Wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) are not native to the Americas; they arrived with the Spanish in the 1500s. Early attempts to form vineyards in more northerly climes, such as the Caribbean, Mexico, and Peru proved unsuccessful; in Chile, however, the vine found its first true New World home. The Catholic missionaries who followed the Spanish Conquistadors lamented the lack of wine that was essential for celebrating religious rites, and they set about to resolve the problem. Fray Francisco de Carabantes is widely credited with bringing the first vines probably Paí­s (pronounced " pah-EES" and known as "Mission" in California) into Chile through the port of Concepción round 1548. Such was the success that vineyards were quickly planted throughout the country from the Limarí Valley in the north to Bí­o-Báío Valley in the south precisely the areas that still delimit the vast majority of Chile's wine production today. Of course the desire for wine in Chile was not limited to the Church-there were plenty of secular uses for the traditional European beverage of choice. The thirsty residents of the burgeoning capital city of Santiago also clamored for wine, and the surrounding Maipo Valley proved to be a ready and abundant source of red wine. Improvements in maritime transportation made cross-Atlantic travel much more viable by the early 19th century. Chile, freshly emancipated from Spain, yearned for knowledge of its European roots, and members of the country's wealthiest families embarked upon an intercontinental pilgrimage that would change Chilean life and culture in many ways. France was a favorite destination, and soon French customs, from food to clothing to architecture, flourished among Chiles upper classes. It did not take long for the first French-style wineries to make an appearance as well. By the mid-1800s, interest in European-style wine production was taking hold. Well-heeled families many with fortunes earned in the mining industry built extraordinary mansions beyond the city limits and surrounded them with vineyards. Pioneering naturalist and scientist Claudio Gay brought some 30 Vitis vinifera varieties from France for experimental purposes in the nascent University of Chile's Quinta Normal agricultural center. Silvestre Ochagavia is generally credited with being the first to introduce French varieties for commercial purposes 20 years later in the Maipo Valley. Others quickly followed suit, and many of Chile's now traditional wineries were formed, including Carmen, Concha y Toro, Cousiño Macul, Errá¡zuriz, San Pedro, Santa Rita, Undurraga, and Urmeneta. New varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Malbec (Cot), Carménère, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillón, and Riesling produced noble wines that quickly gained popularity and replaced the then-traditional País grape, which was relegated to the country's winemaking extremes, where it is still used today for rustic wines destined for local consumption. Chile had entered into a new phase of its winemaking history, again one of the first in the New World to make serious noble wines. This small South American country was also fortunate; the European wine industry was about to undergo a crisis that would never touch Chile. Trans-Atlantic exchange brought with it tremendous benefits to both continents, but it also had its downside. European garden enthusiasts had unwittingly imported a devastating vineyard pest Phylloxera hidden in the roots of America's native grape vines that were beautiful, despite being useless for wine production. Europe's Vitis vinifera vines were defenseless against the tiny and voracious louse, which advanced unchecked, quickly decimating thousands of hectares of ancient Old World vineyards along the way. The pest was re-introduced to the Americas with the import of Vitis vinifera vines, yet for reasons that have never fully been understood, Chile remains Phylloxera-free to this day.

Russ Weis, president of Silverado Vineyards, talks about Silverado's heritage selection of Cabernet Sauvignon, UCD #30, one of only three heritage field selections of Cabernet Sauvignon in the entire state of California and the highly regarded wine Silverado makes from these vines, SOLO. These historical vines are planted at Silverado's estate vineyard, the first vineyard planted to Cabernet Sauvignon in the Stags Leap District.

Nick discusses how vines are developed via field selection and the problems that occurred regarding the AXR root stock and phylloxera. The techniques led to the development of clones.

C'est l'histoire du "saute bouchon" que ce film se propose de raconter : depuis les nefs des églises jusqu'aux marches des podiums. Nous irons au coeur des domaines des plus grandes maisons de Champagne. En voir plus sur : http://www.vodeo.tv/159-116-4825-champagne-!.html?PARTID=9085

Cantina Novelli & Club dei Piaceri ..il Trebbiano SpoletinoCome già annunciato nel precedente articolo è stato con successo celebrato l'evento dedicato al Trebbiano spoletino.La cena in particolare ha visto succedersi al microfono una folta schiera di esperti che hanno affascinato i presenti con sapienti dissertazioni sulla storia, la poesia, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l'alchimia che contraddistinguono questo uvaggio per troppo tempo dimenticato ed ora riscoperto e nobilitato;sarà portato all'attenzione del mondo enologico per le peculiarità organolettico-ofattive che la storia ed il presente gli riconoscono . Il fatto poi che nelle vigne di Novelli esista la pianta superstite all'epidemia di phylloxera che distrusse tutte le vigne d'Europa più di 100 anni fa,ha accesso la curiosità legittima di numerosi studiosi e università. Galleria fotografica Altro video su youtube

http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/trianon/trianon.pdf - (18) Convention of November 29, 1906, regarding the unification of pharmacopoeial formulae for potent drugs. (19) Convention of November 16 and 19, 1885, regarding the establishment of a concert pitch. (20) Convention of June 7, 1905, regarding the creation of an International Agricultural Institute at Rome. (21) Conventions of November 3, 1881, and April 15, 1889, regarding precautionary measures against phylloxera. (22) Convention of March 19, 1902, regarding the protection of birds useful to agriculture. (23) Convention of June 12, 1902, regarding the guardianship of minors. ARTICLE 218. From the coming into force of the present Treaty the High Contracting Parties shall apply the conventions and agreements hereinafter mentioned, in so far as concerns them, Hungary undertaking to comply

Retrieved from "http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_X" - creation of an International Agricultural Institute at Rome. 24. Conventions of 3 November 1881 and 15 April 1889 regarding precautionary measures against phylloxera. 25. Convention of 19 March 1902 regarding the protection of birds useful to agriculture. 26. Convention of 12 June 1902 as to the protection of minors. Article 283 From the coming into force of the present Treaty the High Contracting Parties shall apply the conventions and agreements hereinafter mentioned, in so far as concerns them, on condition that the special stipulations contained in this Article are fulfilled by Germany. Postal Conventions: Conventions and agreements of the Universal Postal Union concluded at Vienna, 4 July 1891. Conventions and agreements of the Postal Union signed at Washington,

Retrieved from "http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye/Part_X" - Creation of an International Agricultural Institute at Rome. (21) Conventions of 3 November 1881 and 15 April 1889 regarding Precautionary Measures against Phylloxera. (22) Convention of 19 March 1902 regarding the Protection of Birds Useful to Agriculture. (23) Convention of 12 June 1902 regarding the Guardianship of Minors. Article 235 From the coming into force of the present Treaty the High Contracting Parties shall apply the conventions and agreements hereinafter mentioned, in so far as concerns them, Austria undertaking to comply with the special stipulations contained in this Article. Postal Conventions: Conventions and Agreements of the Universal Postal Union concluded at Vienna, 4 July 1891. Conventions and Agreements of the Postal Union signed

Au cinq

Kool Keef & Nappy J deliver another informative rollercoaster ride of booty shaking, hip gyrating, baby making grooves. Grenache lyrics: Gigondas and Chateuneuf de Pape use a lot of Grenache, 80 percent or more, well usually. While Tavel and Cotes de Rhone like it for rose. Its got lots of alcohol cause the grapes are sweet. It grows on hillsides steep, in the desert heat. Austrailia is known for GSM blends. That's grenache, syrah, mourvedre my non savvy friends. Got to give it up for Le Mistral. The intense cold wind blowing from the Alps. Although Grenache likes to grow where its dry and hot, the icy blast cools the vine and prevents the rot. It gets a lot of sun, but doesn't get a lot of tannin. With high alcohol and sugar so you know the body's bangin'. The grapes are low in pigment, as well as malic acid. The spicy berry flavor should be soft on your palette. Grenache is big, but without the backbone. In fact it dominates in the southern Rhone. It's the number one red grape planted in the world. Add mourvedre or cinsault for a flavor swirl. It is a little dry, but can be drank alone. So we add the other grapes to round out the tone. Its got lavender, thyme, vanilla, oak and smoked wood. Blend the acid and tannins to make it really good. Said to have orgins in the country of Spain, this grape goes by many a name. Often the M word that's tricky to say, Moo Vad, Moor Vahd, or Mourvedre. The Portuguese call it Mataro. Monstrell in Spain. In parts of France its known as Estrangle Chien. No matter what its called, or from where it began, the growing use of this grape is a popular trend. In the late 1800's there was devastation. The vines were almost ended by an infestation. A plague of Phylloxera to be exact. A mass of tiny aphids who came on the attack. One of the first wines brought to southern California. It has a brambly, rustic, gamey, animal aroma. Its soft fruit flavors are a pleasure to blend, with Rhone wines the likes of Port and GSM. Chorus Cinsault adds a little bit of strawberry. A little musk and meat. Grown in hillside heat. It's the fourth most planted in Italy. Californians call it Black Malvoisie. Oeillade, Black Prince, Blue imperial, aye is what the say in Australia mate. South Africans blend with Cab Sauvignon. They call it Hermitage. In Lebanon Chateau Musar is the one to know. In France they say Ottavianello. In Languedoc, Algeria, and Morocco the people know it's the grape to grow. There it's a little less friendly than the desert heat. They call me Nappy J, yo Keef drop the beat! Chorus

Two-component Phase Diagrams: Limited Solid Solubility Lever Rule View the complete course at: http://ocw.mit.edu/3-091F04 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu