'Wolverine' ('James Howlett'), commonly known as 'Logan', is a
fictional
Marvel Comics superhero and a member of several teams, including the
X-Men and the
New Avengers. Created by writer
Len Wein and artist
John Romita, Sr. with some input by ''Incredible Hulk'' illustrator
Herb Trimpe, Wolverine first appeared in ''
Incredible Hulk'' #180-181 (
October 1974). ''X-Men'' writer
Chris Claremont played a significant role in the character's subsequent development.
Frank Miller also helped to revise the character in the early eighties with the eponymous limited series in which Wolverine's catch phrase, "I'm the best there is at what I do, but what I do isn't very nice" was first written.
A
mutant, Wolverine possesses animal-keen senses, enhanced physical capabilities, and a
healing factor that allows him to recover from virtually any wound. This healing ability enabled the
supersoldier program
Weapon X to bond the near indestructible metal
alloy adamantium to his skeletal system that includes razor-sharp retractable claws. He is also a master of hand-to-hand combat and martial arts.
Wolverine joined the X-Men's "All New, All Different" roster in ''
Giant-Size X-Men'' #1 (
May 1975). Wolverine was symbolic of the many tough anti-authority
anti-heroes that emerged in American popular culture after the
Vietnam War;
[1] his willingness to use deadly force and his brooding nature became standard characteristics for
comic book anti-heroes by the end of the 1980s.
[2] As a result, the character became the clear favorite for fans of the increasingly popular X-Men franchise.
[3]. He has been featured in his own solo comic since 1988 and he has been a central character in every X-Men adaptation, including
animated television series,
video games, and the
live action 20th Century Fox ''X-Men'' film series, in which he is played by
Hugh Jackman.
[4]
Publication history
Wolverine first appeared in the final "teaser" panel of ''The Incredible Hulk'' #180 (cover date October 1974) written by Len Wein and penciled by Herb Trimpe. The character then appeared in a number of advertisements in various Marvel Comics publications in early July (cover date November) before making his first major appearance in ''Hulk'' #181 (cover date November 1974) again by Wein and Trimpe.
John Romita, Sr. designed Wolverine's yellow-and-blue costume. The character's introduction was ambiguous, revealing little beyond his being a
superhuman agent of the
Canadian government. In these appearances, he does not retract his claws, although Len Wein stated they had always been conceived of as retractable.
[5]. He appears briefly in the finale to this story in ''Hulk'' #182.
Wolverine's next appearance was in 1975's ''Giant-Size X-Men'' #1, written by Wein and penciled by
Dave Cockrum, in which Wolverine is recruited for a new squad.
Gil Kane, who drew the cover of the comic, accidentally drew Wolverine's mask wrong, with larger headpieces. Dave Cockrum liked Kane's alteration (believing it to be similar to
Batman's mask) and decided to incorporate it into his own artwork for the actual story.
[6] Cockrum is also the first artist to draw Wolverine without his mask, and the distinctive hairstyle became a trademark of the character.
A revival of ''X-Men'' followed, beginning with ''
Uncanny X-Men'' #94 (August 1975), drawn by Cockrum and written by
Chris Claremont. In ''Uncanny X-Men'', Wolverine is initially overshadowed by the other characters, although he does create tension in the team as he has a crush on
Cyclops' girlfriend,
Jean Grey. As the series progressed, Claremont and Cockrum (who preferred
Nightcrawler[7]) considered dropping Wolverine from the series;
[7] Cockrum's successor, artist
John Byrne, championed the character, later explaining, as a Canadian himself, he did not want to see a Canadian character dropped.
[9] Byrne created
Alpha Flight, a group of Canadian superheroes who try to recapture Wolverine due to the expense their government incurred training him. Later stories gradually establish Wolverine's murky past and unstable nature, which he battles to keep in check. Byrne also designed a new brown-and-tan costume for Wolverine, but retained the distinctive Cockrum cowl.
Following Byrne's departure, Wolverine remained in ''X-Men''. The character's growing popularity led to a solo, four-issue
limited series, ''Wolverine'' (Sept.-December 1982), by Claremont and
Frank Miller, followed by the six-issue ''
Kitty Pryde and Wolverine'' by Claremont and
Al Milgrom (November 1984 - April 1985). Marvel launched an ongoing solo book written by Claremont with art by
John Buscema in November 1988. It ran for 189 issues.
Larry Hama later took over the series and had an extensive run. Other writers who wrote for the two ''Wolverine'' ongoing series include
Peter David,
Archie Goodwin,
Erik Larsen,
Frank Tieri,
Greg Rucka, and
Mark Millar. Many popular artists have also worked on the series, including
John Byrne,
Marc Silvestri,
Mark Texeira,
Adam Kubert,
Leinil Francis Yu,
Rob Liefeld,
Sean Chen,
Darick Robertson,
John Romita, Jr., and
Humberto Ramos. During the 1990s, the character was revealed to have bone claws, after his adamantium is ripped out by
Magneto, which was inspired by a passing joke of Peter David's.
[10]
In addition to the ''Wolverine'' series and appearances in the various ''X-Men'' series, two other storylines expand upon the character's past: "
Weapon X", by writer-artist
Barry Windsor-Smith, serialized in ''
Marvel Comics Presents'' #72-84 (1991); and ''
Origin'', a six-issue limited series by co-writers
Joe Quesada,
Paul Jenkins, and
Bill Jemas and artist
Andy Kubert (November 2001 - July 2002). A second solo series, ''Wolverine: Origins'', written by
Daniel Way with art by
Steve Dillon,
spun out of and runs concurrently with the second ''Wolverine'' solo series.
Wolverine's intended origin
Co-creator Len Wein originally intended for Logan to be a mutated wolverine cub, evolved to humanoid form by the
High Evolutionary.
[11] In ''X-Men'' #98, a biological analysis of Wolverine suggests that he is not a full-fledged mutant, and in ''X-Men'' #103, Wolverine says he doesn't believe in
leprechauns, to which the leprechaun replies, "Maybe leprechauns don't believe in ''talkin' wolverines'', either."
[12] (An oblique reference to the dialog between the Hunter and the talking
Unicorn in
Lewis Carroll's ''
Through the Looking-Glass''.)
In a reprint of ''Hulk'' #180-181, titled ''Incredible Hulk and Wolverine'', an interview with Cockrum supports the claim Wolverine was intended to be a mutated wolverine. Cockrum said he considered having the High Evolutionary play a vital role in making Wolverine a human. He wanted Wolverine to be the age of a young adult, with superhuman strength and agility similar to
Spider-Man. This changed when Cockrum saw John Romita Sr. draw a mask-less Wolverine as a hairy 40-year-old. Len Wein originally intended the claws to be retractable and part of Wolverine's gloves, and both gloves and claws would be made of adamantium.
[13] This idea was later nixed by Claremont because he believed anyone could then become Wolverine by wearing the gloves. The claws are first revealed to be part of Wolverine's anatomy in ''X-Men'' #98. Shortly after this, it was revealed that
Spider-Woman was a spider evolved to human form by the High Evolutionary. Publisher
Stan Lee was disgusted with the interpretation of the character and insisted her origin be changed. Lee's strong reaction and subsequent demand for a
retcon convinced Cockrum and Claremont they could never get away with introducing Logan as a mutated wolverine.
[14]
Wolverine's second intended origin
Byrne said (as stated in interviews and on his website) that he drew a possible face for Wolverine - but then learned that John Romita Sr. had already drawn one for him (Wolverine's face, drawn by Cockrum, can be seen in Uncanny X-Men #98, long before Byrne started). Later, Byrne used the drawing for
Sabretooth's face (an enemy of Iron Fist, who Claremont was also currently writing). Byrne then came up with the idea of Sabretooth being Wolverine's father (after all, they both had similar healing abilities and raging tempers). Together, Byrne and Claremont came up with Wolverine being around 60 and having served in World War II after escaping from Sabretooth (who was around 120 years old and had been abusing him for decades - explaining his rages). The plan had been for Wolverine to have been almost crushed in an accident; at which point he would discover (when attempting to stand for the first time after recovering) that his healing factor does not work on bones - his legs immediately break. He then spends over a decade in a hospital bed, almost going mad (another reason for his berserker rages) when the Canadian Government approaches him with the idea of replacing his skeleton one bone at a time with solid Adamantium - the claws being an extra surprise. This origin too was never used.
Fictional Character Biography
Origin
After decades of complicated, confounding
back-stories and
retcons, the 2001
limited series ''
Origin'' finally tells the story of Wolverine's early years.
Set in 19th century
Alberta, Canada, James Howlett, the second son of John and Elizabeth Howlett, is sick and frail in contrast to the quickly healing Wolverine. His parents hire a young Irish girl named Rose to watch over James and keep his spirits up. On the rare days that James is allowed to go outside he and Rose spend their time playing with a young boy they know as
"Dog" Logan, the son of
Thomas Logan, groundskeeper of the Howlett Mansion.
After Dog commits such heinous acts as trying to force himself on Rose and killing James' pet dog, John Howlett fires Thomas and has him thrown off the property. This only adds to Thomas' hatred and, in a drunken rage, he and his son, with the forced help of Rose, break into the Howlett Mansion at night armed with shotguns. Awakened by the noise, James enters the bedroom just in time to see Thomas shoot and kill John. Enraged and horrified at seeing his father murdered, James extends his claws for the first time. He kills Thomas, slashes Dog across the face, and passes out. Elizabeth, upon witnessing the death of her husband, her lover, and the emergence of James' claws, promptly commits suicide.
Rose, blinded by fear and not thinking straight, takes James and runs off into the night. The police are summoned to the mansion and they question Dog, who blames the killing entirely on Rose. With Rose blamed for the death of the Howletts and James exiled by his bitter grandfather they set out for parts unknown. They join a mining colony in
British Columbia. James has lost all memory of his parents, his childhood, and his name, due to his trauma. To explain why they are together, but to avoid scandal, Rose claims that they are cousins and gives James a false name in order to further cover their tracks. For some unexplained reason she claims that his name is "Logan", the name of their enemies, the cause of all their problems.
"Logan" struggles under the harsh working conditions of the mining colony. As his mutant abilities develop, James becomes strong, acquiring the nickname "Wolverine" from his fellow miners. During his time at the mining colony, James speaks less and less of the past to Rose, often immersing himself in hunting and the physically demanding work of daily life in the colony.
Unbeknownst to James and Rose, Dog has tracked them to British Columbia. On his deathbed, James' grandfather had a change of heart and asked Dog to find his grandson so that he can see him one last time. However, Dog is still nursing a deep grudge against James for killing his father as well as scarring his face and against Rose for spurning his advances. Following their trail, Dog finds Rose and James at the mining colony and attempts to beat him to death in front of a large crowd. Just as James prepares to extend his claws and kill Dog, Rose is accidentally knocked into the fray by the crowd. Impaling herself, she dies in James' arms. Driven mad with grief, James becomes feral, living in the woods with wolves.
Early Years
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At some point in time, Logan lives in another frontier community in the Canadian Rockies. He meets a young First Nations woman named
Silver Fox, with whom Logan soon falls in love. The two build a cabin together and live happily for several months. On Logan's birthday, Victor Creed a.k.a.
Sabretooth, brutally attacks and rapes Silver Fox, killing her as Logan returns home. Enraged, Logan battles Sabretooth only to be defeated. Unable to bear this defeat, Logan leaves never to return.
[15]
World War I
Logan eventually joins a unit in the Canadian military known as the
Devil's Brigade. Logan's commanding officer is a superhumanly-strong man known as
Cyber. Logan and Cyber fight over a woman named
Janet who Cyber kills. During the battle, Cyber brutally beats Logan and gouges out one of his eyes. At this time, Logan wears a patch over his eye and uses the alias "Patch".
Logan leaves the army and travels to
China, where he meets a man named Chang, a Chinese businessman and an employee of
Landau, Luckman, and Lake. In
Shanghai, Logan meets
Ogun, a
Japanese samurai, sorcerer, and an immortal. Impressed by Logan, Ogun offers to instruct him in the martial arts, and even teaches him
Sun Tzu and ideograms. Wolverine soon develops a deep, and lasting love for
Japan. After a number of years, Logan travels to
Madripoor, a fictional island nation in
Asia.
At some point, Logan develops a close attachment to the
Romanov family in
Russia and to young Natasha Romanova, who will later be known as the
Black Widow.
In 1936, Wolverine worked alongside time-travelling
Kitty Pryde and
Rachel Summers to fight Nazi villains
Baron Strucker and
Geist, who had allied with the
Shadow King to dethrone
Edward VIII of the United Kingdom and replace him with a fascist heir.
World War II
Due to
World War II, Logan is no longer welcome in
Japan. He returns to
Madripoor, where he deals with the
Hand.
Later, Logan teams up with
Captain America to battle against the
Hand and
Baron Strucker. Their main goal: rescuing Natasha Romanova from being transformed into a Hand assassin. During the war, Strucker will also work with
HYDRA, a worldwide terrorist organization.
Eventually, Logan returns to
Canada and again enlists in the
Armed Forces and joins the First Canadian Parachute Battalion. Among the
Nazi soldiers, Logan encounters
Bloodscream, an immortal being with many vampire-like qualities and powers.
During this period, Logan will also meet
Nick Fury for the first time.
At some point he is captured and spends time in a German concentration camp. Here he doesn't speak but is killed repeatedly at the orders of the camps commander. He does not remain dead and constantly returns to haunt the commander, after a short fight the commander can take no more and kills himself. A replacement commander is sent and it is suggested that Wolverine has been playing this trick for some time, meaning a number of Nazi commanders had killed themselves after having been driven mad.
After World War II, Logan again travels to Japan.
Logan will later join the
American CIA.
At some time Logan's name is submitted for consideration in
Team X.
Team X
Logan is recruited for
Team X, a Black Ops section of the American CIA for the purpose of using him as a sleeper agent. Logan is unaware of his mutant powers but is also given false memory implants created by Psi-Borg. The Weapon X Program created the Shiva Scenario, which consists of armored robots whose only mission is to terminate Team X agents. This scenario was created by Dr. Alexander Ryking, Dr. Kurt Marko, and Dr. Brian Xavier; fathers of Hazard,
Juggernaut, and
Professor X. Other members of Team X include Sabretooth, Silver Fox,
John Wraith, a.k.a.
Kestrel,
Maverick,
Mastodon,
Vole, and Wildcat.
Mystique, under the name of Leni Zauber, also assists Team X on occasion.
On one mission, Logan and Sabretooth are to assassinate the Soviet super-agent
Epsilon Red. The mission is called off but Sabretooth murders Epsilon Red's wife for kicks. In Logan's final mission with Team X, he, Sabretooth, Maverick, and John Wraith are again dispatched to
East Germany to sabotage a
Soviet super-soldier program in
Berlin and steal the carbonadium synthesizer, along with a double agent named Janice. Team X is confronted by another super-agent,
Omega Red. During their efforts to escape, Sabretooth murders Janice.
Logan learns he is a mutant and resigns from Team X. Logan then works for the Canadian Defense Ministry. This may be
Department K, a branch of the Canadian government linked to the Weapon X Program. On one occasion, Logan works with Richard and Mary Parker, government agents who will give birth to Peter, who will eventually become
Spider-Man. Logan also first meets
Carol Danvers during this time.
===
Weapon X===
In the serialized story "Weapon X",
[16] Barry Windsor-Smith creates the backstory for the man who would become Wolverine.
Logan is kidnapped by agents of the Weapon X Program. The man known only as the "Professor", Dr.
Abraham Cornelius, and Carol Hines run the experiment on Logan. After doing many tests, the Professor learns Logan is a mutant and will make the perfect weapon. Then Logan's bones and claws are bonded with the indestructible metal known as
adamantium. This adamantium bonding process was stolen by the Weapon X Program from the Japanese scientist known as
Lord Dark Wind.
Logan proves too difficult for the Weapon X Program to control and shortly thereafter, Wolverine escapes the facility, killing nearly everyone except for the Professor, Cornelius, Hines, and
Malcolm Colcord, a soldier, whom Logan disfigures. Driven into a feral-like state by the experiment, Logan wanders the forests of the Canadian Rockies for months. During this period, Logan saves the life of a werewolf-like creature known as the Hunter in Darkness.
The Weapon X Program is shut down and is taken over by Canada's
Department H, headed by
James Hudson.
In later years, the Program will also be revived by the American government under the supervision of a man known only as the Director, a survivor of Logan's rampage at the Weapon X facility.
Department H
Wandering the woods, Logan is eventually discovered by James and Heather Hudson, who help him with recovery. Following his recovery, Logan, this time under the supervision of Department H, again goes to work for Canadian Intelligence.
Logan is dispatched to stop the destruction caused by the powerhouses
Hulk and the
Wendigo, who are locked in a savage fight.
James Hudson creates
Alpha Flight and Logan joins and is groomed to become the team leader.
Early during this period, Logan meets
Ben Grimm. At this time, Logan is targeted by Sabretooth and HYDRA under the command of Silver Fox. Again, he is aided by Nick Fury, Carol Danvers, and the
Black Widow.
This is when Logan meets
Cable for the first time.
X-Men
In ''
Giant-Size X-Men'' #1,
Professor X recruits Wolverine to a new team of
X-Men. Disillusioned with his Canadian intelligence work and intrigued by Xavier's offer, Logan resigns from Department H.
Professor X gathered a new team of X-Men to free
Cyclops' team from the mutant island known as
Krakoa. Logan and the other new X-Men successfully rescue the previous team with no loss of life, marking the beginning of a new period in Logan's life. Logan forms an immediate friendship with
Nightcrawler and a strong attraction to
Jean Grey,
Marvel Girl which causes frequent clashes with
Cyclops.
James Hudson, eventually seeks Wolverine out to return him to Department H, but is defeated quickly. Meanwhile, Wolverine encounters Lady
Mariko Yashida, heir to an extremely powerful
Yakuza family in
Tokyo.
[17]During an intimate scene in a garden Wolverine begins to tell
Mariko his name but is interrupted by Mandroids and Moses Magnum. After the battle and before leaving Japan, he finally tells Mariko his name is "Logan" presenting her with a white chrysanthemum.
[18] It is the first time he reveals the name he calls himself. As time passes, he falls for
Mariko, as
Jean Grey is attached.
Vindicator returns as the leader of Canada's first superhero team
Alpha Flight, on their first mission: to capture Wolverine. After the
X-Men win a victory over
Alpha Flight, the team leaves and some time later, new member
Kitty Pryde joins the team, right after
Jean Grey, seemingly possessed by
Phoenix, dies.
Cyclops leaves the team in grief, and
Storm takes up the mantle as X-Men leader. Wolverine, donning his yellow and brown outfit for the first time, travels to Canada to make peace with
Alpha Flight by taking down the
Wendigo once more, this time with
Nightcrawler.
[19] During this adventure, Heather Hudson reveals Wolverine's name as "Logan", revealing that others know of his name and past as well as more of his secret nature: when
Nightcrawler asks why he never told them his name, he simply replies, "You never asked". After the
Wendigo is defeated, the two head back, and quickly become friends, although the two are extremely different in nature.
In his first solo limited series, written by
Chris Claremont and drawn by
Frank Miller, Wolverine, in love with a now married Lady Mariko, is manipulated into using his claws to attack her crime lord father,
Shingen. Mariko decides not to speak to Logan, who is without honor for unsheathing his claws. When her husband is killed and Logan's honor reclaimed by besting Shingen in combat again, the two are engaged, but the wedding is broken off by
Viper and the
Silver Samurai, and manipulation by the villain
Mastermind.
In another story, Wolverine takes it upon himself to watch over
Amiko Kobayashi, daughter of a woman killed in the aftermath of a fight between the X-Men and a giant dragon over Tokyo. In subsequent stories Logan continues to visit Amiko, although she is under the care of his close friend and sometime lover
Yukio.
[20]
Wolverine later travels with
Kitty Pryde to Japan to confront his former mentor,
Ogun, who was killed years earlier, and his malicious spirit has since required hosts to inhabit. Ogun possesses Kitty, making her his assassin, but Logan helps her overcome him and force him from her body. Afterwards, Logan and Kitty become very close friends, and she becomes like a daughter to him.
[21]
When Storm's powers are lost and she leaves the X-Men for a time, Wolverine takes the mantle of leadership of diminished team of X-Men, featuring members
Havok,
Psylocke,
Longshot,
Rogue, and sometimes
Colossus. This team is mainly featured in the crossover events
The Fall of the Mutants and
Inferno.
After the events of Fall of the Mutants, the X-Men, who sacrifice their lives, are reborn in the
Australian Outback. There, runaway mutant
Jubilee saves Wolverine's life from an attack by
Lady Deathstrike and the
Reavers.
[22] She eventually becomes, as Kitty and Amiko before her, another surrogate daughter. Wolverine also spends a significant amount of time in the seedy areas of
Madripoor, under the alias 'Patch.'
Still in Australia,
Apocalypse tricks Wolverine into journeying to the
Savage Land. While there, Wolverine starts a relationship with the female chieftain, Gahck, of an indigenous tribe. There, he discovers an insane robot version of Apocalypse, which he destroys, as Apocalypse wanted him to do. He puts an end to Apocalypse's experiments on the tribe and unknowingly sires a son with Gahck, who she names "Erista."
[23]
After the X-Men return to America, Wolverine returns to the Weapon X base in Canada. There, he learns many of his memories are implants and his personality becomes darker, and fights the robot
Shiva.
[24]
Wolverine travels back to Japan and reunites with Mariko, who refuses to rekindle her love with him until her clan ceases all illegal activities. However, she is soon poisoned by a ''
Yakuza'' assassin working for
Matsu'o Tsurayaba, who bears a grudge against Wolverine. Mariko asks Wolverine to end her life quickly rather than let her die slowly and painfully from the toxin, and he reluctantly complies. This changes Wolverine's character significantly, making him even more disciplined and emotionally distant. Wolverine vows to Matsu'o that on each anniversary of Mariko's death he will visit him and slice off a body part until there is nothing of him left.
[25]
Shortly after Mariko's death, Wolverine rejoins his former Team X members Sabretooth, Maverick, John Wraith, Mastodon, and Silver Fox, with Jubilee and Hines of the Weapon X Program, in hunting down Aldo Ferro a.k.a "Psi-Borg", a powerful psychic who brainwashed many of them for Weapon X.
[26] Ferro and Hines die soon after he makes Sabretooth kill Silver Fox.
Wolverine suffers a mental breakdown due to Weapon X's mental tampering and the deaths of Mariko and Silver Fox. Thinking he is on a prior Team X mission to assassinate "Terry Adams", Wolverine breaks into a Russian space program facility and encounters Epsilon Red, a genetically-engineered cosmonaut with powerful psychic abilities. Red, the "Terry Adams" Wolverine is after, breaks down many of the mental blocks in Wolverine's mind in return for help escaping the facility. With this greater knowledge of which memories were true and which were false, Wolverine is finally able to pick up the pieces of his shattered life.
[27]
This happiness is short-lived, for at the end of the ''Fatal Attractions''
crossover, the adamantium in Wolverine's skeleton is forcibly extracted by
Magneto.
[28] This act injures Wolverine so severely his mutant healing factor burns itself out in order to keep him alive. In fact, most of Wolverine's other natural abilities, including enhanced strength, stamina, agility, and reflexes are weakened as well.
Unwilling to accept his severely weakened state, Wolverine begins training in the
Danger Room. In a fit of rage and frustration, his claws extrude, now bone, revealing them to be a natural part of him, rather than adamantium implants. Furthermore, each time he extrudes them, they forcibly pierce the skin of his hands and cause severe tissue damage and blood loss. Feeling useless, Logan embarks on a series of solo adventures, leaving a note with Jubilee to explains his views on the matter.
[29]
During these adventures, he encounters some past enemies, such as the adamantium-skinned
Cyber, the
Reaver Cylla, and the vampiric
Bloodscream. While travelling alone, Wolverine stops for a training session with
Generation X and encounters his Weapon X ally Maverick and his X-Men teammate
Gambit in Madripoor, before learning Sabretooth is staying at Xavier's. Wolverine returns and defeats Sabretooth in battle while the X-Men are away. The battle ends with Wolverine puncturing Sabretooth's brain, temporarily altering Sabretooth's vicious personality until the injury is fully healed.
[30]
Over the course of the next several issues
[31] tests and studies jointly conducted by
Professor Charles Xavier,
Beast, and
Heather Hudson show the mutation endowing Wolverine with powers is an ongoing process. Unlike most mutants, he continues to mutate slowly over the course of his life. As a result, Wolverine's powers, particularly his heightened senses and accelerated healing, slowly increase. However, after Wolverine's skeleton was bonded with adamantium by the Weapon X Program, this mutation was completely halted. The studies also reveal, aside from suppressing his ongoing mutation, the presence of adamantium also slowed his mutant healing factor. The adamantium laced to his skeleton is treated as a foreign substance by his healing factor, which constantly devotes a great deal of effort attempting to remove the metal,
[32] causing him to heal slower from other injuries. After Magneto ripped it from Wolverine's skeleton, and his body completely healed from the injuries, the mutation resumed, at a greatly accelerated rate. The studies show accelerated mutation has increased his powers beyond any other point in his life.
A prime example of just how much they have increased is seen when Wolverine is run over by a car and suffers numerous internal organs ruptured and half the bones in his body broken, from which he completely heals in a matter of seconds.
[33]It is also revealed during this time that Wolverine's mutation process will eventually cause him to degenerate physically into a more primitive, bestial state.
Some time later, a maniac named
Genesis, who is the biological son of Wolverine's ally, and sometime enemy,
Cable, kidnaps Wolverine and attempts to re-bond adamantium to his skeleton in an attempt to transform Wolverine into a Horseman of
Apocalypse.
[34] The attempt is unsuccessful, and the process pushes Wolverine's system to the point that he degenerates into a feral state that is dominated by wild, animalistic instincts. In a rage, Wolverine murders the
Dark Riders, including Genesis and flees. With the help of
Elektra and
Stick, he is able to regain his humanity and reverse the bulk of his regression.
[35]
Wolverine lives without adamantium for some time before being kidnapped by the villain
Apocalypse.
Apocalypse sets up a contest between Wolverine and an adamantium-bonded Sabretooth to determine who would become the new leader of his
Four Horsemen.
[36]
Although he knows winning means being brainwashed and turned against his friends, Wolverine supposes that Sabretooth would enjoy being set loose as a killing machine, while he himself might be able to fight it. Emerging victorious he is made the Horseman Death, and
Apocalypse strips the adamantium from Sabretooth and bonds it to Wolverine's skeleton once more. Made to battle the X-Men, Wolverine overcomes
Apocalypse's conditioning with the help of
Jubilee.
[37]
During his time as Death, Wolverine is replaced on the X-Men by a
Skrull impostor, with the switch having being made during a recent X-Men mission on a moon, which served as a base for
Skrull agents training to act as long-term impostors for Earth's heroes.
[38] The real Wolverine, in the form of Death, goes on to kill the Skrull impostor.
[39] This episode may be an early indicator of a major 2008
Marvel Comics storyline.
Wolverine is then captured by a restarted
Weapon X program under the leadership of Director Malcolm Colcord, a soldier Wolverine disfigured when he escaped from the original Weapon X facility. It is revealed that the mental implants installed by the original program are still functional, as Colcord uses them to force Wolverine into tracking down and eliminating former members of the program. However, it seems that during his assassination of the previous director, Wolverine's mental implants are finally destroyed.
Grant Morrison's run as writer of the ''X-Men'' (temporarily renamed ''New X-Men'' during Morrison's tenure) reveals that the "X" in "Weapon X" was a Roman numeral, making Wolverine "Weapon Ten" in a sequence of living super-weapons that begins with
Isaiah Bradley and
Captain America (Weapon I). The Weapon X program that experimented on Wolverine spun out of a larger "Weapon Plus" program, leading Wolverine to join Cyclops and the mysterious
Fantomex (himself Weapon XIII) on a mission to bring down Weapon Plus and discover Wolverine's true identity. During the assault on Weapon Plus, Wolverine killed Ultimaton, AKA Weapon XV.
[40]
Wolverine then gains access to the Weapon X files that describe his genesis, though this happens largely off-panel and it is not clear to the reader precisely what he learns. What is known is that he was intended to be a living
Sentinel and that he was forced to exterminate the populace of the small
Midwestern town of Roanoke as a test of his abilities. This revelation leads Wolverine to believe he is a monster once more and that his only purpose is to kill, but Jean Grey is able to persuade him out of this mentality.
[41]
When Wolverine is brainwashed into becoming an agent for
HYDRA, he is able to overcome their conditioning with the help of
S.H.I.E.L.D. In return, Wolverine becomes a temporary S.H.I.E.L.D. agent in order to help put a stop to HYDRA's plans.
Post House of M
At the conclusion of ''
House of M'', Wolverine's memories are completely restored. This causes a panic for some of the major powers and governments across the
Marvel Universe because of their involvement in Wolverine's life and the knowledge he has recovered. The United States and Canada purge all records of Wolverine's involvement in anticipation of his revenge.
The governments' fears prove correct in the "Origins & Endings" arc of his solo series. Wanting to find others' knowledge of a mysterious weapon called the "Muramasa Blade", he confronts the Silver Samurai, who tells Wolverine that he did not escape the Weapon X program alone.
Bucky, Captain America's World War II partner, now known as the ''
Winter Soldier'', helped him break out. Wolverine travels to Serbia to confront him, and Bucky reveals that he murdered Logan's previously unrevealed Japanese pregnant wife,
Itsu, but was not in control of his actions at the time.
Wolverine reflects on how he met Itsu. After
World War II, Ogun had been Wolverine's master. After completing his training, Ogun sent Wolverine to a village where another master, Bando Saburo, teaches warriors how to regain their humanity. There, Wolverine met Itsu and they married and conceived a child. Saburo's village is surrounded by mountains belonging to the demon swordsmith Muramasa. After Bucky murdered Itsu, Wolverine, believing it was the people of the village who killed her, allied with Muramasa, who made a sword in honor of Wolverine, the Muramasa Blade. Through unknown means, Muramasa began the process that made Wolverine into a weapon and countering Saburo's training.
After remembering this, Wolverine goes back to Muramasa's mountains and reclaims the Muramasa Blade, given to him willingly by Muramasa, who tells Logan to "wield [the sword] like an angry god." Wolverine wants revenge, and he now remembers who deserves his vengeance.
New Avengers
Wolverine is recruited by the
New Avengers, because he is willing to "cross the lines they refuse to cross;"
[42] after the events of ''
Avengers Disassembled,''
Iron Man recognizes the need to have someone who is prepared to kill on the team should something like what happened to the
Scarlet Witch occur again. He serves alongside such notable Marvel heroes as
Captain America,
Iron Man,
Spider-Man and
Luke Cage.
After
Nitro's murder of over 600
Stamford, Connecticut residents, Wolverine embarks on a mission to take vengeance on Nitro, to Tony Stark's disapproval. Despite the end of the Civil War, as well as the X-Men having assumed an officially neutral stance for the War, Wolverine remains a member of the
New Avengers, now underground after the surrender of Captain America and provided with secure accommodations by
Doctor Strange. Their objectives are twofold; to save people "the way [they] want to," and to investigate the reason why the world has been turned upside-down recently. After a confrontation with
Elektra and the
Hand to rescue
Echo, the team discovers that Elektra had been replaced with a
Skrull some indeterminate time ago, but whether more prominent figures in the Marvel Universe have been replaced with Skrulls by this point is unclear.
Brian Michael Bendis has stated that Wolverine will be the first to suspect his teammates in the New Avengers are secretly Skrulls.
[43]
Post Civil War
Frequently dreaming of two battling feral armies that he refers to as the Lupines, Wolverine returns to the X-Mansion and immediately renews his rivalry with
Sabretooth, which leads to a number of one on one confrontations between them over the next several issues.
[44] Upon arriving in
Wakanda, Wolverine and Sabretooth encounter
Storm and her new husband, the
Black Panther. While being held captive, Sabretooth is questioned by Wolverine about a being called
Romulus, who is a prominent figure in some of Wolverine's dreams. However, he fearfully refuses to answer any questions regarding him. The Black Panther later reveals a possible connection between Wolverine's dreams and a graveyard filled with the skeletons of humanoid beings with fangs and claws. The Black Panther theorizes that some mutants that possess various animal-like powers and physical features evolved from
canine ancestry rather than
apes.
Soon afterward they are joined by
Wolfsbane,
Feral,
Thornn, and
Sasquatch at the request of the Black Panther and make their way to the original
Weapon X compound in hopes of uncovering some answers. While separated from the group, Sasquatch is attacked and severely injured by
Wild Child. Wild Child provides hints to Wolverine that Romulus has always been watching him and that he is responsible for a noticeable upgrade in Wild Child's mutant powers. During this time, Sabretooth escapes from his bondage and behaves like a wild animal. Before Wolverine is able to track him down, Sabretooth viciously attacks and kills Feral.
Wolverine journeys back to the
X-Mansion and asks
Cyclops to give him the Muramasa Blade for the intention of putting an end to Sabretooth's threat. Cyclops reluctantly gives Wolverine the sword and he sets off to track Sabretooth down. Wolverine finds Sabretooth at the cabin that he and
Silver Fox once shared, which is the place where Wolverine considers his rivalry with Sabretooth began. Wolverine uses the sword to slice off Sabretooth's right arm at the shoulder, which he attempts to hold in place so that his healing factor can heal the connective tissues, as he did with his hand in an earlier fight with Wolverine. Wolverine, however, informs Sabretooth that the Muramasa Blade greatly nullifies the efficiency of an accelerated healing factor. Sabretooth, though he is still in a feral state, tearfully tells Wolverine to kill him. Wolverine uses the sword to decapitate Sabretooth while saying "Happy Birthday", a reference to all the attempts on his life and suffering Sabretooth has inflicted upon him on his birthday.
World War Hulk
Due to
Professor X's involvement over the Hulk's exile, Wolverine is among the X-Men defending him from the Hulk. They soon engage in battle and this incarnation of the Hulk has knowledge of Wolverine's healing abilities and acknowledges that he can't kill him. To cope, he repeatedly strikes Wolverine in the head, rendering him unconscious.
[45]
Wolverine: Origins
''Wolverine: Origins'' is a second ongoing series, starring Wolverine in his quest as a result of the "Origins & Endings" storyline. At the beginning of the series, he encounters a
Shiva robot while trying to extract information from a government foe. After defeating the robot with the Muramasa Blade, those in the government hiding from Logan send Frank Simpson a.k.a.
Nuke against him. It is revealed through flashbacks that Wolverine takes Nuke from his family as a child and, during the
Vietnam War, is responsible for implanting a trigger word into Nuke that causes him to massacre a
Vietnamese village. All this is apparently part of an attempt to recreate Wolverine, already a living weapon prior to Weapon X. Exactly who is controlling Wolverine at this point remains unclear at this time.
After defeating Nuke in
South Vietnam, he then fights
Captain America who has been sent to stop Wolverine's path of vengeance once and for all. Cyclops,
Emma Frost, and
Hellion of the X-Men enter the fray and stop Wolverine (driven berserk by a slash from the Muramasa Blade Captain America managed to take from him) from killing the famous hero.
Emma calms the combatants telepathically and reveals to Wolverine his son is still alive and that the boy's name is
Daken. Emma also warns Wolverine his boy doesn't seem to have any thoughts of his own, similar to how Wolverine has been controlled so many times before. Wolverine remembers when Sabretooth killed Silver Fox all those years ago, and how her murder was arranged by those who want to bring out the beast in him and turn him to their side. He assumes something similar has been done to his son by his enemies in order to gain control over him.
Emma advises Wolverine to end his mission of revenge as he has a son to rescue. He entrusts Cyclops with the Muramasa Blade, explaining that the captors of his son will most likely brainwash him if they are able to capture him. Wolverine makes Cyclops promise to use the sword to kill him if that time ever comes. Emma informs Wolverine that, above all else, his son hates him. Wolverine tells her that he hates himself, as well, for all the terrible things he's done under his enemies' control.
Wolverine remembers
carbonadium weakened his mutant healing factor and thinking it may provide him with a way to take down his son without killing him, he travels back to America to find
Maverick. Maverick was part of Team X during Wolverine's first encounter with the carbodanium synthesizer and the villainous
Omega Red. He had also been entrusted with by Wolverine a few years back. Wolverine tracks Maverick to a building in New York City where mutants, powered and depowered alike, are taking refuge and is surprised to see
Jubilee there. Their reunion is shortlived, however, as Omega Red mysteriously bursts into the building, nearly killing Jubilee and demanding Maverick tell him where the carbonadium synthesizer is.
Wolverine and Omega Red fight while Maverick and Jubilee evacuate the depowered mutants. Wolverine remembers his first encounter with carbodanium, when his handlers in Team X tested it on him before they rewrote his memories like they did after every one of his missions. As they were taking him to the device that would brainwash him, he fought back, killing one of the scientists with a blow to the throat. He threatened the other scientist, popping his (bone) claws accidentally. Seeing his claws made him remember everything that Team X had taken from him. He asked the scientist who gave the orders and he said he didn't know. Wolverine, smelling that he was not lying, ordered him to tell him what he did know. The scientist is contacted via telephone every time Wolverine needs to be mindwiped. When he completes his task, he tells Wolverine that he barely made it out alive of whatever mission he was on and then gives him a dossier detailing his next mission. Wolverine asks for the dossier he would normally be given. He tells the scientist to tell whoever was in charge that the brainwashing was successful and then leaves, intending to participate in this mission. The mission is in
Berlin, where he first encountered Omega Red.
In the present, Wolverine is overpowered by Omega Red. Red tackles him through a wall where they land on the rooftop of an adjacent building. Wolverine is briefly knocked unconscious, while Omega Red makes his way back to the building where Maverick last was. Wolverine, hearing Jubilee scream for him, rushes back into the building. He finds a wounded Maverick who tells him that Omega Red has Jubilee and that he told the villain who he gave the carbonadium synthesizer to.
With
Dum Dum Dugan and
SHIELD hot on his trail, Wolverine travels to Berlin where he reminisces about his Team X mission there. He had undertaken the mission (to steal the carbonadium synthesizer from a German laboratory), pretending he was still under the control of his handlers, to see if he could get any answers as to who was directing him. Remembering his past with Sabretooth, he intended to use the carbonadium synthesizer on him since it shorted out mutant healing factors. Before he could do so, Omega Red attacked. As Team X fled with a defecting German scientist, Sabretooth realized Wolverine had regained control and executed the scientist. The scientist was a woman and Sabretooth was advised to kill any available female targets when Wolverine broke free of his masters' control, since it showed him that whenever he wasn't kept on a tight leash, "pretty things die."
In the present, Wolverine meets up with the
Black Widow. The details as to how Wolverine first became involved with the Widow and her father are revealed, as are the details of his first mission as a covert operative in a number of flashbacks. During a brief skirmish with
S.H.I.E.L.D. agents,
Jubilee is severely injured. Wolverine surrenders to the agents after they promise to save Jubilee's life. After being taken to a S.H.I.E.L.D. base and placed into restraints, Wolverine's son, disguised as a S.H.I.E.L.D agent, enters the room where Wolverine is being held, after using his bone claws to wound
Dum Dum Dugan (despite the apparent seriousness of the injury, Joe Queseda recently confirmed Dugan was not killed
[1]). A tear rolls down Wolverine's cheek as, he notes to himself, just how much his son seems like him. Wolverine's son announces his disgust at how "weak" Wolverine is and uses his claws to slash him across the stomach, before leaving him to bleed on the floor.
[46] Wolverine quickly heals from the injuries, however, and escapes from the facility.
[47]
He later on finds his son, but he is soon confronted by his old foe, a reborn
Cyber. Cyber fights Daken, and is about to defeat him, until Wolverine grabs Cyber from behind, letting Daken escape. An enraged Cyber attacks Wolverine, but has a heart attack in the middle of the fight. However Cyber came for his son and Wolverine later learns that Cyber trained his son in the field of combat. Wolverine got this information in exchange for saving Cyber's life.
Powers and abilities
Wolverine is a
mutant with a number of both natural and artificial improvements to his physiology. His primary mutant power is an accelerated healing process widely known as a "
healing factor" that regenerates damaged or destroyed areas of his body far beyond the capabilities of an ordinary human and renders him immune to most toxins and diseases.
Depictions of the speed and extent of injury to which Wolverine can heal vary, depending on the story and writer. Originally, this is portrayed as just accelerated healing, but writers have increased this ability over years to the point that he can regenerate organs such as eyes and large portions of his body. For example, he can regenerate all of his soft body tissue after having it incinerated from his skeleton within a matter of minutes.
[48] Wolverine survives the explosion due to the protection his adamantium-laced skull provides to his brain.
[49] It has been stated in the
Xavier Protocols, a series of profiles created by Xavier that lists the strengths and weaknesses of the X-Men, that Wolverine's healing factor is increased to "incredible levels" and that the only way to stop him is to
decapitate him and remove his head from the vicinity of his body.
[50] In addition, the regenerative qualities of his healing powers dramatically alter his natural aging process. Despite being born in the late 1800s,
[51] he has the appearance and vitality of a man in his physical prime.
Though he now has all of his memories, his healing abilities provide increased recovery from psychological trauma by supressing memories in which he experiences profound duress.
[52]
Wolverine's healing factor affords him increased physical attributes such as superhuman levels of stamina, such as engaging
Omega Red in a continuous fight for more than 18 hours, despite regular exposure to Omega Red's Death Pheromones,
[53] as well as superhuman agility and reflexes sufficient to dodge
Cyclops' optic energy beams at point blank range.
[54].
Wolverine also possesses superhumanly acute senses of sight, smell, and hearing. He can see with perfect clarity at greater distances than an ordinary human, even in near-total darkness. His hearing is enhanced in a similar manner, allowing him to both hear sounds ordinary humans can't and also hear to greater distances. Wolverine is able to use his sense of smell to track targets by scent, even if the scent has been eroded somewhat over time by natural factors.
Wolverine's physical appearance displays animal-like mutations, including pronounced canines and three retractable bone claws housed within each forearm. The claws are much harder than normal bone and can cut substances as durable as most metals, wood, and some varieties of stone.
[55]. Wolverine's hands do not have openings for the claws to move through; thus, they cut through his flesh every time he extrudes them.
[56] 
X-ray depicting Wolverine's adamantium claws from the film ''X-Men''
Wolverine's entire skeleton, including his claws, is molecularly infused with
adamantium, rendering it practically indestructible. Due to the adamantium coating, the claws can cut almost any known solid material. The only known exceptions are adamantium itself and
Captain America's shield, which is the only substance in the Marvel Universe known to be even more durable than adamantium. Wolverine's ability to slice completely through a substance depends upon both the amount of force he can exert and the thickness of the substance. The adamantium also weights his blows, dramatically increasing the effectiveness of his punches and kicks.
Wolverine's healing factor allows him to push his muscles beyond the limits of the human body without injury, granting him some degree of superhuman strength.
[57] This is augmented by the constant demand placed on his muscles by over one hundred pounds of adamantium,
[58] which also removes skeletal structural limitations. As a result, he can lift or move weight that would damage a human skeleton.
[59] He is strong enough to break steel chains
[60][61] and lift a dozen men above his head with one arm and throw them through a wall.
[57]
Due to high level
psionic shields implanted by
Professor Charles Xavier, Wolverine's mind is highly resistant to telepathic assault and probing.
[63]
Skills and personality
During his time in
Japan and other countries, Wolverine becomes a master of virtually all forms of
martial arts. He is proficient with most weaponry, including firearms, though he is partial to bladed weapons. He can defeat the likes of
Shang-Chi[64] and
Captain America[65] in single combat. He also has a wide knowledge of the body and
pressure points.
[66] He is also an accomplished
pilot and highly skilled in the field of
espionage and covert operations.
Wolverine sometimes lapses into a "berserker rage" while in close combat. In this state he lashes out with the intensity and aggression of a mindless animal and is even more resistant to psionic attack.
[67] Though he loathes it, he acknowledges that it has saved his life many times.
Though seemingly brutish, Wolverine is actually highly intelligent. Due to his increased lifespan, he has traveled the world and amassed an intimate knowledge of foreign languages and cultures. He can speak
English,
Japanese,
Russian,
Chinese,
Cheyenne,
Spanish, and
Lakota; he also has some knowledge of
French,
Thai,
Vietnamese,
German and
Portuguese.
[68]
When
Forge monitors Wolverine's vitals during a
Danger Room training session, he calls Logan's physical and mental state "equivalent of an Olympic-level gymnast performing a gold medal routine while simultaneously beating four chess computers in his head."
[69]
Wolverine is private and often gruff but, despite his apparent ease at taking lives, he does not enjoy killing or giving into his berserker rages. Logan adheres to a firm
code of personal
honor and
morality. He is often irreverent and rebellious, particularly towards authority, though he is a reliable ally and capable leader. He has had romantic, platonic, and even paternal relationships over the decades with numerous women.
Other versions
Main articles: Alternate versions of Wolverine
As one of Marvel's flagship characters, Wolverine has seen many adaptations and reimaginings. For example, an issue of ''
Exiles'' featured a planet of Wolverines. In the ''
Marvel Mangaverse'', Wolverine is even the founder of the X-Men. In ''
Marvel Zombies'', Wolverine appears zombified alongside Marvel's other major players. The
Ultimate Marvel line of comics sought to ingrain Wolverine into its ''
Ultimate X-Men'' title from the onset. In a collaboration with
DC Comics, the
Amalgam Comics version of Wolverine has been amalgamated with one of their flagship characters,
Batman, creating "
Dark Claw".
In other media
Main articles: Wolverine in other media
Wolverine is the only X-Men character to be included in every media adaptation of the ''X-Men'' franchise, including
film, television,
computer and video games, and is the only one to have starred in his own video games. A Wolverine movie is currently in production and will have Hugh Jackman reprising his role as Wolverine.
See also
★
Albert, a robotic duplicate of Wolverine.
★
X-23, Wolverine's clone/"daughter."
★
Daken, Wolverine's biological son.
★
Amiko Kobayashi, Wolverine's adopted daughter.
★
Erista,a son Wolverine unknowingly sires in the Savage Land.
Footnotes
1. Wright, Bradford W. ''Comic Book Nation''. Johns Hopkins, 2001. Pg. 265
2. Wright, pg. 277
3. Wright, pg 263, 265
4. X-Men IMDb
5. CONvergence I, Len Wein
6. Brian Cunningham, "Dressed to Kill", ''Wizard Tribute to Wolverine'', 1996.
7. ''X-Men Companion''
8. ''X-Men Companion''
9. DeFalco, Tom. ''Comic Creators on X-Men''. Titan, 2006. Pg. 110
10. Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #96
11. CBR.cc: Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #21
12. ''X-Men'' #103, p.14, panel 3
13. ''The Best Of Wolverine'' vol.1 Chris Claremont confirms in a brief introduction of the character and why the character appeals to him.
14. Scott Beatty, "Beastmasters," Wizard Tribute to Wolverine, 1996.
15. ''Wolverine'' vol.3 #50, 2007
16. ''Marvel Comics Presents'' #72-84, 1991
17. ''Uncanny X-Men vol.1 #118 February, 1979
18. ''Uncanny X-Men'' vol.1 #120 April, 1978
19. ''Uncanny X-Men'' vol.1 #139 November, 1980
20. ''Uncanny X-Men'' vol.1 #186 October, 1984
21. ''Kitty Pryde and Wolverine'' #1-6, November 1984-May 1985
22. ''Uncanny X-Men vol.1 #244 May, 1989
23. ''Wolverine: The Jungle Adventure''
24. ''Wolverine'' vol. 2 #50
25. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #60
26. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #64
27. ''Wolverine'' (2nd series) #68
28. ''X-Men'' (2nd series) #25 October, 1993
29. ''Wolverine'' (2nd series) #75 November, 1993
30. ''Wolverine'' (2nd series) #90
31. ''Wolverine'' (2nd series) #91-100
32. Wolverine: Inner Fury
33. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #93
34. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #100
35. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #101-110
36. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #145
37. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #147
38. ''Uncanny X-Men'' #370
39. ''Astonishing X-Men'' vol.2 #3
40. ''New X-Men'' vol.1 #142-145
41. ''New X-Men'' vol.1 #148
42. New Avengers #6
43. Interview: Marvel's Massive Avengers Conspiracy
44. ''Wolverine'' vol.3 #50-55
45. ''World War Hulk: X-Men'' #2
46. ''Wolverine Origins'' #10
47. ''Wolverine Origins'' #11
48. ''Wolverine'' vol3. #43
49. ''Wolverine'' vol.3 #48
50. ''Excalibur'' vol.1 #100
51. ''Origin'' mini-series
52. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #175
53. ''X-Men'' vol.2 #5
54. ''Wolverine:Origins'' #5
55. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #91 and #101
56. ''Wolverine'' vol.1 #2
57. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #1
58. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #57
59. ''Official Handbook to the Marvel Universe: Wolverine 2004'' vol.1 #1
60. ''Uncanny X-Men'' vol. 1 #111
61. ''Wolverine'' vol.3 #51
62. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #1
63. ''Wolverine'' vol.3 #46
64. ''X-Men'' Vol.2 #62
65. ''Wolverine Origins'' #4-5
66. ''X-Men'' vol.2 #108/''Wolverine'' vol.3 #20
67. ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #168
68. List of languages present on Marvel.com (excluding German, mentioned in ''Wolverine'' vol.2 #37, and Portuguese, mentioned in "Wolverine: Saudade" - Cedex: Panini, 2006.)
69. ''Wolverine'' vol.1 #51
References
★
Marvel Directory: Wolverine
★
''XMenFilms.net'' Popular Fan-Site with News, Photos, and More!
★
Wolverine Files: a detailed chronology
★
Wolverine Limited : scanned images of Wolverine comic books and related titles
★
Wolverine in Cyberia News and information about the movie adaptation of Wolverine
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