赤外線反射パッチ、ナイトビジョンでのみ反射するパッチです。

The Atmospheric Neutral Density Experiment (ANDE) Risk Reduction Mission consists of two spherical spacecraft fitted with retro-reflectors for satellite laser ranging (SLR). Scientific objectives of the ANDE missions include monitoring total neutral density along the orbit for improved orbit determination of space objects, monitoring the spin rate and orientation of the spacecraft to better understand in-orbit dynamics, and to provide a test object for polarimetry studies. The mission will provide objects in low Earth orbit with well-determined ballistic coefficients and radar cross-sections for comprehensive atmospheric modeling. Each mission will include a passive and an active spherical spacecraft in a lead-trail orbit configuration. The passive sphere will be tracked with the Space Surveillance Network (SSN) and SLR to study atmospheric drag and in-track total density. The active sphere will have on-board instrumentation to measure atmospheric density and composition. The active sphere will monitor its position relative to the passive sphere to study drag models. The active satellites will communicate on-board data through a system of modulated retro-reflectors (MRR). Mission Objectives: Provide Total Atmospheric Density for Orbit Determination and Collision Avoidance Space to Ground Optical Communication Demo Validate Fundamental Theories on the Calculation of the Drag Coefficient Provide Calibration Object for Radar Fence Upgrade Establish a Method to Validate Neutral Density and Composition Derived from DMSP Sensors. Active Sphere Instrumentation: Modulating Retro-Reflector (MRR) Array Final layout analysis in progress One hemisphere densely populated One hemisphere with single MRR Thermal Control System (± 5 C) Thermal Monitoring System (TMS) ( ≤ 1C) Global Positioning Sensor (GPS) Wind and Temperature Spectrometer (WATS) (1-46 amu) Backup Communications System Photovoltaic Arrays Lithium Ion Batteries Passive Sphere Instrumentation: Retro-Reflector Array 21st December 2006

ESA's gravity mission GOCE The Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) is dedicated to measuring the Earth's gravity field and modelling the geoid with extremely high accuracy and spatial resolution. It is the first Earth Explorer Core mission to be developed as part of ESA's Living Planet Programme and is scheduled for launch in 2007. Mission objectives To determine the gravity-field anomalies with an accuracy of 1 mGal (where 1 mGal = 10^-5 m/s^2). To determine the geoid with an accuracy of 1-2 cm. To achieve the above at a spatial resolution better than 100 km. Mission elements Single rigid octagonal spacecraft of approximately 5 m long and 1 m in diameter with fixed solar wings and no moving parts. Gradiometer -- 3 pairs of 3-axis, servo-controlled, capacitive accelerometers (each pair separated by a distance of 0.5 m). 12-channel GPS receiver with geodetic quality. Laser retroreflector enabling tracking by ground-based lasers.

How good is the output from your femtosecond laser? The new third-order cross-correlator Rincon dmphotonics.com was specifically developed for measuring a wide array of output parameters from ultrafast laser systems including: contrast ratio of laser pulses, determining pulse pedestal, pre- and post-pulses, and amplified spontaneous emission in femtosecond systems. It also provides information about the third-order cross-correlation function of pulse intensity on a femtosecond scale and can be used for alignment of high power femtosecond lasers. A portion of the input pulse is converted to the second harmonic (SH) with a nonlinear crystal. A dichroic mirror reflects the SH and transmits the fundamental thus splitting the beam into the two arms of the crosscorrelator. The fundamental beam arm includes a retro reflector and delay-line. After passing through the delay-line the fundamental is recombined with the SH and focused into a DKDP or BBO crystal (depending on the input pulse wavelength). Mixing the fundamental and SH pulses in the nonlinear crystal produces non-collinear third harmonic generation (TH). By filtering out the fundamental and SH frequencies, the TH can be isolated. Measuring the TH signal as a function of the optical delay between the fundamental and SH pulses gives the third order cross correlation function. The third order cross-correlator is ideal for looking at the full range of output from amplified femtosecond laser systems. High temporal resolution over a long (close to 1 ns) window shows pulse features that are usually missed, giving the user a detailed and complete picture of the quality and stability of the output pulse parameters of their femtosecond laser system.

Satire on the Apollo Moon Missions as Hoaxes, Conspiracy Theories. Apollo Moon Landing hoax accusations are claims that some or all elements of the Apollo Moon landings were faked by NASA and possibly members of other involved organizations. Some groups and individuals have advanced various theories which tend, to varying degrees, to include the following common elements: The Apollo Astronauts did not land on the Moon; NASA and possibly others intentionally deceived the public into believing the landing(s) did occur by manufacturing, destroying, or tampering with evidence, including photos, telemetry tapes, transmissions, and rock samples; NASA and possibly others continue to actively participate in the conspiracy to this day. Predominant hoax claims A number of different hoax theories have been advanced. No one has proposed a complete narrative of how the hoax could have been perpetrated, but instead believers focus on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. Several of these ideas and their most readily identifiable proponents are described below: Complete hoax — The idea that the entire human landing program was faked. Some claim that the technology to send men to the Moon was insufficient or that the Van Allen radiation belts, solar flares, solar wind, coronal mass ejections and cosmic rays made such a trip impossible. Partial hoax / unmanned landings — Bart Sibrel has stated that the crew of Apollo 11 and subsequent astronauts had faked their orbit around the Moon and their walk on its surface by trick photography, and that they never got more than halfway to the Moon. A subset of this proposal is advocated by those who concede the existence of retroreflectors and other observable human-made objects on the Moon. British publisher Marcus Allen represented this argument when he said "I would be the first to accept what [telescope images of the landing site] find as powerful evidence that something was placed on the Moon by man." He goes on to say that photographs of the lander would not prove that America put men on the Moon. "Getting to the Moon really isn't much of a problem -- the Russians did that in 1959, the big problem is getting people there." His argument focuses around NASA sending robot missions because radiation levels in space were lethal to humans. Another variant on this is the idea that NASA and its contractors did not recover quickly enough from the Apollo 1 fire, and so all the early Apollo missions were faked, with Apollo 14 or 15 being the first authentic mission. Still others believe the first and only landing occurred on December 11, 1972 with Apollo 17, as this was the first and final mission with a civilian scientist. Manned landings, with cover-ups William Brian believes that the astronauts may have used "a secret zero gravity device" derived from technology found on a "captured extraterrestrial spaceship", but that NASA was compelled to cover up these facts and others relating to the gravity and the presence of atmosphere on the moon in order to maintain secrecy surrounding the alien space ship. Others believe that, while astronauts did land on the Moon, they covered up what they found, whether it was gravitational anomalies, alien artifacts, or alien encounters. Philippe Lheureux, in Lumières sur la Lune (Lights on the Moon), said that astronauts did land on the Moon, but that, in order to prevent other nations from benefiting from scientific information in the real photos, NASA published fake images. Actual lunar landing - faked filming -- Still others believe that men did land on the moon, but that the photography was of very low media quality and in most cases unsuitable or even unusable. Therefore the U.S. government (NASA), since it had to present proof of the space program's success to justify taxpayers' money and keep the program alive, altered, modified and even faked many of the pictures and video, launching a subsequent media campaign with great success. Advocates of this theory state that the equipment used to photograph (Hasselblad cameras privately modified by NASA) had no protection for the film against radiation nor intense lighting conditions present on the moon and in space.

Apollo doubters never seem to come up with their own photos of seedy, back-room hoax meetings, actors, directors or sets in the desert. However, they love to pick on Apollo photos! Unfortunately, they often lack even basic understanding of photographic realities. Here, the crew from "Mythbusters" defuses 2 popularly proposed Apollo photo objections. No, in a half-hour show, they can't explain 100s of photos. Don't bother suggesting that Mythbusters is actually proving that photos can be faked. These little photos aren't THAT good! And that's not the point of their experiment. The purpose was not to prove it's impossible duplicate an effect. They proved that shadows can appear at uneven angles. They proved shadows don't always look parallel on uneven surfaces. They've proved that an astronaut's image can properly be exposed even if he's in a shadow. Taking a couple of (less than convincing) still image of a toy model doesn't explain thousands of images and dozens of hours of video, retroreflectors on the moon, rock samples, etc.

When astronomers from around the world want a precise measurement, they bounce lasers off of 1 of 3 retroreflectors left on the moon by Apollos 11, 14 and 15. They're exactly where NASA says they should be. Mythbusters demonstrates this before your very eyes. How did they get there? If weren't placed there by Apollo astronauts, then hoax theorists have some explaining to do.

Satire on the Apollo Moon Missions as Hoaxes, Conspiracy Theories. Apollo Moon Landing hoax accusations are claims that some or all elements of the Apollo Moon landings were faked by NASA and possibly members of other involved organizations. Some groups and individuals have advanced various theories which tend, to varying degrees, to include the following common elements: The Apollo Astronauts did not land on the Moon; NASA and possibly others intentionally deceived the public into believing the landing(s) did occur by manufacturing, destroying, or tampering with evidence, including photos, telemetry tapes, transmissions, and rock samples; NASA and possibly others continue to actively participate in the conspiracy to this day. Predominant hoax claims A number of different hoax theories have been advanced. No one has proposed a complete narrative of how the hoax could have been perpetrated, but instead believers focus on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. Several of these ideas and their most readily identifiable proponents are described below: Complete hoax — The idea that the entire human landing program was faked. Some claim that the technology to send men to the Moon was insufficient or that the Van Allen radiation belts, solar flares, solar wind, coronal mass ejections and cosmic rays made such a trip impossible. Partial hoax / unmanned landings — Bart Sibrel has stated that the crew of Apollo 11 and subsequent astronauts had faked their orbit around the Moon and their walk on its surface by trick photography, and that they never got more than halfway to the Moon. A subset of this proposal is advocated by those who concede the existence of retroreflectors and other observable human-made objects on the Moon. British publisher Marcus Allen represented this argument when he said "I would be the first to accept what [telescope images of the landing site] find as powerful evidence that something was placed on the Moon by man." He goes on to say that photographs of the lander would not prove that America put men on the Moon. "Getting to the Moon really isn't much of a problem -- the Russians did that in 1959, the big problem is getting people there." His argument focuses around NASA sending robot missions because radiation levels in space were lethal to humans. Another variant on this is the idea that NASA and its contractors did not recover quickly enough from the Apollo 1 fire, and so all the early Apollo missions were faked, with Apollo 14 or 15 being the first authentic mission. Still others believe the first and only landing occurred on December 11, 1972 with Apollo 17, as this was the first and final mission with a civilian scientist. Manned landings, with cover-ups William Brian believes that the astronauts may have used "a secret zero gravity device" derived from technology found on a "captured extraterrestrial spaceship", but that NASA was compelled to cover up these facts and others relating to the gravity and the presence of atmosphere on the moon in order to maintain secrecy surrounding the alien space ship. Others believe that, while astronauts did land on the Moon, they covered up what they found, whether it was gravitational anomalies, alien artifacts, or alien encounters. Philippe Lheureux, in Lumières sur la Lune (Lights on the Moon), said that astronauts did land on the Moon, but that, in order to prevent other nations from benefiting from scientific information in the real photos, NASA published fake images. Actual lunar landing - faked filming -- Still others believe that men did land on the moon, but that the photography was of very low media quality and in most cases unsuitable or even unusable. Therefore the U.S. government (NASA), since it had to present proof of the space program's success to justify taxpayers' money and keep the program alive, altered, modified and even faked many of the pictures and video, launching a subsequent media campaign with great success. Advocates of this theory state that the equipment used to photograph (Hasselblad cameras privately modified by NASA) had no protection for the film against radiation nor intense lighting conditions present on the moon and in space.