康熙朝 康熙帝巩固和加强了祖国的统一。对内平定了三藩之乱；降服了控制台湾的郑成功孙子郑克塽，使中国重新归于统一；1675年，他派兵驱逐了盘踞在黑龙江流域雅克萨的沙俄侵略者，遏制了沙俄对华侵略的野心。1679年，他派代表与沙俄代表签订了《尼布楚条约》，划定了中俄东部边界线；平定了回疆、准噶尔等反动贵族的叛乱；自康熙时期至十九世纪中期，中国在北起外兴安岭，南至南沙群岛的曾母暗沙，西起巴尔喀什湖和帕米尔高原，东抵鄂霍次克海、库页岛和台湾广大而神圣的领土内，实现巩固了全国的统一，加强了中央集权，成为当时世界上强大的国家。 康熙注意恢复和发展生产。采取了一系列有利于社会经济恢复和发展的措施。鼓励垦荒，从1671年起，陆续放宽垦荒起科年限，并规定垦荒有成绩，据开垦多少，给予不同官职，这促进了垦荒的积极性，到康熙末年，全国荒地基本上得到开辟。1669年，康熙下令废除圈地令，以后永远停止圈地，并规定所圈土地应退还给农民。1685年，康熙又规定民间新垦田亩，"自后永不许圈"，从而在一定程度上限制了贵族旗主的经济扩张，有利于自耕农民。康熙还下令将明朝藩王的庄田改为"更名田"。 康熙皇帝适应了历史发展的需要，进行一系列统一战争，使局势趋向稳定，清政府大为巩固，又通过一系列的文治，促进了经济、文化的发展，使中国人民过上了一百一十二年的和平生活。再经雍正、乾隆的努力，出现了康乾盛世的繁荣局面。 Kangxi and consolidation The Kangxi Emperor (r. 1662--1722)At sixty one years, Kangxi had the longest reign of any Chinese Emperor. But more importantly, apart from its length, Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era called "Kang-Qian Golden Age" (Zh: 康乾盛世) during which Qing Dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. In order to prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of imperial powers during the period of regency, Emperor Shunzhi on his deathbed hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers—Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi—were chosen for their long service to the crown, but also to counteract each others' influences. Most importantly, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi—the most junior of the four ministers—was able to achieve political dominance to such an extent as to become a potential threat to the crown. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him to come into ever escalating conflict with the young Emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi—a not insignificant victory for the fifteen-year-old Emperor, as Oboi was not only a wily old politician but also an experienced military commander. The Manchus found controlling the "Mandate of Heaven" a daunting task. The vastness of China's territory meant that there were only enough banner troops to garrison key cities forming the backbone of a defence network that relied heavily on surrendered Ming soldiers. In addition, three surrendered Ming generals were singled out for their contributions to the establishment of the Qing dynasty, ennobled as feudal princes (藩王), and given governorships over vast territories in Southern China. The chief of these was Wu Sangui (吳三桂), who was given the provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou, while generals Shang Kexi (尚可喜) and Geng Zhongming (耿仲明) were given the Guangdong and Fujian provinces, respectively. As the years went by, the three feudal lords and their territories inevitably became increasingly autonomous. Finally, in 1673, Shang Kexi petitioned Kangxi Emperor, stating his desire to retire to his hometown in Liaodong (遼東) province and nominating his son as his successor. The young emperor granted his retirement, but denied the heredity of his fief. In reaction, the two other generals decided to petition for their own retirements to test Kangxi's resolve, thinking that he would not risk offending them. The move backfired as the young emperor called their bluff by accepting their requests and ordering all three fiefdoms to be reverted back to the crown. Faced with the stripping of their powers, Wu Sangui felt he had no choice but to rise up in revolt. He was joined by Geng Zhongming and by Shang Kexi's son Shang Zhixin (尚之信). The ensuing rebellion lasted for eight years. At the peak of the rebels' fortunes, they managed to extend their control as far north as the Yangtze River (長江). Ultimately, though, the Qing government was able to put down the rebellion and exert control over all of southern China. The rebellion would be known in Chinese history as the Revolt of the Three Feudatories. To consolidate the empire, Kangxi Emperor personally led China on a series of military campaigns against Tibet, the Dzungars, and later Russia. He arranged the marriage of his daughter to the Mongol Khan Gordhun to avoid a military conflict. Gordhun's military campaign against the Qing failed, further strengthening the Empire. Taiwan was also conquered by Qing Empire forces in 1683 from Zheng Jing's son, Zheng Keshuang. Zheng Keshuang's grandfather Koxinga had conquered Taiwan from the Dutch colonists to use it as a base against the Qing Dynasty. By the end of the 17th century, China was at its greatest height of power since the early Ming Dynasty. Kangxi Emperor also handled many Jesuit Missionaries that came to China hoping for mass conversions. Although they failed in their attempt, Kangxi peacefully kept the missionaries in Beijing.

Felix trha papier

Skrecok trhajuci vreckouku.

Kalmyk people Branch of the Altaic family: Mongolian Kalmyk alternatively "Kalmuck," "Kalmuk," or "Kalmyki") is the name given to western Mongolian people and later adopted by those Oirats who migrated from Central Asia in the seventeenth century. Today they form a majority in the autonomous Republic of Kalmykia on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. The name "Kalmyk" is a word of Turkic origin that means "remnant" or "to remain." Turkish tribes may have used this name as early as the thirteenth century. The Kalmyks are the European branch of the Oirats whose ancient grazing lands are now located in Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and the People's Republic of China. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368, the Oirats emerged as a formidable foe against the Eastern Mongols, the Ming Chinese and their successor, the Manchu, in a nearly 400 year military struggle for domination and control over both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia. The struggle ended in 1757 with the extermination of the Oirats in Dzungaria, the last of the Mongolian groups to resist vassalage to China. The Kalmyks are the only inhabitants of Europe whose national religion is Buddhism. They embraced Buddhism in the early part of the 17th century and belong to the Tibetan Buddhist sect known as the Gelugpa (Virtuous Way). The Gelugpa are commonly referred to as the Yellow Hat sect. The religion is derived from the Indian Mahayana form of Buddhism. In the West, it is commonly referred to as Lamaism, from the name of the Tibetan monks, the lamas ("heavy with wisdom"). Prior to their conversion, the Kalmyks practiced shamanism. According to Robert G. Gordon, Jr., editor of the Ethnologue: Languages of the World, the Kalmyk-Oirat language belongs to the eastern branch of the Mongolian language division. Gordon further classifies Kalmyk-Oirat under the Oirat-Khalkha group, since he contends that Kalmyk-Oirat is related to Khalkha Mongolian -- the national language of Mongolia. Other linguists, such as Nicholas N. Poppe, have classified the Kalmyk-Oirat language group as belonging to the western branch of the Mongolian language division, since the language group developed separately and is distinct. Moreover, Poppe contends that, although there is little phonetic and morphological difference, Kalmyk and Oirat are two distinct languages. The major distinction is in their lexicons. The Kalmyk language, for example, has adopted many words of Russian and Tatar origin. Consequently, mainly on lexiconal grounds, Kalmyk is classified as a distinct language (Poppe 1970). Quoted from Wikipedia Learn more from here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_people http://www.hunmagyar.org/turan/kalmuk/index.html

So about half a year later he still devours brocolli. there's just somethng in them... Far better video quality this time :)

A song set to some historical events of Kalmyk people from Eastern Europe. Please no ultra nationalistic comments.THANKS

I decided to test this theory that hammies LOOOOOVE broccoli, as I saw Mocha on youtube the other day. And it turned out it's totally true. Nothing happens on this vide, but anyways, it is cute, as my hammie is a cutie, and the music is cool. So enjoy! :)

Mongol nation consists of 44 minor nationalities, and this is song of Dzungaria which is one of those minor nationalities and also those minor nationalities have their own dialicts.

Oirat-Kalmyk (Dzungar) dance named Tovshur.