"Heterotroph Shmeterotroph" declares the Crenshaw High School student to his father, "I'm not going to learn this stuff anyway. Might as well kick it and watch MTV". Thus starts this zany little music video in which a kid finds he can learn all about "the heterotroph hypothesis" by watching "Elvis Parsley" sing a rockabilly lesson about how tough it is for those of us who depend on autotrophs for our daily bread. The video, made in 1990, features T.H. and his kids from the 'hood playing horns while Dr. Sherry Kerr's students from Beverly Vista Middle School in Beverly Hills play vegetables. Shot at Beverly Hills Television, this was a pioneering attempt to bring kids from the poor areas of L.A. together on a project with wealthy kids from Beverly Hills, and it occurred during a time of economic depression in L.A. that preceeded the L.A. riots. Because of our Melodic-Mnemonics program we were able to bring the communities together during the time of the worst violence and intolerance that followed.

Taxonomie Der Begriff Tiere bzw. Animalia wurde bereits im Altertum geprägt, die anerkannte wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung eines Tierreichs stammt allerdings von Carl von Linné 1758. Taxonomisch werden Tiere häufig als ein Reich innerhalb der Domäne der Eukaryoten beschrieben und den Pflanzen sowie den Pilzen gegenübergestellt. Die Zellen der Tiere haben im Gegensatz zu Pilzen und Pflanzen keine Zellwand, sie sind von einer Membran umgeben. Heute sind als Tiere taxonomisch ausschließlich die Vielzelligen Tiere (Metazoa) gemeint. Traditionell werden in diese Gruppe vielzellige Tiere und eine ganze Reihe von tierlichen Einzellern, die Protozoa, gestellt. In der phylogenetischen Systematik ist diese Zusammenfassung nicht haltbar, da die Protozoa nicht eine in sich geschlossene, monophyletische, Gruppe darstellen, sondern gemeinsam mit verschiedenen, traditionell als Algen bezeichneten und zu den Pflanzen gestellten, Einzellergruppen mehrere nicht näher miteinander verwandte Organismengruppen bilden. Systematik der Tiere [Bearbeiten] Vielzellige Tiere [Bearbeiten] Die mit den Vielzelligen Tieren am engsten verwandte Gruppe sind die Kragengeißeltierchen (Choanoflagellata), die im Aufbau den Choanozyten der Schwämme (Porifera), einem Zelltyp innerhalb der Strudelkammern, ähneln. Nahe verwandt sind zudem die Pilze, die traditionell zu den Pflanzen gerechnet wurden. Tiere (in dieser Definition) und Pilze sowie die Kragengeißeltierchen und einige weitere Gruppen einzelliger Organismen zusammen werden heute als Opisthokonta in die Eukaryoten eingeordnet. (siehe auch: "Systematik der Vielzelligen Tiere") Chaos diffluens; Amöbe als Beispiel eines einzelligen Tieres Chaos diffluens; Amöbe als Beispiel eines einzelligen Tieres Einzellige Tiere (Protozoa) [Bearbeiten] Die ehemals in die Tiere eingeordneten einzelligen Tiere (Protozoa) entstammen einer Reihe verschiedener Taxa innerhalb der Eukaryoten. Es handelt sich bei ihnen um alle einzelligen Organismen, die einen Zellkern, aber keine Chloroplasten, besitzen und sich somit heterotroph ernähren. Neben den bereits genannten Opisthokonta, die neben den Vielzelligen Tieren und Pilzen auch einzellige Formen beinhaltet, finden sich Einzeller ohne Chloroplasten auch in den Amoebozoa, den Rhizaria und den Excavata während die Archaeplastida und die Chromalveolata fast ausschließlich photosynthetisch aktive Einzeller enthalten. Philosophische Trennung zwischen Tier und Mensch [Bearbeiten] Biologisch gesehen ist auch der Mensch als Tier zu betrachten. Die Verhaltensbiologie hat gezeigt, dass höher entwickelte Tiere sich komplizierterer Verhaltensmuster und gewisser Zeichensysteme bedienen (Tiersprache). Auch zu abstraktem Denken zeigen sich neben dem Menschen einige Tierarten zumindest in Ansätzen fähig. Außer dem Menschen sind allerdings keine Tierarten bekannt, die in der Lage sind, hochentwickelte Kulturen hervorzubringen. Diese Kulturen unterscheiden sich bei der Art Homo sapiens untereinander ganz wesentlich, selbst innerhalb biologisch ähnlicher Lebensräume. Bei anderen Tieren hingegen sind gesellschaftliche Strukturen (wie Gruppenrituale, Dominanz eines Geschlechts etc.) innerhalb einer Art weitgehend gleich. Wenn Unterschiede überhaupt auftreten, sind sie durch Einflüsse des jeweiligen Lebensraumes bedingt. Emotionen jedoch sind etwa bei Säugetieren und Vögeln zweifelsfrei beobachtbar, und Schmerz-Reaktionen können auch bei niederen Tierarten registriert werden. Die in den meisten Sprachen übliche Unterscheidung zwischen Mensch und Tier ist naturwissenschaftlich gesehen somit nicht haltbar. Zum Verhältnis des Menschen zu anderen Tieren („Mensch-Tier-Verhältnis") siehe auch Philosophische Anthropologie. Zum Bewusstsein höherer Tierarten siehe Bewusstsein. Siehe auch [Bearbeiten]

Biochemistry III (Prof. Graham Walker) View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu

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Carbon and Energy Metabolism (Prof. Penny Chisholm) View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu

Regulation of Productivity (Prof. Penny Chisholm) View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu

AT 12 weeks of pregnancy a viable intrauterine pregnancy and a viable abdominal pregnancy was diagnosed. This video shows the removal of the abdominal pregnancy laparoscopically.

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To watch in HQ: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzH5Xz9FV90&fmt=18 Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently. Animals are also heterotrophs, meaning they are dependent on other organisms (e.g., plants) for sustenance. Most known animal phyla appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, about 542 million years ago. Insects (Class Insecta) are a major group of arthropods and the most diverse group of animals on the Earth, with over a million described species—more than half of all known living organisms with estimates of undescribed species as high as 30 million, thus potentially representing over 90% of the differing life forms on the planet. Insects may be found in nearly all environments on the planet, although only a small number of species occur in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, the crustaceans. There are approximately 5,000 dragonfly species, 2,000 praying mantis, 20,000 grasshopper, 170,000 butterfly and moth, 120,000 fly, 82,000 true bug, 360,000 beetle, and 110,000 bee, wasp and ant species described to date. Estimates of the total number of current species, including those not yet known to science, range from two million to fifty million, with newer studies favouring a lower figure of about six to ten million. Adult modern insects range in size from a 0.139 mm (0.00547 in) fairyfly (Dicopomorpha echmepterygis) to a 55.5 cm (21.9 in) long stick insect (Phobaeticus serratipes). The heaviest documented insect was a Giant Weta of 70 g (2½ oz), but other possible candidates include the Goliath beetles Goliathus goliatus, Goliathus regius and Cerambycid beetles such as Titanus giganteus, though no one is certain which is truly the heaviest. The study of insects (from Latin insectus, meaning "cut into sections") is called entomology, from the Greek εντομον, also meaning "cut into sections".

Dania Monge, Alex Polansky, Christopher Ward, & Madison Ashpitz. Topic: Kingdom Animalia: The Aquatic Biome Summary: The Kingdom Animalia, specifically the aquatic biome, could be best represented by showing the animal life in the New England Aquarium. Within the New England Aquarium, there are multiple examples of how an animal food web works. A simplified version of the aquatic food web, shown in the video, includes primary producers (also known as autotrophs), primary consumers (also called heterotrophs), and secondary consumers. Through filming various aquatic animals, it was clear that the primary producers were the food for the primary consumers, and the primary consumers became the food for the secondary consumers. Moreover, the filming showed the overall diversity that has been produced because of primary production. Main Point: What the film is trying to accomplish is to show aquatic species diversity that has been produced through the aquatic food chain. Copyright "Under the Sea" Walt Disney Pictures, The Little Mermaid

Here we briefly explore the role of heterotrophic bacteria as nature's little recyclers, the organisms that break down organic matter and generate new biologically important nutrients as part of global biogeochemical cycles, such as the nitrogen cycle.

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The Five Kingdom Classification System was developed by R.H. Whittaker and Lynn Margulis. The classifications are: Kingdom Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, Protista, and Monera. This Five Kingdom systems is evidence for a common ancesotor for all life because it acknowledges heredity as an major force in evolution. Kingdom Monera is made up of unicellular prokaryotes that lack membrane bound organelles and a membrane bound nucleus. Bacteria, the first organisms on earth, make up this kingdom. The bacteria can be heterotrophic, where it cannot make its own nutrients and instead obtains its nutrients from other organisms. Or, it can be autotrophic where it can produce its nutrients through phototrophs, which use light, or chemoautotrophs, which metabolize things like sulfur, salt, and iron. Kingdom Protista are eukaryotic with membrane bound organelles, a nucleus, and are mostly unicellular. Although some are multicellular for example, seaweed. Some Protista are good and others can be bad like some pathogens. Kingdom Fungi are sessile, unicellular and multicellular heterotrophs. Many fungi obtain nutrient molecules by extracellular digestion. They secrete enzymes that hydrolize cellulose into smaller components such as glucose. The small molecules follow a concentration gradient into the fungal cells then are metabolized. Many fungi live in symbiotic relationships which can be both beneficial, parasitic, or harmful. Many fungi are decomposers as well. Kingdom Animalia is made up of multicellular hetertrophs that are meditated by a nervous system. Last is Kingdom Plante which are sessile, multicellular autotrophs that possess cell walls. Plants from this kingdom depend on endosymbiotic relationships with photosynthetic bacteria called chloroplasts in order to survive.

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Productivity and Food Webs (Prof. Penny Chisholm) View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu

Its about 6 days young - Terrible webcam quality clip as usual, plus my computer is in my office, so I cant really focus while seeing the monitor either, BUT it'll do for now. 22"W x 16"L x 16"H, approx 27 gal tank. Not the 90 gal dwarf cichlid tank I was thinking of, but one step at a time, right? Im very happy with this one so far. Heavily planted, lots of wood, CO2 pump for plants, oxygen pump for fish, layer of 'Eco-Complete' substrate for plant roots under a layer of regular medium sized gravel. Apparently the Eco-Complete is mineral rich, feeds the plants, "contains live heterotrophic bacteria to convert fish waste into natural food for your aquatic plants", and apparently speeds up the cycling process. Which would be a good thing too, because I didnt add any bacteria when I introduced the fish, aside from the water that came from them, which, as I understand contains very little, since it stays mostly in the gravel and filter etc. I took the chance using the water however, deciding to trust the aquariums the fish came from. Also have iron rich fertiliser for the plants - by the time algae starts, Im hoping the tank will be cycled and ready for some Otos. I Added different sized dollar store river rocks (pre-boiled), and the drift wood is filled with many 'nooks and crannies'. I did my first water change yesterday, about 30%. Ive been them feeding usually twice a day, a bit less then they would eat in about 90 seconds. A mix of flake and blood worms. The fish(to start): 4 Zebra Danios 3 rummy nose tetras Once the tank cycles (I only bought some actual 'Cycle' today), will add a couple more Zebra Danios, maybe 3 more Rummy Nose Tetras, which will bring me to a 6 fish school of Rummy Noses and a 6 fish school of Zebra Danios. Planning on getting a few tiny Otos (Otocinclus tapirape), since they only get to 2.4cm long, and a few pygmy corydoras (Corydoras pygmaeus), which will grow to only 2.1cm long. Whole idea here is to keep the fish on the small and non aggressive side for this little tank, while learning about and enjoying this relaxing process. Wish me luck, and comments/suggestions are definitely welcome.

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The video portrays the different characteristics of the food pyramid and web. To begin with we talked about different trophic levels as the pyramid gets higher. Energy levels at the bottom of the pyramid are the highest because they are producers (autotrophs -- trees, plants, etc.). They take energy directly from the sun and do photosynthesis to make their own food. Heterotrophs are consumers which eat these plants and trees and also other animals; they obtain energy from other forms (animals). At the top of the food chain, the tertiary consumers, there is very little energy because these animals eat other animals which each animals. Decomposers have a lot of energy; they break down dead organisms and release nutrients and CO2 into the environment. Finally, we talk about the exchange of gas in the environment; primary producers photosynthesize and release oxygen for all consumers who give back CO2 for the producers. Decomposers also release CO2 as they break down dead organisms.

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Philip Guidon, Jeegar Patel, Harrison Rice, Anthony Eng, and Parag Kapadia Ecology is about the complexity of organisms and their vital interactions of energy flow and nutrient cycling. Furthermore, ecosystems are broken down according to the way organisms obtain and utilize energy. Producers, also known as autotrophs, create their own complex nutrients though the process of photosynthesis. Alternatively, consumers or heterotrophs, obtain their nutrients by eating, decomposing, or parasitizing the bodies of producers. Trophic levels rank the hierarchy of producers and consumers, essentially composing a type of food chain or food web. Primary consumers solely feed on producers, while secondary consumers feed on primary consumers. However, many organisms and decomposers such as fungi or bacteria utilize complex molecules from all trophic levels. This means that organisms can have varied diets and obtain nutrient sources at various trophic levels. Unlike the single direction flow of energy through an ecosystem, nutrients are continuously being recycled. Nutrients are incorporated into living tissue by the producers, which are then passed through the food chain to several levels of consumers. Eventually, the nutrients are released back into the environment through decomposers and are made available for other producers. Due to the complexity of organisms and their interactions, it is crucial to note that energy flows and nutrients cycle in all ecosystems.

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Helgoland - I collected some jellyfish from the North Sea (from a boat) and let them degrade over two days into, well...jelly. These microorganisms were having lunch.

These are bodies of flowing water moving in one direction. Streams and rivers can be found everywhere—they get their starts at headwaters, which may be springs, snowmelt or even lakes, and then travel all the way to their mouths, usually another water channel or the ocean. The characteristics of a river or stream change during the journey from the source to the mouth. The temperature is cooler at the source than it is at the mouth. The water is also clearer, has higher oxygen levels, and freshwater fish such as trout and heterotrophs can be found there. Towards the middle part of the stream/river, the width increases, as does species diversity—numerous aquatic green plants and algae can be found. Toward the mouth of the river/stream, the water becomes murky from all the sediments that it has picked up upstream, decreasing the amount of light that can penetrate through the water. Since there is less light, there is less diversity of flora, and because of the lower oxygen levels, fish that require less oxygen, such as catfish and carp, can be found.

Molecular Evolution (Prof. Martin Polz, Guest Lecturer) View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu