Focus of this clip is on Hamadan (Ecbatana) and Pasargad Palaces and historical sites. Inscriptions from King Cyrus, King Darius I, and King Xerxes have been presented.

kurdistan history

A Perfect Indo-Europian Culture. median empire medes parthia parthians iranians irani irooni iran persians persia pars persepolis ecbatana hamadan shiraz diyarbekir amed riha dersim slemany kurdistan media atropatene hemedan hagmatana dinavar urmiya urme urmiyeh selmas mako mahabad miyanduaw Erizrum Erzincan Qars kars Erdehan Malatya Gaziantep

kurdistan

Achaemenid Persia occupies a very important place among the great civilizations of the ancient world. In 550 BC., Cyrus, one of those rare leaders towards whom one cannot help but gravitate, laid the foundation of the largest empire the world had ever seen. His empire was quite unique because it was built on a model of tolerance and respect for other cultures and religions. So much so that the Old Testament regards Cyrus as the savior of the Jews from Babylonian captivity; while Xenophon, the 4th century BC Greek historian, refers to him as a man of wisdom, resilient spirit and guilelessness.After Cyrus, Darius the Great elevated the Persian Empire to its zenith. The Empire now extended from the borders of India east to Greece on the Mediterranean, down to Egypt and Ethiopia in Africa and up to what is now Russia and Eastern Europe. Twentyeight different nations were brought together under the rule of a man who was hailed as the King of the Kings. It was under his rule that for the first time a standard weighing system was devised, Old Persian cuneiform script was invented, and gold and silver coins were minted and used throughout the Empire. As an administrator and a builder, Darius was brilliant. In Egypt, he had a canal dug between the Nile and the Red Sea, anticipating the modern Suez Canal. In order to govern their vast empire, the Achaemenid kings established not one but four capitals cities in various strategic region: Babylon, Susa, Ecbatana and finally the most magnificent of them, Parsa or Persepolis, which was known in its day as the richest city under the sun. A dream in which one tries to visualize the beauty and dazzling splendor of Persepolitan palaces before their sad destruction.

The sacred text remarks that when young Tobias started on his journey with his Angel companion, his pet dog followed him all the way to the East. Tobias was one of the thousands of Israelites living in the Babylonian captivity. Some of them had settled down in neighboring provinces, such as Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Media. It was exactly in this last province of Media that Tobias' kinsman Raguel lived with his family. This was not really the goal of his trip to the East, but it was here that God and His Angel wanted him to go; whereas his father had sent him to collect his money from Gabelus in the city of Rages in the mountains of Ecbatana, in Media. The Angel by diverting his trip accomplished more fully his mission, bringing unexpected joy and happiness to three families. Having left his home town, the great city of Ninive, that morning, Tobias and his guide reached the river Tigris just before dark. They decided to spend that night by the bank of the Tigris. Here the Archangel Raphael began to reveal medical knowledge and experience. At the same time he provided food for that evening and for the rest of the journey. Weary of walking all day, young Tobias went to wash his feet in the cool water of the river before retiring. Here the sight of a monstrous fish that seemed to be coming up to devour him, frightened him exceedingly and made him cry for help: "Sir, he cometh upon me !" The Angelic guide, without coming to his rescue, instructed him on what to do, both giving him directions and inspiring him with confidence. At the end of the first day young Tobias had not yet acquired familiarity with his guide, so he calls him, Sir. Later he will call him brother. When the monstrous fish had been successfully drawn out of the river, it was cut open, roasted, and salted. "Take out the entrails of this fish," ordered the Angel, "and lay up his heart, and his gall, and his liver for thee, for these are necessary for useful medicines." These, no doubt, may have seemed strange medicines to young Tobias and he wanted to know when and how to use them. Here he begins to show more confidence and affection for the heavenly guide: "I beseech thee, brother Azarias, tell me what remedies are these things good for, which thou hast bid me keep of the fish." The Angel explains the medical virtue of those parts of the fish. More practical details are imparted as the proper time for their use approaches. The liver of the fish was needed as a material ingredient for an exorcism in order to free Tobias' future wife Sara from the evil influence of the devil; the gall was to be used for the cure of the blindness of old Tobias. The Archangel Raphael had been sent by God to cure and comfort two afflicted souls, old Tobias and Raguel's young daughter Sara, the widow of seven husbands, all of whom had died on the first night following their wedding to her.

Achaemenid Persia occupies a very important place among the great civilizations of the ancient world. In 550 BC., Cyrus, one of those rare leaders towards whom one cannot help but gravitate, laid the foundation of the largest empire the world had ever seen. His empire was quite unique because it was built on a model of tolerance and respect for other cultures and religions. So much so that the Old Testament regards Cyrus as the savior of the Jews from Babylonian captivity; while Xenophon, the 4th century BC Greek historian, refers to him as a man of wisdom, resilient spirit and guilelessness.After Cyrus, Darius the Great elevated the Persian Empire to its zenith. The Empire now extended from the borders of India east to Greece on the Mediterranean, down to Egypt and Ethiopia in Africa and up to what is now Russia and Eastern Europe. Twentyeight different nations were brought together under the rule of a man who was hailed as the King of the Kings. It was under his rule that for the first time a standard weighing system was devised, Old Persian cuneiform script was invented, and gold and silver coins were minted and used throughout the Empire. As an administrator and a builder, Darius was brilliant. In Egypt, he had a canal dug between the Nile and the Red Sea, anticipating the modern Suez Canal. In order to govern their vast empire, the Achaemenid kings established not one but four capitals cities in various strategic region: Babylon, Susa, Ecbatana and finally the most magnificent of them, Parsa or Persepolis, which was known in its day as the richest city under the sun. A dream in which one tries to visualize the beauty and dazzling splendor of Persepolitan palaces before their sad destruction.

Achaemenid Persia occupies a very important place among the great civilizations of the ancient world. In 550 BC., Cyrus, one of those rare leaders towards whom one cannot help but gravitate, laid the foundation of the largest empire the world had ever seen. His empire was quite unique because it was built on a model of tolerance and respect for other cultures and religions. So much so that the Old Testament regards Cyrus as the savior of the Jews from Babylonian captivity; while Xenophon, the 4th century BC Greek historian, refers to him as a man of wisdom, resilient spirit and guilelessness.After Cyrus, Darius the Great elevated the Persian Empire to its zenith. The Empire now extended from the borders of India east to Greece on the Mediterranean, down to Egypt and Ethiopia in Africa and up to what is now Russia and Eastern Europe. Twentyeight different nations were brought together under the rule of a man who was hailed as the King of the Kings. It was under his rule that for the first time a standard weighing system was devised, Old Persian cuneiform script was invented, and gold and silver coins were minted and used throughout the Empire. As an administrator and a builder, Darius was brilliant. In Egypt, he had a canal dug between the Nile and the Red Sea, anticipating the modern Suez Canal. In order to govern their vast empire, the Achaemenid kings established not one but four capitals cities in various strategic region: Babylon, Susa, Ecbatana and finally the most magnificent of them, Parsa or Persepolis, which was known in its day as the richest city under the sun. A dream in which one tries to visualize the beauty and dazzling splendor of Persepolitan palaces before their sad destruction.

The Medes were an ancient Kurdish people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran, roughly the areas of present day Kurdistan, Hamedan, Tehran, Lorestan, Azerbaijan, Esfahan and Zanjan. This area was known in Greek as Media or Medea Persian Māda adjective Median, antiquated also Medean). Under Assyrian rule, the Medes were known as Mādāyu.By the 6th century BC, after having together with the Chaldeans defeated the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Medes were able to establish their own empire that stretched from southern shore of the Black Sea and Aran province (the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan) to north and Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and which included many tributary states, including the Persians, who eventually supplanted and absorbed the Median empire in the Achaemenid Persian Empire.The Medes are credited with the foundation of the first Iranian empire, the largest of its day until Cyrus the Great established a unified Iranian empire of the Medes and Persians, often referred to as the Achaemenid Persian Empire, by defeating his grandfather and overlord, Astyages the king of Media. The Medes, people of the Mada, (the Greek form Μῆδοι is Ionic for Μᾶδοι), appear in history first in 836 BC. Earliest records show that Assyrian conqueror Shalmaneser III received tribute from the "Amadai" in connection with wars against the tribes of the Zagros. His successors undertook many names in the Assyrian inscriptions, it appears they had already adopted the religion of Zoroaster.The Medes were called The Kutis or Guti by the neighbours such as Assyrians,Babylonians... They are the modern Kurds. Kurds speak a clean langauge which is the old Median language.Herodotus, lists the names of six Median tribes: "Thus Deioces collected the Medes into a nation, and ruled over them alone. He further notes that "the Medes had exactly the .In the second 8th century BC, the Medes gained their independence and were united by a dynasty. Traditionally, the creator of the Median kingdom was one Deioces, who, according to Herodotus, reigned from 728 to 675 BC and founded the Median capital Ecbatana (modern Hamadan, Iran).According to Herodotus, the conquests of Cyaxares the Medes were preceded by a Scythian invasion and domination lasting twenty-eight years (under Madius the Scythian, 653-625 BC). The Medes tribes seem to have come into immediate conflict with a settled state to the West known as Mannae, allied with Assyria. Assyrian inscriptions state that the early Medes rulers, who had attempted rebellions against the Assyrians in the time of Esarhaddon and Ashur-bani-pal, were allied with chieftains of the Ashguza (Scythians) and other tribes - who had come from the northern shore of the Black Sea and invaded Asia Minor. The state of Mannae was finally conquered and assimilated by the Medes in the year 616 BC.In 612 BC, Cyaxares conquered Urartu, and in alliance with Nabopolassar (who created the Neo-Babylonian Empire), succeeded in destroying the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, and by 606 BC, the remaining vestiges of Assyrian control. From this point, the Medes king ruled over much of northern Mesopotamia, eastern Anatolia and Cappadocia. His power was a threat to his neighbors, and the exiled Jews expected the destruction of Babylonia by the Medes (Isaiah 13, 14m 21; Jerem.When Cyaxares attacked Lydia in the Battle of Halys, the kings of Cilicia and Babylon intervened and negotiated a peace in 585 BC, whereby the Halys river was established as the Medes' frontier with Lydia. Nebuchadrezzar of Babylon married a daughter of Cyaxares, and an equilibrium of the great powers was maintained until the rise of the Persians under Cyrus the Great. Kings of the Medes, 728-550 BC the Indo-European Median tribes settled in the Zagros mountain region and coalesced with the Gutiums, and thus the modern Kurds speak an Aryan language (Morris). The Kurds are mentioned in the Anabasis by Xenophon, a Greek mercenary, as he retreated from Persia with ten thousand men in 401 BC, he says of the Kurds, "These people, lived in the mountains and were very war-like and not subject to the Persian king. Indeed once a royal army of 120,000 had once invaded their country, and not a man of them came back..(Morris)." (Jensen 1996) Ancient Kurdistan as Kard-uchi, during Alexander the Great's Empire, 4th century BCThe tract to this day known as Kurdistan, the high mountain region south and south-east of Lake Van between Persia and Mesopotamia, was in the possession of Kurds from before the time of Xenophon, and was known as the country of the Carduchi , as Cardyene or Cordyene. Urmia, and northern Kurdish areas in the Middle East. Kurdish Kingdoms like Corduene were vassal states of the Roman Empire.Kirkuk Lake Van Mesopotamia, was in the possession of Kurds from before the time of Xenophon, and was known as the country of the Carduchi (Greek as Cardyeneor Cordyene.Diyarbakır

Rev 2

Achaemenid Persia occupies a very important place among the great civilizations of the ancient world. In 550 BC., Cyrus, one of those rare leaders towards whom one cannot help but gravitate, laid the foundation of the largest empire the world had ever seen. His empire was quite unique because it was built on a model of tolerance and respect for other cultures and religions. So much so that the Old Testament regards Cyrus as the savior of the Jews from Babylonian captivity; while Xenophon, the 4th century BC Greek historian, refers to him as a man of wisdom, resilient spirit and guilelessness.After Cyrus, Darius the Great elevated the Persian Empire to its zenith. The Empire now extended from the borders of India east to Greece on the Mediterranean, down to Egypt and Ethiopia in Africa and up to what is now Russia and Eastern Europe. Twentyeight different nations were brought together under the rule of a man who was hailed as the King of the Kings. It was under his rule that for the first time a standard weighing system was devised, Old Persian cuneiform script was invented, and gold and silver coins were minted and used throughout the Empire. As an administrator and a builder, Darius was brilliant. In Egypt, he had a canal dug between the Nile and the Red Sea, anticipating the modern Suez Canal. In order to govern their vast empire, the Achaemenid kings established not one but four capitals cities in various strategic region: Babylon, Susa, Ecbatana and finally the most magnificent of them, Parsa or Persepolis, which was known in its day as the richest city under the sun. A dream in which one tries to visualize the beauty and dazzling splendor of Persepolitan palaces before their sad destruction.

In the north east of Mahabad ( eastern Kurdistan or Persian occupied Kurdistan ), on the main road of Mahabad-Mianduaw, there is a historical remain which is quite identical to the architecture of Median era. This is tomb of a Median Shah (king) by the name of Phraortes . Phraortes son of Deioces is the founder of Median ascendancy and the second Shah this kingdom. After establishment of Median rule by Deioces the Assyrians who they were a main power at the East, could not accept Median domination on their eastern borders so they attached medes and deported Deioces to what is known today as Syria. After a period of time, Phroartes son of Dieoses revolted against Assyrians and united with two other local chiefs and crashed the Assyrian rule over the region. Phroartes brings life to median ascendancy again and keeps it protected of his son and grandsons. In fact, he is the one who established median dynasty. Diakonoff who is an expert on Median History, writes about Faqraqa (fakhraqa) as follow: the most northern Median tomb is located on the ancient Manaean land near city of Mahabad. The ceiling of this tomb is standing of several columns. This monument was a place for keeping dead bodies. Defining the exact time of the remain is hard but we can say it goes back to 7th century BC. Roman Grishman who is an expert on ancient Iran, believes that this tomb is belongs to on of the Manaean prince but Hertisfeld thinks it is a Median tomb. While all other Historicans believe it is tomb of Phraortes, the SECOND Median Shah. Structure of Faqraqa has no doors, its Patio has two stone pillars which both have a flower pot shape on its base and top ends. Time has eroded both outside and inside pillars. Only top and base of the pillars are visible. Across the patio in the inner side, there is a chamber that starts with tow step stair before you get into a small hall that built for a religious ceremonies. There are three rectangular tombs inside which all are carved in the heart of stone and each is ½ miter deep. In the median era, it was pupolar to bury median kings in the heart of stones. Suck as Surdash tomb near Sulaimania in southern Kurdistan which is historically known as Qizqapan. Also, there is another tomb which is 25 km away from Qizqapan known as Kur u Kich cave. It is also belongs to Medians. Historical Darta Konte ruins are located 7 km from Mahabad on Urmia-Mahabad highway. This remnants are consisted of several tombs and stairs. Observing the details of this ancient vestiges, we can say it has a religious stand. It must be said that building that highway has destroyed many parts of this masonry. Especially there are other historical ruins can be seen on the incised part of it. This place faces the valley of the devastated city which is located on the right side of the ancient village of : Daryas: and faces Faqraqa. Archiologists believe that this place was an ancient temple, but it has no similarity with Thorne of Jamshid (Persepolis) or Shush. Thus, it can be said that the period which this place was built is before Archimedean time and it is more likely that is was built in Manaean era. The height of the stairs are not equal. The peak seams to be grave of someone. On the bottom there is a hole which is 75 cm high and 50 cm wide. The hole ends in a chamber which makes it to look like a water access to the peak.

Cumbre anula de los BrO's. Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. 2005

Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

The Origin Of The Kurdish Language (Mede,Median) Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

Long live our holy nation! The Clothes explain Who Kurds are and who the real indo-iranians (arians) are. Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

Lors And Bakhtiyaris Are Pure Kurds (Medes) Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

The PaKSaZÎ (Cleaning) Plan for a Better Kurdistan(Media) Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

Iranian Azerbaijan/AgrBazhêran + Matiene/Scythian Kurds The PaKSaZÎ (Cleaning) Plan for a Better Kurdistan(Media) Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines