214, which explains why the Greeks call that city Hunuk. Following the defeat of the Xiongnu by the Han, Xiongnu history is unknown for a century; thereafter, the Liu family of southern Xiongnu Tiefu attempted to establish a state in western China (see Han Zhao). Chionites (OIONO/Xiyon) appear on the scene in Transoxiana in 320 immediately after Jin Zhun overthrew Liu Can, sending the Xiongnu into chaos. Later Kidara came along to lead the Chionites into pressing on the Kushans. In the west, Ostrogoths came in contact with the Huns in AD 358. The Armenians mention Vund c.370: the first recorded Hunnish leader in the Caucasus region. The Romans invited the Huns east of Ukraine to settle Pannonia in 361, and in 372 they pushed west led by their king Balimir, and defeated the Alans. In the east, in the early 5th century, Tiefu Xia is the last southern Xiongnu dynasty in Western China and the Alchon / Huna appear in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. At this point deciphering Hunnish histories for the multi-linguist becomes easier with relatively well-documented events in Byzantine, Armenian, Iranian, Indian, and Chinese sources. [edit] European Huns A 14th century chivalric-romanticized painting of "the huns" laying siege to a city. Note anachronistic details in weapons, armor and city type. Chronicon Pictum, 1360.The Huns appeared in Europe in the 4th century, apparently from in Central Asia. They first appeared north of the Black Sea, forcing a large number of Goths to seek refuge in the Roman Empire; later, the Huns appeared west of the Carpathians in Pannonia, probably sometime between 400 and 410, perhaps triggering the massive migration of Germanic tribes westward across the Rhine in December 406. The establishment of the 5th century Hunnic Empire marks a historically early instance of horseback migration. Under the leadership of Attila the Hun, the Huns achieved hegemony over several well-organized rivals by using superior weaponry such as the Hun bow, and a well-organized system of taxation. Supplementing their wealth by plundering wealthy Roman cities to the south, the Huns maintained the loyalties of a diverse number of tributary tribes. Attila's Huns incorporated groups of unrelated tributary peoples. In Europe, Alans, Gepids, Scirii, Rugians, Sarmatians, Slavs and Gothic tribes all united under the Hun family military elite. After Attila's death, some of his Huns eventually settled in Pannonia, but the Empire dissolved after his sons were defeated by Ardaric's coalition at the Battle of Nedao in 454, at modern day Nedava. Memory of the Hunnish conquest was transmitted orally among Germanic peoples and is an important component in the Old Norse Völsunga saga and Hervarar saga, and the Middle High German Nibelungenlied, all of which portray Migrations period events a millennium before their written recordings. In the Hervarar saga, the Goths make first contact with the bow-wielding Huns and meet them in an epic battle on the plains of the Danube. In the Völsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied, Attila (Atli in Norse and Etzel in German) defeats the Frankish king Sigebert I (Sigurðr or Siegfried) and the Burgundian King Guntram (Gunnar or Gunther), but is later assassinated by Queen Fredegund (Gudrun or Kriemhild), the sister of the latter and wife of the former. [edit] Successor nations Many nations have tried to assert themselves as ethnic or cultural successors to the Huns. For instance, the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans may indicate that they believed themselves to have been descended from Attila. The Bulgars certainly were part of the Hun tribal alliance for some time, and some have hypothesized in the past that the Chuvash language (which is believed to have descended from the Bulgar language) is the closest surviving relative of the Hunnish language.[14] The Magyars (Hungarians) also have laid claims to Hunnish heritage. Because the Huns who invaded Europe represented a loose coalition of various peoples, it is possible that Magyars were part of it. Until the early 20th century, many Hungarian historians believed that the Székely people (the Hungarians' "brother nation" who live in Transylvania) were the descendants of the Huns. The names "Hun" and "Hungarian" sound alike, but differ in etymology. The name "Hungarian" is derived from a Turkish phrase "onogur" which means "ten tribes", which possibly refers to a tribal covenant between the different Hungarian tribes that moved into the area of today's Hungary at the end of the 9th century. In 2005, a group of about 2,500 Hungarians petitioned the government for recognition of minority status as direct descendants of Attila. The bid failed, but gained some publicity for the group, which formed in the early 1990s and appears to represent a special Hun(garian)-centric brand of mysticism. The self-proclaimed Huns are not known to possess any distinctly Hunnish culture or language beyond what would be available from historical and modern-mystical Hungarian sources.[15] While it is clear that the Huns left descendants all over Eastern Europe, the disintegration of the Hun Empire meant they never regained their lost glory. One reason was that the Huns never fully established the mechanisms of a state, such as bureaucracy and taxes, unlike the Magyars or Golden Horde. Once disorganized, the Huns were absorbed by more organized polities. [edit] Historiography The term "Hun" has been also used to describe peoples with no historical connection to what scholars consider to be "Huns". On July 27, 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion in China, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany gave the order to "make the name 'German' remembered in China for a thousand years, so that no Chinaman [sic] will ever again dare to even squint at a German". This speech, wherein Kaiser Wilhelm invoked the memory of the 5th-century Huns, coupled with the Pickelhaube or spiked helmet worn by German forces until 1916, that was reminiscent of ancient Hun (and Hungarian) helmets, gave rise to the later derogatory English usage of the latter term for their German enemy during World War I. This usage was reinforced by Allied propaganda throughout the war, and many pilots of the RFC referred to their foe as "The Hun". The usage resurfaced during World War II.