(Redirected from Yanktonai)
The 'Sioux' (
IPA ) are a
Native American and
First Nations people. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the
Great Sioux Nation or any of the nation's many dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on dialect and subculture:
★ Isanti ("Knife," originating from the name of a lake in present-day
Minnesota): residing in the extreme east of the
Dakotas, Minnesota, and northern
Iowa, and are often referred to as the Santee or Dakota.
★ Ihanktowan-Ihanktowana ("Village-at-the-end" and "little village-at-the-end"): residing in the Minnesota River area, they are considered to be the middle Sioux, and are often referred to as the Yankton-Yanktonai or Nakota.
★ Teton (“Dwellers on the Prairie”): the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture, and are often referred to as the
Lakota.
Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and also in
Manitoba and southern
Saskatchewan in Canada.
Oceti Sakowin
Today it is preferable to refer to the Teton, Isanti, or Ihanktowan/Ihanktowana as either Lakota, Dakota, or Nakota respectively.
[1] In any of the three main dialects, "Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota" all translate to mean "friend," or more properly, "ally". Usage of Lakota, Dakota, or Nakota may then refer to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation together. The historical Sioux referred to the
Great Sioux Nation as the Oceti Sakowin, meaning "Seven Council Fires". Each fire represented a tiyospaye (family or band). The seven nations that comprise the Sioux are:
Mdewakanton,
Wahpetowan (Wahpeton),
Wahpekute,
Sissetowan (Sisseton), the
Ihantowan (Yankton),
Ihanktowana (Yanktonai), and the
Teton (
Lakota).
Historically, the Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters and hold the
Sun Dance.
[2] The seven divisions would select four leaders known as ''Wicasa Yatapicka'' from among the leaders of each division.
Being one of the four leaders was considered the highest honor for a leader; however, the once-a-year gathering meant the majority of tribal administration was cared for by the usual leaders of each division. The last meeting of the seven council fires was in 1850.
Political organization
The historical political organization was based on the participation of individuals and the cooperation of many to sustain the tribe’s way of life. Leadership was chosen from noble birth and through demonstrations of bravery, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom.
Societies
The leadership positions were usually hereditary with future leaders being chosen by their war record and generosity. Tribal leaders were members of the ''Naca Ominicia'' society and decided matters of tribal hunts, camp movements, whether to make war or peace with their neighbors, or any other community action.
[3] Societies were similar to
fraternities; men joined to raise their position in the tribe. Societies were composed of smaller clans and varied in number among the seven divisions.
There were two types of societies: Akicita, for the younger men, and Naca, for elders and former leaders.
Anthropologist
Hermann Baumann also recorded male-to-female
transsexual medicine healers known as ''Winte'' among the Sioux.
[4]
Akicita societies
Akicita societies put their efforts into training men as warriors, participating in tribal hunts, policing, and upholding civility among the community.
There were many smaller Akicita societies, including the Kit-Fox, Strong Heart, Elk, and so on.
Naca societies
Leaders in the Naca societies, per Naca Ominicia, were the tribal elders and leaders, who would elect seven to ten men, depending on the division, called ''Wicasa Itacans.'' The Wicasa Itacans interpreted and enforced the decisions of the Naca.
The Wicasa Itacans would elect two to four ''Shirt Wearers'' who were the voice of the Wicasa. Concerned with the welfare of the nation, they could settle quarrels among families or with foreign nations, among their responsibilities.
Shirt Wearers were generally elected from highly respected sons of the leaders; however, men with obscure parents who displayed outstanding leaderships skills and had earned the respect of the community could be elected, exemplified by
Crazy Horse.
Under the Shirt Wearers were the ''Wakincuza'', or Pipe Holders. They held a prominent position during peace ceremonies, regulated camp locations, and supervised the Akicita societies during buffalo hunts.
Wahktageli ("Coward Warrior"), a Yankton Sioux chief (
Karl Bodmer)
Name origins
The name "Sioux" is an abbreviated form of ''Nadouessioux'' borrowed into
French Canadian from ''Nadoüessioüak'' from the early
Odawa exonym: ''naadowesiwag'' "Sioux".
[5] It was first used by
Jean Nicolet in 1640.
The
Proto-Algonquian form ''
★ na·towe·wa'', meaning "Northern Iroquoian", has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake (
massasauga, ''Sistrurus'').
[6] This information was interpreted by some that the Ottawa borrowing was an insult. However, this Proto-Algonquian term most likely is ultimately was derived from a form ''
★ -a·towe·'', meaning simply "speak foreign language",
5 which was later extended in meaning in some Algonquian languages to refer to the massasauga. Thus, contrary to many accounts, the old Odawa word ''naadowesiwag'' never equated the Sioux with snakes. This is not confirmed though, as usage over the previous decades has led to this term having negative connotations to those tribes to which it refers. This would explain why many tribes have rejected this term when referring to themselves.
Some of the tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sicangu Oyate, and the Oglala often use the name Oglala Lakota Oyate, rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. (The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered improper).
Linguistics
Main articles: Siouan languages,
Lakota language
The earlier linguistic 3-way division of the Dakotan branch of the
Siouan family identified ''Lakota'', ''Dakota'', and ''Nakota'' as dialects of a single language, where Lakota = Teton, Dakota = Santee and Yankton, Nakota = Yanktonai &
Assiniboine. This classification was based in large part on each group's particular pronunciation of the autonym ''Dakhóta-Lakhóta-Nakhóta'', meaning the Yankton-Yanktonai, Santee, and Teton groups all spoke mutually intelligible varieties of a
Sioux idiom.
However, more recent study identifies Assiniboine and Stoney as two separate languages with Sioux being the third language that has three similar dialects: Teton, Santee-Sisseton, Yankton-Yanktonai. Furthermore, the Yankton-Yanktonai never referred to themselves using the pronunciation ''Nak
hóta'' but rather pronounced it the same as the Santee (i.e. ''Dak
hóta''). (Assiniboine and Stoney speakers use the pronunciation ''Nak
hóta'' or ''Nak
hóda'').
The term ''Dakota'' has also been applied by anthropologists and governmental departments to refer to all Sioux groups, resulting in names such as ''Teton Dakota'', ''Santee Dakota'', etc. This was due in large part to the misrepresented translation of the Ottawa word from which ''Sioux'' is derived (supposedly meaning "snake", see above).
Modern geographic divisions
The Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations and communities in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and also in
Manitoba and southern
Saskatchewan in Canada.
The earliest known European record of the Sioux was in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.
Furthermore, after the introduction of the horse, the Sioux dominated larger areas of land—from present day
Canada to the
Platte River, from Minnesota to the
Yellowstone River, including the
Black Hills and the
Powder River country.
Santee (Dakota)
The Santee people migrated north and westward from the south and east into Ohio then to Minnesota. The Santee were a woodland people who thrived on hunting, fishing and subsistence farming. Migrations of Anishinaabe/Chippewa people from the east in the 17th and 18th centuries, with muskets supplied by the French and British, pushed the Santee further into Minnesota and west and southward, giving the name "Dakota Territory" to the northern expanse west of the Mississippi and up to its headwaters.
Yankton-Yanktonai (Nakota)
The Ihanktowan-Ihanktowana, or the Yankton ("campers at the end") and Yanktonai ("lesser campers at the end") divisions consist of two bands or two of the seven council fires. According to Nasunatanka and Matononpa in 1880, the Yanktonai are divided into two sub-groups known as the Upper Yanktonai and the lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina).
Economically, they were involved in quarrying
pipestone. The Yankton-Yanktonai moved into northern
Minnesota. In the 1700s, they were recorded as living in the
Mankato region of Minnesota.
[7]
Teton (Lakota)
Main articles: Lakota people
The western Santee obtained horses, probably in the 17th century (although some historians date the arrival of horses in South Dakota to 1720), and moved further west, onto the Great Plains, becoming the Titonwan tribe, subsisting on the buffalo herds and corn-trade with their linguistic cousins, the
Mandan and
Hidatsa along the
Missouri.
Ethnic divisions
The Sioux are divided into ethnic groups, the larger of which are divided into sub-groups, and further branched into bands. The
Yankton-Yanktonai, the smallest division, reside on the Yankton reservation in South Dakota and the Northern portion of
Standing Rock Reservation, while the Santee live mostly in Minnesota and Nebraska, but include bands in the Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Crow Creek Reservations in South Dakota. The
Lakota are the westernmost of the three groups, occupying lands in both
North and
South Dakota.
★ 'Santee division (Dakota)'
★
★
Mdewakantonwan ("Dwellers of Spirit Lake")
★
★ : notable persons:
Taoyateduta
★
★ Sisitonwan (Sisseton, "Dwellers of the Fish Grounds")
★
★ Wahpekute ("Leaf Shooters")
★
★ :notable persons:
Inkpaduta
★
★ Wahpetonwan ("Dwellers among the Leaves")
★ 'Yankton-Yanktonai division (Nakota)'
★
★ Ihanktonwan (Yankton, "End Village")
★
★ Ihanktonwana (Yanktonai, "Little End Village")
★
★ : notable persons:
Wanata
★
★ 'Stone sub-division (Nakoda)'
★
★
★
Assiniboine
★
★
★
Stoney
★ 'Titonwan/Teton division (Lakota)' ("Dwellers on the Prairie")
★
★
Oglala ("Those who Scatter their own")
★
★ : notable persons:
Crazy Horse,
Red Cloud,
Black Elk and
Billy Mills (Olympian)
★
★
Hunkpapa (meaning "Those who Camp by the Door" or "Wanderers")
★
★ : notable persons:
Sitting Bull
★
★
Sihasapa (not to confuse with the
Algonquian-speaking
Blackfeet)
★
★
Minniconjou ("Those who Plant by the Stream")
★
★ : notable persons:
Lone Horn,
Touch the Clouds
★
★ Sićangu (
French:
Brulé) ("Burnt Thighs")
★
★ Itazipacola (French:
Sans Arcs "Without Bows")
★
★ Oohenonpa ("
Two Kettles" or "Two Boilings")
Reserves and First Nations
Today, one half of all enrolled Sioux in the United States live off the
reservation. Also, to be an enrolled member in any of the Sioux tribes in the United States,
1/4 degree is require.
[8]
In Canada, the Canadian government recognizes the tribal community as "
First Nations." The land-holdings of the these First Nations are called "Reserves".
| Reserve/Reservation | Community | Bands residing | Location |
|---|
| Fort Peck Indian Reservation | Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes | Hunkpapa, Lower Yanktonai, Wahpekute, Sisseton, Wahpeton, Assiniboine (Canoe Paddler, Red Bottom) | Montana, USA |
| Spirit Lake Reservation(Formerly Devil's Lake Reservation) | Spirit Lake Tribe(Mni Wakan Oyate) | Wahpeton, Sisseton, Upper Yanktonai | North Dakota, USA |
| Standing Rock Indian Reservation | Standing Rock Sioux Tribe | Upper Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfoot | North Dakota, South Dakota USA |
| Lake Traverse Indian Reservation | Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate | Sisseton, Wahpeton | South Dakota, USA |
| Flandreau Indian Reservation | Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe | Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton | South Dakota, USA |
| Cheyenne River Indian Reservation | Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe | Minneconjou, Blackfoot, Two Kettle, Sans Arc | South Dakota, USA |
| Crow Creek Indian Reservation | Crow Creek Sioux Tribe | Lower Yanktonai | South Dakota, USA |
| Lower Brule Indian Reservation | Lower Brule Sioux Tribe | Brulé | South Dakota, USA |
| Yankton Sioux Indian Reservation | Yankton Sioux Tribe | Yankton | South Dakota, USA |
| Pine Ridge Indian Reservation | Oglala Sioux Tribe | Oglala, few Brulé | South Dakota, USA |
| Rosebud Indian Reservation | Rosebud Sioux Tribe (also as Sicangu Lakota or Upper Brulé Sioux Nation)(Sićangu Oyate) | Sićangu, few Oglala | South Dakota, USA |
| Upper Sioux Indian Reservation | Upper Sioux Community(Pejuhutazizi Oyate) | Mdewakanton, Sisseton, Wahpeton | Minnesota, USA |
| Lower Sioux Indian Reservation | Lower Sioux Indian Community | Mdewakanton, Wahpekute | Minnesota, USA |
| Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation(Formerly Prior Lake Indian Reservation) | Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community | Mdewakanton, Wahpekute | Minnesota, USA |
| Prairie Island Indian Community | Prairie Island Indian Community | Mdewakanton, Wahpekute | Minnesota, USA |
| Mille Lacs Lake Indian Reservation | Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe (Mille Lacs Indians, St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota) | Ojibwa, Mdewakanton | Minnesota, USA |
| St. Croix Indian Reservation | St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin | Ojibwa, Mdewakanton | Wisconsin, USA |
| Santee Indian Reservation | Santee Sioux Nation | Mdewakanton, Wahpekute | Nebraska, USA |
Sioux Valley Dakota Nation Reserve, Fishing Station 62A Reserve
★ | Sioux Valley First Nation | Sisseton, Mdewakanton, Wahpeton, Wahpekute | Manitoba, Canada |
| Dakota Plains Indian Reserve 6A | Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation | Wahpeton, Sisseton | Manitoba, Canada |
| Dakota Tipi 1 Reserve | Dakota Tipi First Nation | Wahpeton | Manitoba, Canada |
Birdtail Creek 57 Reserve, Birdtail Hay Lands 57A Reserve, Fishing Station 62A Reserve
★ | Birdtail Sioux First Nation | Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Yanktonai | Manitoba, Canada |
Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation Reserve, Oak Lake 59A Reserve, Fishing Station 62A Reserve
★ | Canupawakpa Dakota Nation | Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai | Manitoba, Canada |
| Standing Buffalo 78 Reserve | Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation | Sisseton, Wahpeton | Saskatchewan, Canada |
| Whitecap Reserve | Whitecap Dakota First Nation | Wahpeton, Sisseton | Saskatchewan, Canada |
| Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation | Wahpeton | Saskatchewan, Canada |
Wood Mountain 160 Reserve, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds Indian Reservation 77
★ | Wood Mountain | Hunkpapa | Saskatchewan, Canada |
Carry the Kettle Nakota First Nation Indian Reserves, Assiniboine 76 Reserve, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds Indian Reservation 77
★ | Carry the Kettle First Nation | Assiniboine | Saskatchewan, Canada |
Little Black Bear 84 Reserve, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds Indian Reservation 77
★ | Little Black Bear Cree-Assiniboine First Nation | Cree, Assiniboine | Saskatchewan, Canada |
| Mosquito 109 Reserve, Grizzly Bear's Head 110 & Lean Man 111 Reserves, Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man Treaty Land Entitlement Indian Reserve 1, Golden Eagle Indian Reserve | Mosquito, Grizzly Bears Head, Lean Man First Nations (Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man) | Assiniboine, Cree | Saskatchewan, Canada |
White Bear 70 Reserve, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds Indian Reservation 77
★ | White Bear First Nation | Assiniboine, Cree, Ojibwa | Saskatchewan, Canada |
| Stoney 142-143-144 Reserves, Stoney 142B Reserve, Big Horn 144A Reserve, Eden Valley 216 Reserve | Bearpaw, Chiniki and Wesley | Stoney | Alberta, Canada |
:
★ Reserves shared with other First Nations
Contact between Sioux and European peoples
Alliance with French fur merchants
Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants,
[9] who were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the
North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the
Hudson's Bay Company. The Dakota were thus lured into the European economic system and the bloody inter-aboriginal warfare that stemmed from it.
Dakota War of 1862
Main articles: Dakota War of 1862
This drawing of the mass hanging in
Mankato, Minnesota was long a familiar icon in Minnesota.
When 1862 arrived shortly after a failed crop the year before and a winter starvation, the federal payment was late. The local traders would not issue any more credit to the Santee and one trader,
Andrew Myrick, went so far as to tell them that they were 'free to eat grass or their own dung'. As a result, on
August 17,
1862 the
Dakota War of 1862 began when a few Santee men murdered a white farmer and most of his family, igniting further attacks on white settlements along the
Minnesota River. The Santee then attacked the trading post, and Myrick was later found among the dead with his mouth stuffed full of grass.
[10]
On
November 5,
1862 in Minnesota, in
courts-martial, 303 Santee Sioux were found guilty of
rape and
murder of hundreds of Caucasian and European farmers and were sentenced to a hanging. No attorneys or witness were allowed as a defense for the accused, and many were convicted in less than five minutes of court time with the judge.
[11] President
Abraham Lincoln remanded the death sentence of 284 of the warriors, signing off on the execution of 38 Santee men by hanging on
December 26,
1862 in
Mankato, Minnesota, the largest mass-execution in US history.
[12]
Afterwards, annuities to the Dakota were suspended for four years and the monies were awarded to the white victims. The men who were pardoned by President Lincoln were sent to a prison in Iowa, where more than half died while imprisoned.
Aftermath of Dakota War
During and after the revolt, many Santee and their kin fled Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to Canada, or settled in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation before being forced to move to Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri.
A few joined the Yanktonai and moved further west to join with the Lakota bands to continue their struggle against the United States military.
Others were able to remain in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations existing into the 21st century, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (
Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some ended up eventually in Nebraska, where the
Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri. Those who fled to Canada now have descendants residing on eight small Dakota Reserves, four of which are located in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain [Dakota Tipi], Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the remaining four (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.
Red Cloud's War
Main articles: Red Cloud's War
Red Cloud's War (also referred to as the Bozeman War) was an armed conflict between the
Sioux and the
United States in the
Wyoming Territory and the
Montana Territory from 1866 to 1868. The war was fought over control of the
Powder River Country in north central
Wyoming, which lay along the
Bozeman Trail, a primary access route to the
Montana gold fields.
The war is named after
Red Cloud, a prominent chief of
Oglala Sioux who led the war against the United States following encroachment into the area by the
U.S. military. The war, which ended with the
Treaty of Fort Laramie, resulted in a complete victory for the Sioux and the temporary preservation of their control of the Powder River country.
★ Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, ch. 6, Brown, Dee, , , Bantam Books, 1970, ISBN 0-5531-1979-6 Black Hills War
Main articles: Black Hills War
Between 1876 and 1877, the
Black Hills War took place. The Lakota and their allies fought against the United States military in a series of conflicts. The earliest being the
Battle of Powder River, and the final battle being at
Wolf Mountain. Included are the
Battle of the Rosebud,
Battle of the Little Bighorn,
Battle of Warbonnet Creek,
Battle of Slim Buttes,
Battle of Cedar Creek, and the
Dull Knife Fight.
Wounded Knee Massacre
Main articles: Wounded Knee Massacre
Mass grave for the dead Lakota after massacre of Wounded Knee.
The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek was the last major armed conflict between the
Lakota and the
United States, subsequently described as a "
massacre" by
General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
[13]
On
December 29,
1890, five hundred troops of the
U.S. 7th Cavalry, supported by four
Hotchkiss guns (a lightweight
artillery piece capable of rapid fire), surrounded an encampment of the Lakota bands of the Miniconjou and Hunkpapa
[14] with orders to escort them to the railroad for transport to
Omaha, Nebraska.
By the time it was over, 25 troopers and more than 150 Lakota Sioux lay dead, including men, women, and children. Some of the soldiers are believed to have been the victims of "
friendly fire" as the shooting took place at point blank range in chaotic conditions.
[15] Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, many of whom may have died from
hypothermia.
Usage of the
Ghost Dance reportedly insigated the massacre.
Forced relocation
Later in the 19th century, as the railroads hired hunters to exterminate the buffalo herds, their primary food supply, in order to force all tribes into sedentary habitations, the Santee and Lakota were forced to accept white-defined reservations in exchange for the rest of their lands, and domestic cattle and corn in exchange for buffalo, becoming dependent upon annual federal payments guaranteed by treaty. In
Minnesota, the treaties of
Traverse des Sioux and
Mendota in 1851 left the Sioux with a reservation twenty miles (32 km) wide on each side of the
Minnesota River.
Derived names
The U.S. states of
North Dakota and
South Dakota are named after the ''Dakota'' tribe. One other U.S. state has a name of Siouan origin:
Minnesota is named from ''mni'' ("water") plus ''sota'' ("hazy/smoky, not clear"), and the name
Nebraska comes from the related
Chiwere language. Furthermore, the states
Kansas,
Iowa, and
Missouri are named for cousin Siouan tribes, the Kansa, Iowa, and Missouri, respectively, as are the cities
Omaha, Nebraska and
Ponca City, Oklahoma. The names vividly demonstrate the wide dispersion of the Siouan peoples across the
Midwest U.S.
More directly, several Midwestern municipalities utilize Sioux in their names, including
Sioux City, Iowa,
Sioux Center, Iowa, and
Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Midwestern rivers include the
Little Sioux River in Iowa and
Big Sioux River along the Iowa/South Dakota border.
Many smaller towns and geographic features in the Northern Plains retain their Sioux names or English translations of those names, including Wasta, Owanka, Oacoma,
Rapid City (Mne luza: "cataract" or "rapids"),
Sioux Falls/
Minnehaha County (Mne haha: "waterfall"),
Belle Fourche (Mniwasta, or "Good water"), Inyan Kara, Sisseton (Sissetowan: tribal name), Winona ("first daughter"), etc.
Frontwoman
Siouxsie Sioux of the
postpunk band
Siouxsie and the Banshees also derived her stage name from the "Sioux."
The
University of North Dakota's athletic team is known as the "
Fighting Sioux." While there is a local desire to retain the historic name, numerous Sioux tribes have issued resolutions asking the University to abolish it.
[16][17]
Media
★ The HBO movie ''
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee'' depicts the relocations and reservations from the Sioux perspective.
★ The films ''
Dances with Wolves'' and ''
Thunderheart'' contain depictions of the Sioux People.
★ "Elegy to the Sioux," a poem by Norman Dubie
Famous Sioux
Historical
★
Taoyateduta (Little Crow) — Chief famous for role in the Dakota War of 1862
★ Tatanka Iyotanke (
Sitting Bull) — Chief famous for role in the
Battle of Little Bighorn
★ Makhpiya-luta (
Red Cloud) — Chief famous for role in
Red Cloud's War
★ Tasunka Witko (
Crazy Horse) — Famous for leadership and courage in battle
★ Hehaka Sapa (
Black Elk) — Lakota
holy man, source of ''
Black Elk Speaks'' and other books
★ Tahca Ushte (
Lame Deer) — Lakota
holy man, carried traditional knowledge into modern era
★
Charles Eastman — Author, physician and reformer
★ Colonel
Gregory "Pappy" Boyington — World War II Fighter Ace and Medal of Honor recipient; 1/4 Sioux
Contemporary
★
Robert "Tree" Cody, Native American flutist (Dakota)
★
Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, activist, academic, and writer
★
Mary Crow Dog, writer and activist
★
Vine Deloria, Jr., activist and essayist
★
Indigenous, blues band (Nakota)
★
Illinois Jacquet,
jazz saxophonist (half Sioux and half African American)
★
Russell Means, activist (Oglala)
★
Ed McGaa, author, (Oglala) CPT US Marine Corp F-4 Phantom Fighter Pilot
★
Eddie Spears, actor (Lakota Sioux Lower Brule)
★
Michael Spears, actor (Lakota Sioux Lower Brule)
★
John Trudell, actor
★
Floyd Red Crow Westerman, singer and actor (Dakota)
★
Leonard Peltier, imprisoned for allegedly killing two FBI agents in 1975
Bibliography
★ Albers, Patricia C. (2001). Santee. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 761-776). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
★
Brown, Dee, ''
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee'',
Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.
★ Christafferson, Dennis M. (2001). Sioux, 1930-2000. In ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 821-839). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
★ Cox, Hank H. (2005). Lincoln and the Sioux Uprising of 1862. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House. ISBN 1-58182-457-2.
★ DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001a). Sioux until 1850. In ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718-760). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
★ DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001b). Teton. In ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 794-820). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
★ DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001c). Yankton and Yanktonai. In ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 777-793). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
★ DeMallie, Raymond J.; & Miller, David R. (2001). Assiniboine. In ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 572-595). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
★ Getty, Ian A. L.; & Gooding, Erik D. (2001). Stoney. In ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 596-603). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
★ Hein, David (Advent 2002). "Episcopalianism among the Lakota / Dakota Indians of South Dakota." ''The Historiographer'', vol. 40, pp. 14-16. [''The Historiographer'' is a publication of the Historical Society of the Episcopal Church and the National Episcopal Historians and Archivists.]
★ Hein, David (1997). "Christianity and Traditional Lakota / Dakota Spirituality: A Jamesian Interpretation." ''The McNeese Review'', vol. 35, pp. 128-38.
★ Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). The Siouan languages. In ''Handbook of North American Indians: Plains'' (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94-114). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
★ Sullivan, Maurice S.: "Jedediah Smith, Trader and Trail Breaker", New York Press of the Pioneers (1936) contains 'politically incorrect' white man's terminology and stereotypical attitudes toward the 'Indians'.
★ Robert M. Utley, "The Last Days of the Sioux Nation" (Yale University, 1963) ISBN 0-300-00245-9
Notes
1. The Tribes of the Sioux Nation, , Michael, Johnson, Osprey Publishing Oxford, ,
2. The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society, , Royal B., Hassrick, University of Oklahoma Press, ,
3. Dog Soldiers, Bear Men, and Buffalo Women: A Study of the Societies and Cults of the Plains Indians, , Thomas E., Mails, Prentice-Hall, Inc., ,
4. Feinberg, Leslie: Transgender Warriors, page 40. Beacon Press, 1996.
5. Sioux
6. Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography, , Stephen R., Riggs, Washington Government Printing Office, Ross & Haines, Inc., ,
7. Being Dakota: Tales and Traditions of the Sisseton and Wahpeton, , Amos E., OneRoad, Minnesota Historical Society, ,
8. Enrollment Ordinance
9. Corporate Canada An Historical Outline, , Gerry, van Houten, Progress Books, 1991,
10. Let them eat grass Steil Mark
11. War for the Plains, , , Time-Life Books, Time-Life Books, ,
12. Execution and expulsion Steil Mark
13. ''Letter: General Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs'', March 13, 1917.
14. Wounded Knee Massacre - An Introduction
15. The Massacre at Wounded Knee
16. North Dakota to appeal ruling on Sioux mascot Associated Press
17. Tribal Resolutions and other Resolutions asking for the removal of the "Fighting Sioux" moniker and name
External links
★
Lakhota Sioux Heritage Language & Culture Site
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Dakota Blues: The History of The Great Sioux Nation
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The Yanktonai (Edward S. Curtis)
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Lakota Language Consortium
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Winter Counts a Smithsonian exhibit of the annual icon chosen to represent the major event of the past year
★
Rosebud Indian Reservation Land of the Sicangu Lakota Oyate
★
Dakota Language and Culture Encyclopedia
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