WESTERN EUROPE
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(Redirected from Western European)
'Western Europe' is mainly a socio-political concept forged during the Cold War, which largely defined its borders. Its boundaries were effectively forged in the final stages of World War II and came to encompass all European countries which did not come under Soviet control and influence. As such these capitalist first world countries did not see communist regimes imposed upon them. Neutral countries were classified by the nature of their political regimes.
In common perception and usage, Western Europe was, and still is in a lesser extent, distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of culture, politics, and economics and its borders have little to do with clear and precise geography.
The term is commonly associated, but not clearly delimited, with liberal democracy, capitalism, and also with the European Union. Most of the countries in this region share Western culture, and many have economic, historical, and political ties with countries in North and South America, and Oceania (see Western world).
Cultural and religious boundaries between these two regions are subject to considerable overlap and – most importantly – historical fluctuation, which makes a precise understanding somewhat difficult.
It includes:
★ the Nordic countries: , , , , and
★ the British Isles: and the
★
★ the Alps: , , and
★ the Benelux countries: , the , and
★
★
★ the Italian peninsula: , , and
★ [1]
★
★ the Iberian peninsula: , , , and Gibraltar (a British Overseas Territory)
'Alternatively', ''Western Europe'' is also a less-known geographic subregion of Europe that is far more restrictive than traditional political and cultural reckonings; as delineated by the United Nations [2], it comprises the following nine countries:
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
The earliest known distinctions between east and west in Europe originate in the history of the Roman Empire. As the empire established itself it became somewhat culturally divided between the urbanized Greek-speaking eastern lands which had been part of the Macedonian Empire, and the western territories which widely adopted Latin as their common language. This cultural and linguistic division was eventually reinforced by the later political east-west division of the empire.
The division between these two spheres was enhanced in the period of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages by a number of events. Roman authority collapsed in the West, leaving a number of successor states. By contrast, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire survived and thrived for another 1000 years. The rise of the Frankish Empire in the west, and in particular, the Great Schism that formally divided Eastern and Western Christianity enhanced the cultural distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe.
The conquest of the Byzantine Empire, center of Eastern Orthodoxy, by the Muslim Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire (which had replaced the Frankish empire) led to a change of the importance of Roman Catholic/Protestant vs. Eastern Orthodox concept in Europe.
Historical developments like the Lutheran Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution are considered to be common experiences which have shaped Western European culture and identity. With the Age of Discovery, most of the western European countries colonized Africa, Asia, South and North America. All these historical and cultural developments have influence over the ''Western European'' concept.
During the final stages of WWII the future of Europe was decided between the Allies in the 1945 Yalta Conference, between the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill, the President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the Premier of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin.
'Post-war Europe' would be divided into two major spheres: the ''"West"'' mainly influenced by the USA, and the ''Eastern Bloc'' dominated by the Soviet Union. With the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided by the 'Iron Curtain'.
This term had been used during World War II by German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels and later Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk in the last days of the war; however, its use was hugely popularised by Winston Churchill, who used it in his famous "Sinews of Peace" address March 5, 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri:
Although some countries were officially neutral, they were classified according to the nature of their political and economical systems. This division largely defined the popular perception of borders between Western Europe and Eastern Europe till this day.
Eastern Europe was mainly composed of all the European countries liberated and then occupied by the Soviet army. It included the German Democratic Republic, widely known as 'East Germany', formed by the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. All the countries in Eastern Europe had communist regimes imposed upon them. Most of these countries were officially independent from the Soviet Union, but the practical extent of this independence was quite limited. In some matters many of them were little more than client-states of the Soviet Union.
★ Most of these countries were members of the military Warsaw pact and its economical twin COMECON. First and foremost was the Soviet Union (which by itself included Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, etc). Other countries dominated by the Soviet Union were the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania.
★ The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (formed after WWII and before its later dismemberment) was 'not' a member of the Warsaw Pact. It was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, an organization created in an attempt to avoid being assigned to any of the two blocs. It was demonstratively independent from the Soviet Union for most of the Cold War period, despite being a communist regime, but because of its political system it was widely regarded part of the ''Eastern/communist bloc''.
★ Albania broke with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s as a result of the Sino-Soviet split, aligning itself instead with China. Despite this, it had a communist regime and thus was considered part of the ''Eastern/communist bloc''.
Western Europe was and is composed by:
★ United Kingdom and France, victors of World War II.
★ The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg countries who had been occupied by Nazi Germany and subsequently liberated by the ''Western allies''.
★ The Federal Republic of Germany, widely known as 'West Germany', which had been formed by the three occupation zones of Germany belonging to the ''Western Allies'' (USA, UK and France).
★ Italy, a former Axis Power who had surrendered and been occupied by the ''Western Allies''.
★ Ireland gained its independence in the 1920s from the United Kingdom. It stayed neutral during World War II. It never joined NATO but it joined the European Union in 1973.
★ The Nordic countries were a peculiar case. Denmark and Norway had been conquered by Nazi Germany but were not liberated by the allies. During the war Iceland, united with Denmark under a common king, had been invaded and occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States without any casualties by either side.
★ Sweden had managed to remain neutral throughout the war.
★ Finland had been a co-belligerent of Germany against the Soviet Union and it had been defeated, but was not conquered or occupied. (for further details see:Continuation War). The peace treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union stipulated that the Soviet Union would annex minor parts of Finland, and that Finland would have friendly relations with the Soviet Union (see also: Moscow Armistice).
★ Austria and Switzerland are also a peculiar case. Austria had been incorporated into Nazi Germany through the Anschluss before the war, while Switzerland had managed to remain neutral throughout the WWII. After the war both of them remained neutral, in the case of Austria through the Austrian State Treaty. Austria later joined the European Union but not NATO. Switzerland declined membership of NATO and the European Union and joined EFTA instead.
Other countries also became increasingly part of ''Western Europe''. Almost all countries of ''Western Europe'' received economical assistance from the United States through the Marshall Plan. Many joined NATO and/or the European Union or its rival, the European Free Trade Association.
★ Countries who were under the rule of dictators, Portugal, Spain, and Greece became parliamentarian democracies in the mid-1970s. The first two are situated in the geographic south-west of Europe, while the last one is located in the south-east of it. All of them joined NATO and also the European Union.
★ The European microstates of Vatican City, San Marino, Monaco, Andorra and Liechtenstein are considered part of ''Western Europe'' but they are mainly overlooked. Many of these states have special agreements and treaties with the European Union.
★ The legal status of many of the Overseas territories in Europe (Gibraltar, Channel Islands, Faroe Islands, etc) are peculiar and vary from case to case. Despite all that, they are also part of ''Western Europe''.
★ Malta is generally considered part of ''Western Europe''[3].
★ Turkey, as a member of NATO was accepted as belonging to the Western bloc. Nevertheless it has not yet become a part of the European Union. Turkey is typically considered to be a transcontinental nation in both southeastern Europe and Southwest Asia.
The world changed dramatically with the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the Democratic Republic of Germany, leading to the German reunification. COMECON and the Warsaw Pact were dissolved, and in 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist, and several nations within it regained their full independence.
Although the term ''Western Europe'' was largely defined of the Cold War, it still remains much in use. The term is commonly used in the media and in everyday use both in "western" and other regions of Europe.
The term Central Europe reappeared.
''Western Europe'' has increasingly less to do with the European Union. The 1995, 2004, and 2007 enlargements saw many eastern countries joining the EU, and a view that Europe is divided strictly into the West and the East is sometimes considered patronising or pejorative by many in the nominally eastern countries.
★ Western European Union
★ Western world
★ First World
★ New Europe
★ Old Europe
★ Marshall Plan
★ ''The Making of Europe'', ISBN 0-14-015409-4, by Robert Bartlett
★ ''Crescent and Cross'', ISBN 1-84212-753-5, by Hugh Bicheno
★ ''The Normans'', ISBN 0-7524-2881-0, by Trevor Rowley
★ ''1066 The Year of the Three Battles'', ISBN 0-7126-6672-9, by Frank McLynn
★ The European sub-regions according to the UN
★ Western Europe according to UNESCO
★ Teaching about Western Europe
★ Western Europe.info
The borders of 'Western Europe' were largely defined by the Cold War. The Iron Curtain separated the European members of NATO (in blue) from the members of the Warsaw Pact (in red). Neutral coutries were classified by the nature of their political system.
'Western Europe' is mainly a socio-political concept forged during the Cold War, which largely defined its borders. Its boundaries were effectively forged in the final stages of World War II and came to encompass all European countries which did not come under Soviet control and influence. As such these capitalist first world countries did not see communist regimes imposed upon them. Neutral countries were classified by the nature of their political regimes.
In common perception and usage, Western Europe was, and still is in a lesser extent, distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of culture, politics, and economics and its borders have little to do with clear and precise geography.
The term is commonly associated, but not clearly delimited, with liberal democracy, capitalism, and also with the European Union. Most of the countries in this region share Western culture, and many have economic, historical, and political ties with countries in North and South America, and Oceania (see Western world).
Cultural and religious boundaries between these two regions are subject to considerable overlap and – most importantly – historical fluctuation, which makes a precise understanding somewhat difficult.
It includes:
★ the Nordic countries: , , , , and
★ the British Isles: and the
★
★ the Alps: , , and
★ the Benelux countries: , the , and
★
★
★ the Italian peninsula: , , and
★ [1]
★
★ the Iberian peninsula: , , , and Gibraltar (a British Overseas Territory)
Statistical regions of Europe as delineated by the United Nations (UN definition of Western Europe marked light blue):
'Alternatively', ''Western Europe'' is also a less-known geographic subregion of Europe that is far more restrictive than traditional political and cultural reckonings; as delineated by the United Nations [2], it comprises the following nine countries:
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
Classical antiquity and medieval origins
The earliest known distinctions between east and west in Europe originate in the history of the Roman Empire. As the empire established itself it became somewhat culturally divided between the urbanized Greek-speaking eastern lands which had been part of the Macedonian Empire, and the western territories which widely adopted Latin as their common language. This cultural and linguistic division was eventually reinforced by the later political east-west division of the empire.
The division between these two spheres was enhanced in the period of Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages by a number of events. Roman authority collapsed in the West, leaving a number of successor states. By contrast, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire survived and thrived for another 1000 years. The rise of the Frankish Empire in the west, and in particular, the Great Schism that formally divided Eastern and Western Christianity enhanced the cultural distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe.
The conquest of the Byzantine Empire, center of Eastern Orthodoxy, by the Muslim Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire (which had replaced the Frankish empire) led to a change of the importance of Roman Catholic/Protestant vs. Eastern Orthodox concept in Europe.
Historical developments like the Lutheran Reformation and the Counter-Reformation, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution are considered to be common experiences which have shaped Western European culture and identity. With the Age of Discovery, most of the western European countries colonized Africa, Asia, South and North America. All these historical and cultural developments have influence over the ''Western European'' concept.
The Cold War divides Europe into the Eastern/Western blocs
During the final stages of WWII the future of Europe was decided between the Allies in the 1945 Yalta Conference, between the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill, the President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and the Premier of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin.
'Post-war Europe' would be divided into two major spheres: the ''"West"'' mainly influenced by the USA, and the ''Eastern Bloc'' dominated by the Soviet Union. With the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided by the 'Iron Curtain'.
This term had been used during World War II by German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels and later Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk in the last days of the war; however, its use was hugely popularised by Winston Churchill, who used it in his famous "Sinews of Peace" address March 5, 1946 at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri:
Although some countries were officially neutral, they were classified according to the nature of their political and economical systems. This division largely defined the popular perception of borders between Western Europe and Eastern Europe till this day.
A divided Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe was mainly composed of all the European countries liberated and then occupied by the Soviet army. It included the German Democratic Republic, widely known as 'East Germany', formed by the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. All the countries in Eastern Europe had communist regimes imposed upon them. Most of these countries were officially independent from the Soviet Union, but the practical extent of this independence was quite limited. In some matters many of them were little more than client-states of the Soviet Union.
★ Most of these countries were members of the military Warsaw pact and its economical twin COMECON. First and foremost was the Soviet Union (which by itself included Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, etc). Other countries dominated by the Soviet Union were the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania.
★ The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (formed after WWII and before its later dismemberment) was 'not' a member of the Warsaw Pact. It was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, an organization created in an attempt to avoid being assigned to any of the two blocs. It was demonstratively independent from the Soviet Union for most of the Cold War period, despite being a communist regime, but because of its political system it was widely regarded part of the ''Eastern/communist bloc''.
★ Albania broke with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s as a result of the Sino-Soviet split, aligning itself instead with China. Despite this, it had a communist regime and thus was considered part of the ''Eastern/communist bloc''.
Western Europe
Western Europe was and is composed by:
★ United Kingdom and France, victors of World War II.
★ The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg countries who had been occupied by Nazi Germany and subsequently liberated by the ''Western allies''.
★ The Federal Republic of Germany, widely known as 'West Germany', which had been formed by the three occupation zones of Germany belonging to the ''Western Allies'' (USA, UK and France).
★ Italy, a former Axis Power who had surrendered and been occupied by the ''Western Allies''.
★ Ireland gained its independence in the 1920s from the United Kingdom. It stayed neutral during World War II. It never joined NATO but it joined the European Union in 1973.
★ The Nordic countries were a peculiar case. Denmark and Norway had been conquered by Nazi Germany but were not liberated by the allies. During the war Iceland, united with Denmark under a common king, had been invaded and occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States without any casualties by either side.
★ Sweden had managed to remain neutral throughout the war.
★ Finland had been a co-belligerent of Germany against the Soviet Union and it had been defeated, but was not conquered or occupied. (for further details see:Continuation War). The peace treaty between Finland and the Soviet Union stipulated that the Soviet Union would annex minor parts of Finland, and that Finland would have friendly relations with the Soviet Union (see also: Moscow Armistice).
★ Austria and Switzerland are also a peculiar case. Austria had been incorporated into Nazi Germany through the Anschluss before the war, while Switzerland had managed to remain neutral throughout the WWII. After the war both of them remained neutral, in the case of Austria through the Austrian State Treaty. Austria later joined the European Union but not NATO. Switzerland declined membership of NATO and the European Union and joined EFTA instead.
Other countries also became increasingly part of ''Western Europe''. Almost all countries of ''Western Europe'' received economical assistance from the United States through the Marshall Plan. Many joined NATO and/or the European Union or its rival, the European Free Trade Association.
★ Countries who were under the rule of dictators, Portugal, Spain, and Greece became parliamentarian democracies in the mid-1970s. The first two are situated in the geographic south-west of Europe, while the last one is located in the south-east of it. All of them joined NATO and also the European Union.
★ The European microstates of Vatican City, San Marino, Monaco, Andorra and Liechtenstein are considered part of ''Western Europe'' but they are mainly overlooked. Many of these states have special agreements and treaties with the European Union.
★ The legal status of many of the Overseas territories in Europe (Gibraltar, Channel Islands, Faroe Islands, etc) are peculiar and vary from case to case. Despite all that, they are also part of ''Western Europe''.
★ Malta is generally considered part of ''Western Europe''[3].
Turkey
★ Turkey, as a member of NATO was accepted as belonging to the Western bloc. Nevertheless it has not yet become a part of the European Union. Turkey is typically considered to be a transcontinental nation in both southeastern Europe and Southwest Asia.
A current understanding of Western Europe.
Later political developments
The world changed dramatically with the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The Federal Republic of Germany peacefully absorbed the Democratic Republic of Germany, leading to the German reunification. COMECON and the Warsaw Pact were dissolved, and in 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist, and several nations within it regained their full independence.
Although the term ''Western Europe'' was largely defined of the Cold War, it still remains much in use. The term is commonly used in the media and in everyday use both in "western" and other regions of Europe.
The term Central Europe reappeared.
''Western Europe'' has increasingly less to do with the European Union. The 1995, 2004, and 2007 enlargements saw many eastern countries joining the EU, and a view that Europe is divided strictly into the West and the East is sometimes considered patronising or pejorative by many in the nominally eastern countries.
See also
★ Western European Union
★ Western world
★ First World
★ New Europe
★ Old Europe
★ Marshall Plan
References
★ ''The Making of Europe'', ISBN 0-14-015409-4, by Robert Bartlett
★ ''Crescent and Cross'', ISBN 1-84212-753-5, by Hugh Bicheno
★ ''The Normans'', ISBN 0-7524-2881-0, by Trevor Rowley
★ ''1066 The Year of the Three Battles'', ISBN 0-7126-6672-9, by Frank McLynn
External links
★ The European sub-regions according to the UN
★ Western Europe according to UNESCO
★ Teaching about Western Europe
★ Western Europe.info
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