EAE ALGEBRA Program Abstract: Email to: earlyadvancededucation@hotmail.com The EAE Algebra Program is a Specialized Early Advanced Mathematics Software Education Research Development Created By Mamone Family. 1/ Aim &Purpose: The EAE Algebra Program Software aims to deliver Upper Primary and High School Mathematics to Preschool and lower Primary aged school children for the purpose of enhancing general Reasoning and Thinking ability above and beyond what may be learned or experienced at daily school or pres school alone. With the aspect of decipherment and understanding foremost in programming, and similar to learning Reading, and the understanding of material content being read, or requiring decipherment, EAE Algebra Unit1/1-10 Program delivers high school Maths components to preschool / primary school students for the purpose of dramatically increasing understanding of mathematical material at hand, in the future at school, and throughout life. EAE applications may also be used for Remedial Mathematics Students of all ages to 15 years to greatest effect. Additionally, a young mother, with her 12 month old baby on her lap, may also use this material as the most valuable Mathematics Tables in her childs play box of education toys. 2/ PRIMARY Development Method & Background: EAE Algebra software was created with experience Strictly related to how babies and very young children learn languages, reading and mathematics over a 25 year period. This is the Primary Criteria employed and implemented in development of EAE Mathematics & Literacy Software for the aim and purpose stated. The explosion of IT in Mathematics, has yet to backtrack to the reason, and method, it should be used by students in the first place . If the method, does not include or take into account the Super Learning ability of children as the Primary factor, and take away the factor of 200 years of standardization of classroom curricula, then the purpose of the technology has been defeated and has no real use for the individual over the classroom teacher. But visualizing 20 elements with a KeyStroke, over 1 element with a PenStroke is the difference between EAE software and software developed for set, curricula standards. Specialized programming has been edited to create formats by which EAE delivers instantaneous and continuous skill formation ability for exponential acquisition of Algebra decipherment and everyday applications. For example, everyone knows that: Speed = Distance over Time. But many more do not know how to find Time if only Speed and Distance were known, or how to find Distance if only Speed and Time were known. If you say to a 7 year old: Five plus something is Seven, the 7 year old would most likely reply: The something, is 2 However, a person must wait until 12 or 13 years of age before s/he knows to write and solve this information as equation involving One Unknown called X ie: 5 + X = 7, and proceed to subtract 5 from the LHS & RHS of the equation to find a value for X. NB: There is much maths software available for curricula use, that is, when a child is say 12 years old, then there are many pieces of software for the child who is in Grade 7 - at this age. However, there is little or no software made which teaches or shows (say) Grade 10 Alegbra/Mathematics - to the same 12 year old. 3/ Primary Development Assumptions: The program assumes Children cannot Read or Understand Mathematics at all, but that all children have extreme potential to learn anything when placed in an interactive environment where they are in control of all the elements, and where these elements are educationally entertaining throughout the duration. The program also assumes the student can follow color coding of Algebraic processes such as BODMAS and multiplication of Exponentials which can be likened to knowing the phonetic code for mastery in Reading before going to school. 4/ Primary Achievement & Benefit By Student: EAE produces a measurable degree of Mastery and Ability for manipulating and controlling of elements on the LHS and RHS of any general Equation to Year 10 Standard beginning even at preschool age. EAE Algebra UNit1/1-10 is a tag or bridge, which facilitates attachment or crossing over to any level of mathematics at almost any age from this point, and is designed to complement daily school, generally enhancing the students life by beginning to know, and knowing how to apply Algebra in everyday situations and experience from early childhood. ©JARRAMAMONE 2008

Nova - Cracking the Maya Code: The story behind the centuries-long decipherment of ancient Maya hieroglyphs Part 1 (PBS) The ancient Maya civilization of Central America left behind an intricate and mysterious hieroglyphic script, carved on monuments, painted on pottery, and drawn in handmade bark-paper books. For centuries, scholars considered it too complex ever to understand—until recently, when an ingenious series of breakthroughs finally cracked the code and unleashed a torrent of new insights into the Mayas' turbulent past. For the first time, NOVA presents the epic inside story of how the decoding was done—traveling to the remote jungles of southern Mexico and Central America to investigate how the code was broken and what Maya writings now reveal.

Nova - Cracking the Maya Code: The story behind the centuries-long decipherment of ancient Maya hieroglyphs (PBS) Part 6 The ancient Maya civilization of Central America left behind an intricate and mysterious hieroglyphic script, carved on monuments, painted on pottery, and drawn in handmade bark-paper books. For centuries, scholars considered it too complex ever to understand—until recently, when an ingenious series of breakthroughs finally cracked the code and unleashed a torrent of new insights into the Mayas' turbulent past. For the first time, NOVA presents the epic inside story of how the decoding was done—traveling to the remote jungles of southern Mexico and Central America to investigate how the code was broken and what Maya writings now reveal.

Learn about the decipherment of the Olmec writing of Mexico and the many inscriptions the Olmecs have left us relating to their history and culture.

Provides a decipherment of the San Bartolo Mural inscriptions

Ogham inscriptions were found in June 1984 on the wall of a crevasse in a southeastern Colorado sandstone bluff. Their decipherment led investigators to return for the autumnal equinox to observe the key petroglyph's pinpoint illumination as the sun rose in the east.

Presentation by Kate Price, Palaeographer discussing the problems of decipherment.

From the Mayan director of the Sacred House of Pakal comes an extraordinary story of love in a land of miracles, of magic in a world of fear and an ancient prophecy that will change your life forever. In this fascinating video, Lord Pakal Ahau describes real events of his life since his inception birth in Palenque, August 22, 1952 at the same time when French archaeologist, Alberto Ruz L'huillier, entered to the Palencan Mayan tomb and hidden sarcophagus of King Hanab Pakal. As he moved the Lid to discover King Pakal's mummy Dr Ruz learned about the prophetic revelation of the King's incarnation, known as 8 Ahau (INAH Reporte, Exploraciones en Palenque: 1952, (SOBRETIRO DE LOS ANALES DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA, I952, Tomo VI, 1ª. Parte, México 1955). The ground trembled for two seconds, the Funerary Chamber was flooded instantaneously and Lord Pakal Ahau was born. The archaeological work was reinitiated later on November 1952. These facts have been documented in the archives of the Order of Chilam Balam and its Nine Degrees (1952). Don't miss this marvelous true story of Lord Pakal Ahau in the making, as a man carrying on his shoulders an ancient prophecy of his Mayan ancestors and mission for 2012, which is to create a unified Mesoamerican cosmovision for the next Mayan cycle, and at which time he will emerge as the Supreme Elder of Mayans. For now, we hope you tell your friends about this video. Since man first pondered the breadth of his being, he has spoken of a reality that exists beyond the physical reality, a life that continues. Does consciousness continue after death? The answer may be...in the life, passion and transformation of our Lord Pakal Ahau. This video is dedicated to Tatiana Prouskouriakoff and Yuri Knosorov, two influential Mayan scholars who played a role in the divine creation of Plan Tzakol B (Lord Pakal's Genetic Birth) and study of the decipherment of Mayan glyphs.

Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

Lors And Bakhtiyaris Are Pure Kurds (Medes) Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

The Origin Of The Kurdish Language (Mede,Median) Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

The PaKSaZÎ (Cleaning) Plan for a Better Kurdistan(Media) Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

Long live our holy nation! The Clothes explain Who Kurds are and who the real indo-iranians (arians) are. Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

QazQapan Cave! of Surdash Slemany Province of Media! Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines.

Nova - Cracking the Maya Code: The story behind the centuries-long decipherment of ancient Maya hieroglyphs Part 2 (PBS) The ancient Maya civilization of Central America left behind an intricate and mysterious hieroglyphic script, carved on monuments, painted on pottery, and drawn in handmade bark-paper books. For centuries, scholars considered it too complex ever to understand—until recently, when an ingenious series of breakthroughs finally cracked the code and unleashed a torrent of new insights into the Mayas' turbulent past. For the first time, NOVA presents the epic inside story of how the decoding was done—traveling to the remote jungles of southern Mexico and Central America to investigate how the code was broken and what Maya writings now reveal.

Nova - Cracking the Maya Code: The story behind the centuries-long decipherment of ancient Maya hieroglyphs Part 3 (PBS) The ancient Maya civilization of Central America left behind an intricate and mysterious hieroglyphic script, carved on monuments, painted on pottery, and drawn in handmade bark-paper books. For centuries, scholars considered it too complex ever to understand—until recently, when an ingenious series of breakthroughs finally cracked the code and unleashed a torrent of new insights into the Mayas' turbulent past. For the first time, NOVA presents the epic inside story of how the decoding was done—traveling to the remote jungles of southern Mexico and Central America to investigate how the code was broken and what Maya writings now reveal.

Nova - Cracking the Maya Code: The story behind the centuries-long decipherment of ancient Maya hieroglyphs Part 4 (PBS) The ancient Maya civilization of Central America left behind an intricate and mysterious hieroglyphic script, carved on monuments, painted on pottery, and drawn in handmade bark-paper books. For centuries, scholars considered it too complex ever to understand—until recently, when an ingenious series of breakthroughs finally cracked the code and unleashed a torrent of new insights into the Mayas' turbulent past. For the first time, NOVA presents the epic inside story of how the decoding was done—traveling to the remote jungles of southern Mexico and Central America to investigate how the code was broken and what Maya writings now reveal.

Iranian Azerbaijan/AgrBazhêran + Matiene/Scythian Kurds The PaKSaZÎ (Cleaning) Plan for a Better Kurdistan(Media) Kermanshah or Gorani Kurdish,Kermashan Kirmaşan, is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, located in Eastern Kurdistan. Kermanshah has a continental climate. The estimated population of the city is 822,921(year 2005) [1] and the majority of the inhabitants speak Kalhori dialects of Kurdish. The religion of the people is very diverse and there are many Muslims, Assyrians, Bahá'ís, Jews, and Armenians living in Kermanshah but Kurds have been leading the city in the number since history can remember. Given its antiquity, attractive landscapes and rich culture, Kermanshah is considered as one of the cradles of prehistoric cultures such as Neolithic villages. According to archaeological surveys and excavation, Kermanshah area has been occupied by prehistoric people since the Lower Paleolithic period, and continued to later Paleolithic periods till late Pleistocene period. The Lower Paleolithic evidence consists of some handaxes found in the Gakia area to the east of the city. The Middle Paleolithic remains have been found in the northern vicinity of the city in Tang-e Kenesht and near Taq-e Bostan. The known Paleolithic caves in this area are Warwasi, Kobeh, and Do-Eshkaft. The region was also one of the first places in which human settlements including Asiab, Qazanchi, Tappeh Sarab, Chia Jani, and Ganj-Darreh were established between 8000-10.000 years ago. This is about the same time that the first potteries pertaining were made in Ganj-Darreh, near present-day Harsin. Construction of the city is attributed to Tahmoures Divband, the fabulous king of Pishdadian dynasty. It was a glorious city in Kurds about the 4th century AD when it became a political city and a significant health center serving Kurdish kings. In A.D. 226, following a two-year war led by the Sassanid Emperor - Ardashir I - against Kurdish Kings in the region, the Empire reinstated a local Kurdish prince, Kayus of Medya, to rule Kermanshah. Within the dynasty known as the House of Kayus (also Kâvusakân) remained a semi-independent Kurdish kingdom lasting until A.D. 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.Kermanshah was conquered by the Arabs in A.D. 640 and called the town Qirmasin (Qirmashin). Under Seljuk rule in the 11th century, it was, and still is, a major cultural and commercial centre in Western Iran and the southern Kurdish region as a whole. The Safavids fortified the town, and the Qajars repulsed an attack by the Turks during Fath Ali Shah's rule (1797--1834). She was occupied by Ottomans between 1723-1729 and 1731-1732.Occupied by the Turkish army in 1915 during World War I, it was evacuated in 1917. Kermanshah played an important role in the Mashrota Movement in Qajar period and the Republic Movement in Pahlavi period. The City was hit hard during the Iran-Iraq War, and although it was rebuilt, it has not fully recovered, yet.Behistun inscription is considered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Bagastana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun The inscription includes three versions of the same text, written in three different cuneiform script languages: Old Median, Elamite, and Babylonian. A British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, had the inscription transcribed in two parts, in 1835 and 1843. Rawlinson was able to translate the Old Median cuneiform text in 1838, and the Elamite and Babylonian texts were translated by Rawlinson and others after 1843. Babylonian was a later form of Akkadian: both are Semitic languages. In effect, then, the inscription is to cuneiform what the Rosetta Stone is to Egyptian hieroglyphs: the document most crucial in the decipherment of a previously lost script.The inscription is approximately 15 metres high by 25 metres wide, and 100 metres up a limestone cliff from an ancient road connecting the capitals of Babylonia and Media (Babylon and Ecbatana). It is extremely inaccessible as the mountainside was removed to make the inscription more visible after its completion. The what is so called Old Medo-Persian text contains 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite text includes 593 lines in eight columns and the Babylonian text is in 112 lines

Nova - Cracking the Maya Code: The story behind the centuries-long decipherment of ancient Maya hieroglyphs (PBS) Part 5 The ancient Maya civilization of Central America left behind an intricate and mysterious hieroglyphic script, carved on monuments, painted on pottery, and drawn in handmade bark-paper books. For centuries, scholars considered it too complex ever to understand—until recently, when an ingenious series of breakthroughs finally cracked the code and unleashed a torrent of new insights into the Mayas' turbulent past. For the first time, NOVA presents the epic inside story of how the decoding was done—traveling to the remote jungles of southern Mexico and Central America to investigate how the code was broken and what Maya writings now reveal.

Templos Egipcios - Edfu (Templo de Horus) Edfu (en árabe, إدفو) es una ciudad egipcia situada en la ribera occidental del río Nilo, en un amplio valle, lugar óptimo para el asentamiento humano por quedar a salvo de las anuales inundaciones del Nilo. Tiene cerca de 50.000 habitantes. Está situada unos 90 km. al sur de Luxor. Nombre egipcio: Uetyeset-Heru, Dyeba, Behedet. Nombre griego: Apolinópolis Magna. Nombre copto: Etbó. Nombre árabe: Edfu. Su primer nombre fue Uetyeset-Heru "El lugar donde Horus es alabado". Después se llamó Dyeba "Ciudad de la retribución", que en copto será Etbó, de donde proviene el nombre actual de Edfu. Fue el lugar donde la tradición sitúa la batalla entre los diose Horus y Seth. A partir de la dinastía V aparece con el nombre de Behedet. Fue capital del nomo II del Alto Egipto siendo ya importante en el Imperio Antiguo. Era origen de las caravanas que partían hacia el oasis de Jarga, al oeste, a las minas del desierto oriental y a la costa del mar Rojo, al este. Los descubrimientos más antiguos se datan durante la dinastía III pero el lugar debía estar habitado con anterioridad. Es tradición que Imhotep, el diseñador de la Pirámide escalonada de Saqqara, hizo un templo en Edfu dedicado a Horus. Con la dinastía V toda la región pasa a llamarse Behedet, o Behdet, y el dios fue adorado como Horus Behedet. Del periodo de la dinastía VI se ha encontrado la tumba de uno de los nomarcas, de nombre Isi, "gran jefe del nomo del trono de Horus", que vivía más o menos en tiempos de Pepy I, que llegó a ser adorado como un dios durante el Imperio Medio. Con la dinastía X aparece un soberano de nombre Anjtify, que fue gobernador del III nomo (Ten, capital Nejen) y se apoderó de Behedet después de derrocar al monarca, llamado Juy que era aliado de los tebanos. En el Imperio nuevo, algunos faraones, como Ramsés II y Shabako, construyeron en la ciudad. En tiempos grecorromanos la ciudad se llamó Apolinópolis Magna, en griego πόλις μεγάλη Ἀπόλλωνος, en latín Apollonos Superioris, ya que Horus era identificado con Apolo. El templo ptolemaico de Horus Les principales construcciones lágidas en Egipto fueron el templo de Isis en File, el de Hathor en Dendera, y el de Horus en Edfu, siendo este el primero que ordenaron construir en Edfu. El templo ptolemaico de Horus es el mejor conservado de Egipto y fue llamado Mesen, "El lugar del arpón", "La Casa de Ra", Nedyem Anj, "Placer de vivir dentro", "La ventana del halcón", "El altar de Horus", y Uetyeset, "El lugar para alabar a dios". El edificio principal fue llamado Behedeti. La construcción comenzó el 23 de agosto de 237 adC bajo el mandato de Ptolomeo III Evergetes; en 206 adC la construcción se detiene por una revuelta de dos príncipes de la zona de Tebas que se declararon independientes de los faraones lágidas; finalmente el templo fue consagrado por Ptolomeo VII Neo Filopator y su esposa Cleopatra II. La sala hipóstila exterior, con doce columnas, da paso a la biblioteca, que era a una pequeña habitación; otra habitación al oeste estaba dedicada a consagrar a los sacerdotes; la entrada al pronaos se abría a un largo patio rodeado por tres lados de columnas y al sur por un alto pilono. La parte más sagrada era el altar con una estatua; el santuario estaba rodeado de setenta habitaciones y almacenes, una sala con ocho pilares, dos pequeñas salas y dos escaleras. La capilla albergaba la barca sagrada; Ocho capillas más en un corredor que llevaba fuera del santuario estaban dedicadas probablemente a los dioses principales: Isis, Osiris, Min, Jonsu, Ra, y otros tres más. Delante del santuario hay una antesala, y al este una sala de sacrificios, dando paso a la plaza de la pureza donde se revestía a las estatuas y se recibían los amuletos; al oeste, otra antesala estaba dedicada a Min; la siguiente habitación en dirección a la salida era la de las ofrendas y seguía la sala hipóstila interior con dos grandes columnas; dos salas adjuntas servían como paso interior hacia el templo, y para almacenar los tesoros; las cámaras adyacentes, en el oeste, eran para las abluciones y los aceites sagrados, y la cámara sagrada del Nilo donde se purificaba el agua del nilómetro exterior. Una sala hipóstila de 18 columnas se añadió al sur, así como unas puertas, en 57 a.C. quedando el templo concluido. Si bien el templo está completo, las dependencias anexas como el lago sagrado, cocinas, almacenes, oficinas, el lugar de los halcones y otras dependencias fueron absorbidas por la ciudad. Durante la dominación romana fue sede de la Legión II Trajana. En el periodo cristiano fue sede episcopal. Auguste Mariette fue el primer occidental que llegó a Edfu, en 1860. Entonces el templo se utilizaba como vivienda y había establos y almacenes de productos agrícolas. Se habían hecho paredes de adobes y algunas zonas estaban recubiertas de arena. Los trabajos de conservación que se hicieron permitieron recuperar el templo. Fuente: Wikipedia (2) Edfu Edfu (also spelt Idfu or in modern French as Edfou and known in antiquity as Behdet) is an Egyptian city, located on the west bank of the River Nile between Esna and Aswan, with a population of approximately sixty thousand people. For the ancient history of the city, see below. Edfu is the site of the Ptolemaic Temple of Horus and an ancient settlement, Tell Edfu (described below). About 5 km (3 miles) north of Edfu are remains of ancient pyramids. The town is known for the major Ptolemaic temple, built between 237 BCE to 57 BCE, into the reign of Cleopatra VII. Of all the temple remains in Egypt, the Temple of Horus at Edfu is the most completely preserved. Built from sandstone blocks, the huge Ptolemaic temple was constructed over the site of a smaller New Kingdom temple, oriented east to west, facing towards the river. The later structure faces north to south and leaves the ruined remains of the older temple pylon to be seen on the east side of the first court. Ancient Tell Edfu The remains of the ancient settlement of Edfu are situated about 50m to the west of the Ptolemaic temple - To the left of the older temple Pylon. This settlement is known as Wetjeset-hor and the Latin name was Apollinopolis Magna. According to Notitia Dignitatum, part of Legio II Traiana Fortis was camped in Apollo superior, which was the Roman name for the town. Although unassuming and unglamorous to the visiting tourists, Tell Edfu is a monument that contains evidence of more Egyptian history and is of more archaeological interest than the Ptolemaic temple. Although major parts of the settlement show severe signs of erosion, cut away or have been exposed during sebakh-digging, enough is preserved to gain information from as far back as the Predynastic Period. The remains of the settlement (Tell) provides an insight into the development of Edfu as a provincial town from the end of the Old Kingdom until the Byzantine period. The settlement at Edfu was the capital of the Second Upper Egypt nome, and played an important role within the region. The oldest part of the town which can be dated to the late Old Kingdom lies on the eastern part of the tell, not far from the Ptolemaic temple. There is evidence that the town flourished during the First Intermediate Period when it expanded extensively to the west. Interestingly, it is one of few settlements in southern Egypt that thrived when it seems that the north, especially around the delta, was in economic decline. Today, the Tell Edfu monument is preserved in some areas up to 20m high and contains complete archaeological sequences of occupation dating to the Old Kingdom until the Graeco-Roman period. So far, only the top layers of the tell containing the Graeco-Roman settlement remains were published by a Franco-Polish mission in the late 1930s (by Kazimierz Michałowski and B. Bruyère and Bernard Mathieu). The three elaborate reports on the archaeology of Tell Edfu, were only partially published by the Franco-Polish mission. In 1954, a second Polish mission, headed by Maria Ludwika Bernhard, also explored Tell Edfu. Unfortunately, from the mid 1950s no new detailed discoveries or thorough research has been completed at the monument. The site had also been excavated by Henri Henne from the Institute for Egyptology in Lille from 1921 to 1924. No larger remains dating earlier than the 5th Dynasty have been found at Edfu. Its most ancient cemetery comprised the mastabas of the Old Kingdom as well as later tombs, and covers the area southwest of the precinct of the great temple of Horus. Before the beginning of the New Kingdom, the necropolis was transferred to Hager Edfu, to the west, and then in the Late period to the south at Nag' el-Hassaya. The entire area was called Behedet. The god Horus was herein worshipped as Horus Behedet. One of these mastabas belonged to Isi, a local administrator, who, it was quoted was the "great chief of the Nome of Edfu" in the Sixth Dynasty. Isi lived during the reign of King Djedkare Isesi of the Fifth and into the reign of Pepi I of the Sixth Dynasties. He was an administrator, judge, chief of the royal archives and a "Great One among the Tens of the South". Isi later became a living god and was so worshipped during the Middle Kingdom. As the Sixth Dynasty and the Old Kingdom drew to a close, local regional governors and administrative nobles took on a larger power in their areas, away from the royal central authority. Edfu pyramid ruins The remains of one of seven small provincial step pyramids built along the Nile Valley, is situated about 5km north of Edfu near the west bank village of Naga el-Goneima. The structure was built from rough reddish sandstone and rises to a present height of 5.5m. The pyramid has been loosely attributed to King Huni of Dynasty III. The purpose of these pyramids is unknown Apollonopolis Magna Apollonopolis Magna or Apollinopolis Magna (Greek: πόλις μεγάλη Ἀπόλλωνος, Strabo xvii. p. 817; Agartharch. p. 22; Plin. v. 9. s. 11; Plut. Is. et Osir. 50; Aelian. Hist. An. x. 2; Ptol. iv. 5. § 70; Ἀπολλωνία, Steph. Byzant. s. v.; Ἀπολλωνιάς, Hierocl. p. 732; It. Ant. p. 160, 174; Not. Imp. Orient. c. 143; Latin: Apollonos Superioris [urbs]). Ptolemy (l. c.) assigns Apollinopolis to the Hermonthite nome, but it was more commonly regarded as the capital town of the nome Apollopolites.[1] Under the Roman emperors it was the seat of a bishop's see, and the head-quarters of the Legio II Trajana. Its inhabitants were enemies of the crocodile and its worshippers. The ancient city derived its principal reputation from two temples, which are considered second only to the Temple of Dendera as specimens of the sacred structures of Egypt. The larger temple is in good preservation, and is being excavated (see Edfu). The smaller temple, sometimes, but improperly, called a Typhonium, is apparently an appendage of the latter, and its sculptures represent the birth and education of the youthful deity, Horus, whose parents Noum, or Kneph and Athor, were worshipped in the larger edifice. The principal temple is dedicated to Noum, whose symbol is the disc of the sun, supported by two asps and the extended wings of a vulture. Its sculptures represent (Rosellini, Monum. del Culto, p. 240, tav. xxxviii.) the progress of the Sun, Phre-Hor-Hat, Lord of Heaven, moving in his bark (Bari) through the circle of the Hours. The local name of the district round Apollinopolis was Hat, and Noum was styled Hor-hat-kah, or Horus, the tutelary genius of the land of Hat. This deity forms also at Apollinopolis a triad with the goddess Athor and Hor-Senet. The members of the triad are youthful gods, pointing their finger towards their mouths, and before the decipherment of the hieroglyphics were regarded as figures of Harpocrates. The entrance into the larger temple of Apollinopolis is a gateway (πυλών) 50 feet high, flanked by two converging wings (πτερά) in the form of truncated pyramids, rising to 107 feet. The wings contain ten stories, are pierced by round loop-holes for the admission of light, and probably served as chambers or dormitories for the priests and servitors of the temple. From the jambs of the door project two blocks of stone, which were intended, as Ddnon supposes, to support the heads of two colossal figures. This propylaeon leads into a large square, surrounded by a colonnade roofed with squared granite, and on the opposite side is a pronaos or portico, 53 feet in height, and having a triple row of columns, six in each row, with variously and gracefully foliaged capitals. The temple is 145 feet wide, and 424 feet long from the entrance to the opposite end. Every part of the walls is covered with hieroglyphics, and the main court ascends gradually to the pronaos by broad steps. The whole area of the building was surrounded by a wall 20 feet high, of great thickness. Like so many of the Egyptian temples, that of Apollinopolis was capable of being employed as a fortress. It stood about a third of a mile from the river. The sculptures, although carefully and indeed beautifully executed, are of the Ptolemaic era, the earliest portion of the temple having been erected by Ptolemy VI Philometor in 181 BC. [1] This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography by William Smith (1857). Source: Wikipedia

Encyclopaedia Galactica

Encyclopaedia Galactica