Session scratch de MongKut Au Surplus de Saint-Etienne.

Title

Confirmation on Din Nam Lom Fai & Mongkut Saeng Jun Opening Ceremony of Baan Karn Mayom

nyubuk anak gayah

ดวงดีต้องรีบโกย ดวงไม่ดีต้องรีบสร้าง อย่ารอโชคชะตาจากพระเจ้าหรือใครๆ หาทิศทางของคุณ แล้วเริ่มตั้งแต่วันนี้ www.mongkut.com

Both have the same mods, only Arasu has a DIY intercooler Piping. Money not well saved. You will see why.

Phra Pathom Chedi is located in Muang District, Nakhon Pathom Province, 56 kilometers west of Bangkok. The chedi (stupa) rises more than 120 meters into the air with the radius of the base of 233.50 meters. The present chedi was built in the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) to cover the old one that is believed to have been built some 2,000 years ago. The temple that houses Phra Pathom Chedi is one of the six highest ranking royal temples. When he was a monk, King Rama IV found an old chedi. It was an up-side down bowl shape with a 'prang' on top, very similar to SANCHI stupa of India. The restoration of the chedi did not start until Prince Mongkut became King Rama IV. It took 17 years to complete, during the reign of King Rama V. King Rama IV named the stupa "Phra Pathom Chedi" because this stupa appeared first in this land before any others. (Pathom means first) It is the largest pagoda in the world.

WITH the historical description by Kenneth T So in "The Khmer home in Southeast Asia: A Wider View", (Post August 6-19, 1999). I do not think that Mr So is obsessed about the Khmer past, as C Rabour has alleged. Rather, Mr So was provoked by Don Pramudwinai who has asserted that Battambang and Siem Reap were historically part of Thailand or Siam. Battambang, Siem Reap and Srei Sophorn, (later Serei Sophom, or Sisophon as the Thai pronunciation of it) never belonged to Siam (known as Thailand since 1939). Those regions have always belonged to Cambodia, but have been attacked and at certain times in history, annexed by Thailand. Most recently, these regions were invaded and taken by Siam/Thailand in 1795 and 1941. They remained under Thai control until 1946. The first Siamese invasion and looting of Angkor was in about 1352 and again in the 1430s. Ayuthaya, the Siamese capital, itself was built on top of the demise of Sri Dvaravati, former kingdom of the Mons. The provinces taken from the Khmers in 1795 were Battambang, Siem Reap/Angkor, Bongkol-Borei, Srei Sophorn, Siem Pang. In 1814 more provinces were annexed by Siam, namely Mlou Prei, Tole Peou, and Stung Treng. Only in 1907 were most of these provinces returned to Cambodia. However, other Khmer borei, now called provinces or khet, such as Norkor Reachborie (Korat), Boreirom (Buriram), Sorint (Surin), Korkhan, Sisaket, Bascemborie (Prachinburi), Chantaborie (Chantaburi), Champasak and Trat annexed before 1790, have remained under Thai occupation till today. Under the French-Thai treaty executed in 1907, the Thais were required to return to Cambodia only those provinces taken by the Thais after 1790. For this, Thais should thank the Anglo-French conflict, because Thailand was not part of French Indochina but was an ally of the English. History from the Thai point of view, especially relating to the Angkorian legacy, was cultivated by King Mongkut and later his son, Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, the "father of Thai modern history" and the architect of the Thai modern state. It has been reinforced by people like Luang Vichitr Vadhakarn, the director of Department of Fine Arts in 1932 and his successor Dhanit Yupho in the 1960s when the Thais were engaged in nationalist and prejudicial policies toward their neighbors, especially the Khmers. History as told by the leaders of Thailand has been an attempt to reinforce Thai nationalism and to clarify the confused national identity of the Thai people. Confused because the Yunan Thais, the Vietnamese and the Chinese have, to use David Chandler's phrase, an identity crisis. The Chinese are not worried but the other two are. The Thais began their identity crisis during the 1908-1910 riots when Chinese residents refused to pay Thai taxes. The Vietnamese crisis started when they split from Qin or China. One way to try to distinguish themselves from Chinese, Vietnamese women dyed their teeth black, a very painful process. After the Siamese victory, with Khmer military assistance, in the long and destructive wars with Burma (1548-1592, 1760-1767); and the founding of the current Chakkri dynasty in 1782 (the current King is the ninth King of the dynasty) the Siamese began to attack the traditional boundaries of Cambodia. In the 1850s, King Mongkut hired a Welsh governess, Anna Leonowens, to educate his children. As a result of this different education, lifestyle and Western way of thinking, successive Thai kings began to view Khmer traditions and lifestyle as outdated. The Chakkri kings began to view the Khmers to be Khmamen padong or "the jungle Khmers", hence the uncivilized Khmers. The term "contemptible Khmamen" lives on today. This prejudice was so strong that many of the successive Thai generations did not want to have any thing to do with the Khmer people, which has led to the propagation in Thailand of a uniquely Thai version of history relating to the Khmers. History as taught to Thai children has encouraged a terrible prejudicial stereotyping of Khmers which continues, in my experience, to this day. Another reason for the manipulation of history by the Thais came from the amazing evidence of Khmer civilization which, according to historians, was well advanced by the time Christianity came into existence. This civilization encompassed the lands taken by Thailand from Cambodia - the architecture, court etiquette, culture and traditional religion and language. (The Pali language, used in Khmer scripts, was used by the Siamese until the 19th century.) The Thais have adopted or appropriated much of the great Khmer legacy as their own and due to their view of Khmers as uncivilized, refuse to link their "history" with Cambodian history......

An "Anna and the King" fan vid. It's about how Anna's slowly getting past her husband's death and now feels she belongs with Mongkut. The song is by A Fine Frenzy and it's called "Near to You."

My first Anna and The King vid. Please rate and comment! Sepia clips: memories

Thaksin spokesman Jakrapob gives his own version of Thai history from Sukhothai to Ayuttaya and then up to the present day at the FCCT รัฐมนตรีประจำสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี คุณ จักรภพ เพ็ญแข In other words, there was not there was no better idea on how a kingdom could be run so that it was the best system at the time. Later on in Ayuthaya period, that was the capital city of a land for 400 and some years, the God like idea of monarch had been introduced with the Khmer civilization's influence. The idea of a King as a Demi-God as a representative from the Hindu Gods and the Gods beyond these Hindu Gods had arrived in our land at that time. So the Patronage system of helping people or being dependable for people had been changed into the state of protection. If you have loyalty to the King, unquestionable loyalty to the King, you would be protected, in order to show this protection more clearly, people who do otherwise must be punished. So the very system in Ayuthaya period shows or showed that there was an evolution of the system, some people might call it regressive, some people would call it progressive. Whatever it might be in your opinion, it was a combination between the benevolence of the Great Fathers model and the Great Leaders model. In other words, the Kings of Ayuthaya were powerful and the concept of power were realized at the time that if people in power could be benevolent, you could benefit from that power as well. In other words Ayuthaya period taught Thai people to live with power, how to live with it. How to survived in it, and how not to be destroyed by it. But Ayuthaya period also triggered the new relationships in a land, the master slave relationship, the noble and commoners relationship. That was Ayuthaya. Then came Rattanakosin period, I would eh bypass the 12 years of Thonburi period. In Rattanakosin period, in which we are now. The Chakri Dynasty was the starter of this so called Rattanakorin Rattanakosin period. What it it is? It's a combination of Ayuthaya and the new skills of what I would like to call knowledge management. In other words, the glory of the chief father is combined with the power of Ayuthaya period and the Demi-God stature of the monarchs has been added during Rattanakosin period with the so-called knowledge management. Knowledge is power at that time, it was perceived so. That's why King Mongkut spoke English in his court and he introduced science and probably technologies, inventions, foreign goods that were completely unknown to Thai people at that time. As one of the sources of his powers King Mongkut was seen not as a benevolent King, not as the best of the chief Father King but as the Father of science and technology. He's still regarded that way. So in other words, the system in Thailand has been to the point that leaders and rulers have been finding the best way possible at that time to convince people that they are dependable. The sources of their being dependable varies over time, like I described to you. And then here we are in the reign of current King, King Bhumipol or Rama the 9th. We have all of that combined and because he reigns for so long of a time, 60 some years now. His being in Thailand has been promoted to the state of myth. People don't know whether or not they are talking about the realities or believe about him because he reigns long enough that he could be all of those combined, the traditional King, the scientific King, the developing King., the working monarch. And now so, he can still be the guardian of the new invention to Thailand - democracy. So all of that have been in front of us, that we have all these variables that we have to rearrange and put in a new order.

A estatua do Rei Rama VI, na praca Lumpini, em Bangkok. No início do século XX, Rama VI continuou as reformas empreendidas por seu pai. A participação do país na Primeira Guerra Mundial, ao lado dos aliados, significou para os tailandeses o alívio das pesadas condições impostas pelos tratados comerciais assinados com as potências européias. Em 1917, foi inaugurada a primeira universidade do Sião. Quatro anos mais tarde, o ensino primário tornou-se obrigatório. A principal obra de Rama VI foi, no entanto, a promoção do nacionalismo tai. Rama VII, irmão de seu predecessor, foi um soberano fraco que deixou o governo do Estado nas mãos de parentes. Lumpini Park, King Rama VI Statue.Vajiravudh (January 1, 1881 November 25, 1925) (Rama VI, reigning title Phra Mongkut Klao Chaoyuhua; Thai: พระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว) was King of Siam (now Thailand) from 1910 until his death. He succeeded his father, King Chulalongkorn. His mother was Queen Saovabha.Rama VI began his reign with a nationwide tour, receiving reports from his inspectors in the provinces. He decided to 'reform' his father (Rama V)'s reform in provincial administration. A new division of province was issued. After troubles in the provinces were reported, new 'viceroys' (Uparaja), the king's agents, were sent to supervise provincial governors. This change caused discontent among senior nobles. He introduced the surname system as used in western countries, and a flag. He also established the 1924 Palace Law of Succession, which governs succession to the Thai throne to this day. However his most notable contribution was the focus on nationalism, aiming at Chinese merchants. King Vajiravudh is considered the father of Thai nationalism, which was later built upon by Field Marshall Phibunsongkhram and Sarit Dhanarajata. He introduced the practice of using the name Rama for the Chakri kings in deference to foreign practice. [edit]Education reform As he had graduated from Oxford, United Kingdom, King Vajiravudh was interested in a new system of education; western style school or college. He established the Kingdom's first school and university. Upon his accession to the throne, he founded Royal Pages College in 1910. The school was modeled on the traditional English public school, which the King had appreciated while he was spending his education in England. After his death in 1925, the school was renamed Vajiravudh College in his honor. Vajiravudh also established Chulalongkorn University in 1917. The University, which was named in honour of his father, was the first western-style university in the country. [edit]Other Vajiravudh was also the first king to see Siam fight in a foreign war. Siam took part in World War I on the side of the Allied Powers. They were the only Southeast Asians in the European theatre (except for 140,000[2] Vietnamese troops and workers drafted by the French). Though the Siamese did not do much fighting, as the main objective of the war participation would be the hope in dealing with Western Powers, allowing Siam to later re-negotiate with the Great Powers on 'unfair' treaties made before.[3] Through most of his reign there was a good deal of criticism of the king. .On 10 August 1924, King Vajiravudh married Chao Chom Suvadhana (เจ้าจอมสุวัทนา). She was granted the title Princess Consort Suvadhana or HRH Phra Nang Chao Suvadhana (พระนางเจ้าสุวัทนา พระวรราชเทวี) on 10 October 1925. King Vajiravudh and his wife had one daughter, Her Royal Highness Princess Bejaratana (สมเด็จพระเจ้าภคินีเธอ เจ้าฟ้าเพชรรัตนราชสุดา สิริโสภาพัณณวดี). She was born on 24 November 1925, just 2 hours before the king's demise. Without a direct male heir, King Vajiravudh's brother Prajadhipok became the new monarch.Lumphini Park (also Lumpini or Lumpinee, Thai: สวนลุมพินี) is a 140-acre (0.57 km2) park in Bangkok, Thailand. This park offers rare open space and grass in the Thai capital and contains an artificial lake where visitors can rent boats. A track around the lake is a popular area for bicycling. Lumpini Park was created in the 1920s by King Rama VI on royal property. A statue of the king stands at the southwestern entrance to the park. It was named for Lumbini, the birthplace of the Buddha in Nepal, and at the time of its creation stood on the outskirts of the city.

My second anna and the king vid. Song is So Close by Jon McLaughlin

Visita ao belissimo templo de Wat Phra Keo em Bangkok, Tailandia. Lindos esses templos feitos de ouro,a estatua do Buda em esmeralda, etc. Video 3 Wat Phra Kaew (วัดพระแก้ว), the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, and the adjoining Grand Palace together form perhaps the greatest spectacle for the visitor to Bangkok. Despite the fact that the whole compound is so full of tourists you spend half the time trying to avoid getting in people's photos, it's still a pretty amazing place to visit. It consists of over 100 brightly colored buildings, golden spires and glittering mosaics, and dates back to 1782, when Bangkok was founded. When you enter the compound, you first of all see Wat Phra Kaew and the nearby attractions, and then move on to the Grand Palace afterwards. Wat Phra Kaew itself, generally known to the Thais as Wat Phra Si Rattana Satsadaram, is perhaps the main attraction. This is Thailand's most important and sacred temple, so you're expected to act with due respect inside it. It houses the tiny (between 60 and 75 cm) Emerald Buddha, which is located high above the heads of the worshippers and tourists. Not much is known for certain about the statue, except that it isn't actually made of emerald but rather of green jade or jasper. Getting a good look at it is difficult as photography is forbidden inside the temple, and it's perched so high up inside it's glass box that it's difficult to really see. It's thought to have been made in the 15th century and was the cause of several wars before ending up for good in Bangkok in 1782. The image is considered a talisman and holds tremendous significance for Thailand and the Thais. The 'robe' that it wears is changed 3 times each year by the King himself, at the start of each season: A diamond encrusted gold robe during the hot season, a solid gold robe in the cool season and a gilded monk's robe in the rainy season.There are also many other Buddha images inside the temple. Round the interior walls are murals depicting the jataka stories. These are located according to the typical Thai conventions inside temples. The ones facing the altar depict the victory of the Buddha over the evil demon Mara, as he subdues her and achieves enlightenment. As is normal for Thai temples, shoes must be taken off before entering into the temple. Despite it's national importance, Wat Phra Kaew is the only temple in Thailand that doesn't have any resident monks, and so is not a seat of Buddhist learning in the same way as the likes of Wat Pho and Wat Mahathat. A cloister surrounds the temple, and depicted along here is an extensive mural of the Ramakian, the Thai version of the famous Indian epic, the Ramayana. In total there are 178 sections, and although they date from the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV 1825-1850) they have since been restored on numerous occasions. The explanatory texts across from each were devised by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). Also in the compound is: - A miniature model of the famous Cambodian temple complex Angkor Wat, made during the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) when the Thai empire extended over Cambodia. - Two libraries, built to protect copies of important Buddhist literature. The Phra Mondop library is impressive, but almost always closed to the public. If not, it's well worth looking at. - The impressive golden Phra Si Rattana Chedi, which it's claimed (somewhat improbably) houses ashes of the Buddha. - The Royal Pantheon, with full size statues of the first seven kings of the reigning Chakri dynasty (Rama I - Rama VII). Only open on April 6th, the anniversary of the founding of this dynasty. Surrounding this are large statues of mythical guardians (pictured right), such as the kinaree, half human-half bird and the Hindu garuda bird. It contains the scared Buddhist scriptures, the Tripitaka. After exiting Wat Phra Kaew, you enter the adjoining Grand Palace.

THAILAND 2007-BANGKOK. The full ceremonial name of the city given by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, and later edited by King Mongkut, is Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit Bangkok is considered to be one of the world's top tourist hotspots. According to Travel and Leisure magazine it is Asia's best tourist destination - the third in the world. It is also voted the best city in Asia according to Conde Nast Traveler magazine. Bangkok is Thailand's major tourist gateway, which means that the majority of foreign tourists arrive in Bangkok. The Tourism Authority of Thailand hopes to draw 15 million tourists in 2007, up from 11.6 million in 2005. The city boasts some of the country's most visited historical venues such as the Grand Palace, Wat Pho, and Wat Arun. There are numerous projects to maintain Bangkok's historic sites in the Rattanakosin area and river districts. The king's official residence is the Grand Palace, which dates to 1782 and has housed Thailand's monarchs for over 150 years. Up to the early 20th century and before the 1932 Revolution, the complex was key in Thai government: it included royal courts, administrative branches, and was similar in layout to that of previous Thai capitals. Today, it is one of the most visited locations in Bangkok. Pattaya Beach is situated alongside the city centre, close to shopping, hotels and bars. The over-abundance of jet-skis and speedboats has contributed to the pollution of the water along the beach, as has the practice of dumping sewage in the ocean. The section of beach from Central Road (Pattaya Klang) south to the harbor is adjacent to the core of Pattaya's abundant nightlife area, and hence is less family-oriented than the North Pattaya, Na Klua and Jomtien beaches. Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden is located some 15 kilometers east of Pattaya. The 500-acre site has well maintained botanical gardens and an orchid nursery. Moreover the facility has lively cultural shows in a Thai village setting. In addition trained chimpanzees and elephants are seen at the garden.

Hey guys, So this is my first video since being back from Cambodia. It's a cover of Sitting, Waiting, Wishing. Sorry it's not the best sound quality and I forgot many words, but it was fun nonetheless. I had the most amazing time there and I can wait to put up the new songs I've written. So I managed to find a guitar in thanks to my buddy Derek and this is the day I got the guitar! I was so excited that I decided to play on the Tuk Tuk on the way home. My dear Bridgette is holding the camera and this is when we were coming back from buying delicious fruit like Mongkut and Rambutan. Khmer PRIDE! And Chey Yo Preah Vihear!

Trailer for my now complete fan fic. Read it here- http://www.fanfiction.net/r/3991810/

This slideshow is a tribute to one of the world's greatest actors. His superioty in the world of the martial arts films such as Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon. His performances in romantic roles such as King Mongkut in Anna and the King. We own some of our greatest martial arts films to this amazing actor.

This is a fanmade trailer for my sequel to Anna and the King. I am currently writing this sequel and nay help would be appecieted.

Blowing bubbles and doing the cha-cha. Who knew you could have so much fun in utero.

International Students of King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok went on a trip to Dream World to kill/release "stresses". At the end of the day all the stresses got killed and released and we felt FREE!!! from all those assignments, thesis, projects and stuffs like that. Thanks to Tick (our coordinator) and her friend for coming along and taking us around.. Music: "Closer" by Travis

"The full ceremonial name of the city given by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, and later edited by King Mongkut, is Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit" Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok

Summer palace Bang Pa-In, Thailand. February 2001. Bang Pa-In (บางปะอิน) is in Ayutthaya Province, 60 km north of Bangkok. Bang Pa-In's number one sight is the Bang Pa-In Palace [1], also known as the Summer Palace. Originally built by Ayutthayan King Prasat Thong in 1632 but abandoned after the sack of Ayutthaya in 1767, the site was partially restored by King Mongkut (Rama IV) in the 1850s. The site as it stands today, however, is largely the work of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), who expanded the area into a Versaillesque garden filled with European-style buildings in 1872-1889. Last restored in 2001, the palace and its grounds are maintained in immaculate shape and well worth a visit. Entry 100 baht, open daily 08:00-16:00. The grounds are not too large to be covered on foot, but you can also rent a golf cart to scoot around in for 150 baht/hour. As at all royal sites, proper dress is required, but you can buy a 100 baht wrapwround skirt from the stall in front of the entrance if needed. Divine Seat of Personal Freedom (Aisawan Thiphya-At). The only Thai-style building in the palace, this beautiful pavilion sitting in the middle of a lake has been designated as the archetype of the Thai pavilion (sala Thai), a national symbol of Thailand. The statue standing in the middle represents Rama V and was erected by his son. Excellent and Shining Heavenly Abode (Warophat Phiman). A one-story mansion containing Chulalongkorn's throne hall. Open to visitors and well worth a visit, as it is richly decorated in turn-of-the-century European aristocratic style, only with quirky Thai touches here and there. Heavenly Light (Wehart Chamrun). Built by the Chinese Chamber of Commerce in 1889, this opulent Chinese-style palace is also another standout, full of red, gold, dark woods and inlaid mother of pearl. Also open to visitors, be sure to catch the stupendous dragon sculpture inside carved from camel bone. Sages' Lookout (Ho Withun Thasana). A merrily painted lighthouse-lookalike that served as a lookout tower for viewing the countryside. Exhibition Hall (Saphakhan Ratchaprayun). A colonial-style two-floor building originally built for the King's brothers. The building now houses a small museum covering the history of the palace, and makes a good first stop on a tour of the area. Memorial to Queen Sunanda Kumariratana. Built in memory of Queen Sunanda in 1881 (see box), this simple marble monument has a slightly ungrammatical but touching English dedication by King Chulalongkorn himself.

TRANSCRIPT Well, however we have started of as a country in Patronage system. Most of you who read about Thailand and it's brief history, because we decided to count our history 700 years ago and disregard the 300 years before that because it involved the Southern complexity. That's why the history was chosen to start 700 years ago in Sukothai period where Sukothai was the capital city of what would become Thailand. In Sukothai at least in one the reigns of the Sukothai long history, we were led to know and believe that one of the Kings during Sukothai period, King Ramkamheang at the time to be more precisely. Great brother oh I'm sorry Great Father Ramkamheang at the time because the idea of God like monarch hasn't arrived in this land yet during the Sukothai period. So he was or they were observed and regarded as the Great Fathers who could be benevolent to their people and gave the people what the people needed at the time. One of the noted examples was that Great Father Ramkamheang or King Ramkamheang just to be short proposed to have a bell hung in front of his palace and anybody with specific problems could come and ring that bell and he or his people would come out and handle the problems. That was one of the first lessons the Thai students learnt about Thai political regime that you have someone to depend upon. When you have a problem turn to someone who can help you, so before we know it, we are led into the Patronage system because we asked about dependency before our own capability to do things. These are the very basic concept that makes Thai people different from many peoples around the world. So we started of like that, during the Sukothai period we had Kings that did things like that. So people had duty to be loyal, people had duty to have faith in the system bestowed on them because that was the working system at that time and there was no competing system. In other words, there was not there was no better idea on how a kingdom could be run so that it was the best system at the time. Later on in Ayuthaya period, that was the capital city of a land for 400 and some years, the God like idea of monarch had been introduced with the Khmer civilization's influence. The idea of a King as a Demi-God as a representative from the Hindu Gods and the Gods beyond these Hindu Gods had arrived in our land at that time. So the Patronage system of helping people or being dependable for people had been changed into the state of protection. If you have loyalty to the King, unquestionable loyalty to the King, you would be protected, in order to show this protection more clearly, people who do otherwise must be punished. So the very system in Ayuthaya period shows or showed that there was an evolution of the system, some people might call it regressive, some people would call it progressive. Whatever it might be in your opinion, it was a combination between the benevolence of the Great Fathers model and the Great Leaders model. In other words, the Kings of Ayuthaya were powerful and the concept of power were realized at the time that if people in power could be benevolent, you could benefit from that power as well. In other words Ayuthaya period taught Thai people to live with power, how to live with it. How to survived in it, and how not to be destroyed by it. But Ayuthaya period also triggered the new relationships in a land, the master slave relationship, the noble and commoners relationship. That was Ayuthaya. Then came Rattanakosin period, I would eh bypass the 12 years of Thonburi period. In Rattanakosin period, in which we are now. The Chakri Dynasty was the starter of this so called Rattanakorin Rattanakosin period. What it it is? It's a combination of Ayuthaya and the new skills of what I would like to call knowledge management. In other words, the glory of the chief father is combined with the power of Ayuthaya period and the Demi-God stature of the monarchs has been added during Rattanakosin period with the so-called knowledge management. Knowledge is power at that time, it was perceived so. That's why King Mongkut spoke English in his court and he introduced science and probably technologies, inventions, foreign goods that were completely unknown to Thai people at that time. As one of the sources of his powers King Mongkut was seen not as a benevolent King, not as the best of the chief Father King but as the Father of science and technology. He's still regarded that way. So in other words, the system in Thailand has been to the point that leaders and rulers have been finding the best way possible at that time to convince people that they are dependable. The sources of their being dependable varies over time, like I described to you.

A video of every best actor winner at the Academy Awards, from 1928 to 2007. The winners are... 1928 Emil Jannings - The Last Command as Gen. Dolgorucki/Grand Duke Sergius Alexander AND The Way of All Flesh as August Schilling 1929 Warner Baxter - In Old Arizona as The Cisco Kid 1930 George Arliss - Disraeli as Benjamin Disraeli 1931 Lionel Barrymore - A Free Soul as Stephen Ashe, Defense Attorney 1932 Fredric March - Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as Dr. Henry L. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde AND Wallace Beery - The Champ as Champ 1933 Charles Laughton - The Private Life of Henry VIII as King Henry VIII 1934 Clark Gable - It Happened One Night as Peter Warne 1935 Victor McLaglen - The Informer as Gypo Nolan 1936 Paul Muni - The Story of Louis Pasteur as Dr. Louis Pasteur 1937 Spencer Tracy - Captains Courageous as Manuel 1938 Spencer Tracy - Boys Town as Father Edward J. Flanigan 1939 Robert Donat - Goodbye, Mr. Chips as Charles E. Chipping 1940 James Stewart - The Philadelphia Story as Macaulay Connor 1941 Gary Cooper - Sergeant York as Sergeant Alvin York 1942 James Cagney - Yankee Doodle Dandy as George M. Cohan 1943 Paul Lukas - Watch on the Rhine as Kurt Muller 1944 Bing Crosby - Going My Way as Father Chuck O'Malley 1945 Ray Milland - The Lost Weekend as Don Birnam 1946 Fredric March - The Best Years of Our Lives as Al Stephenson 1947 Ronald Colman - A Double Life as Anthony John 1948 Laurence Olivier - Hamlet as Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 1949 Broderick Crawford - All the King's Men as Willie Stark 1950 José Ferrer - Cyrano de Bergerac as Cyrano de Bergerac 1951 Humphrey Bogart - The African Queen as Charlie Allnut 1952 Gary Cooper - High Noon as Will Kane 1953 William Holden - Stalag 17 as Sergeant J.J. Sefton 1954 Marlon Brando - On the Waterfront as Terry Malloy 1955 Ernest Borgnine - Marty as Marty Piletti 1956 Yul Brynner - The King and I as King Mongkut of Siam 1957 Alec Guinness - The Bridge on the River Kwai as Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholson 1958 David Niven - Separate Tables as Major Angus Pollock 1959 Charlton Heston - Ben-Hur as Judah Ben-Hur 1960 Burt Lancaster - Elmer Gantry as Elmer Gantry 1961 Maximilian Schell - Judgment at Nuremberg as Hans Rolfe 1962 Gregory Peck - To Kill a Mockingbird as Atticus Finch 1963 Sidney Poitier - Lilies of the Field as Homer Smith 1964 Rex Harrison - My Fair Lady as Henry Higgins 1965 Lee Marvin - Cat Ballou as Kid Sheleen and Tim Strawn 1966 Paul Scofield - A Man for All Seasons as Thomas More 1967 Rod Steiger - In the Heat of the Night as Bill Gillespie 1968 Cliff Robertson - Charly as Charly Gordon 1969 John Wayne - True Grit as Rooster Cogburn 1970 George C. Scott - Patton as George S. Patton 1971 Gene Hackman - The French Connection as Detective Jimmy 'Popeye' Doyle 1972 Marlon Brando - The Godfather as Vito Corleone 1973 Jack Lemmon - Save the Tiger as Harry Stoner 1974 Art Carney - Harry and Tonto as Harry Coombes 1975 Jack Nicholson - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest as Randle Patrick McMurphy 1976 Peter Finch - Network as Howard Beale 1977 Richard Dreyfuss - The Goodbye Girl as Elliot Garfield 1978 Jon Voight - Coming Home as Luke Martin 1979 Dustin Hoffman - Kramer vs. Kramer as Ted Kramer 1980 Robert De Niro - Raging Bull as Jake LaMotta 1981 Henry Fonda - On Golden Pond as Norman Thayer, Jr. 1982 Ben Kingsley - Gandhi as Mahatma Gandhi 1983 Robert Duvall - Tender Mercies as Mac Sledge 1984 F. Murray Abraham - Amadeus as Antonio Salieri 1985 William Hurt - Kiss of the Spider Woman as Luis Molina 1986 Paul Newman - The Color of Money as Fast Eddie Felson 1987 Michael Douglas - Wall Street as Gordon Gekko 1988 Dustin Hoffman - Rain Man as Raymond Babbitt 1989 Daniel Day-Lewis - My Left Foot as Christy Brown 1990 Jeremy Irons - Reversal of Fortune as Claus von Bülow 1991 Anthony Hopkins - The Silence of the Lambs as Dr. Hannibal Lecter 1992 Al Pacino - Scent of a Woman as Lt. Col. Frank Slade 1993 Tom Hanks - Philadelphia as Andrew Beckett 1994 Tom Hanks - Forrest Gump as Forrest Gump 1995 Nicolas Cage - Leaving Las Vegas as Ben Sanderson 1996 Geoffrey Rush - Shine as David Helfgott 1997 Jack Nicholson - As Good as It Gets as Melvin Udall 1998 Roberto Benigni - Life Is Beautiful as Guido Orefice 1999 Kevin Spacey - American Beauty as Lester Burnham 2000 Russell Crowe - Gladiator as Maximus Decimus Meridius 2001 Denzel Washington - Training Day as Alonzo Harris 2002 Adrien Brody - The Pianist as Władysław Szpilman 2003 Sean Penn - Mystic River as Jimmy Markum 2004 Jamie Foxx - Ray as Ray Charles 2005 Philip Seymour Hoffman - Capote as Truman Capote 2006 Forest Whitaker - The Last King of Scotland as Idi Amin 2007 Daniel Day-Lewis - There Will Be Blood as Daniel Plainview MUSIC: "Careful With That Axe, Eugene" by Pink Floyd.