:''For the
Marvel Comics character, see
Wendigo (comics). For the 2001 horror film, see
Wendigo (film)''
The 'Wendigo' (also 'Windigo', 'Windago', 'Windiga', 'Witiko', and numerous other variants)
[1] is a malevolent
cannibalistic spirit into which humans could transform, or which could possess humans, appearing in
Algonquian mythology. Humans who indulged in cannibalism were at particular risk, and the legend appears to reinforce this practice as
taboo.
'Windigo Psychosis' is a
culture-bound disorder which involves an intense craving for human flesh and the fear that one will turn into a
cannibal. This once occurred frequently among
Algonquian Indian cultures, though has declined with the Native American urbanization.
Recently the Wendigo has also become a horror entity of contemporary literature and film, much like the
vampire,
werewolf, or
zombie, although these fictional depictions often bear little resemblance to the original mythology.
In Algonquian mythology
The Wendigo is part of the traditional belief systems of various
Algonquian-speaking tribes in the northern
United States and
Canada, most notably the
Ojibwa/
Saulteaux, the
Cree, and the
Innu/Naskapi/Montagnais.
[2] Though descriptions varied somewhat, common to all these cultures was the conception of Wendigos as malevolent, anti-social, and cannibalistic supernatural beings (
manitous) of great spiritual power.
[3] They were strongly associated with the Winter, the North, and coldness, as well as with famine and starvation.
[4] Basil Johnston, an Ojibwa teacher and scholar from
Ontario, gives one description of how Wendigos were viewed:
[5]
At the same time, Wendigos were embodiments of gluttony, greed, and excess; never satisfied after killing and consuming one person, they were constantly searching for new victims. In some traditions, humans who became overpowered by greed could turn into Wendigos; the Wendigo myth thus served as a method of encouraging cooperation and moderation.
[6]
Among the Ojibwa, Eastern Cree, Westmain Swampy Cree, and Innu/Naskapi/Montagnais, Wendigos were said to be giants, many times larger than human beings (a characteristic absent from the Wendigo myth in the other Algonquian cultures).
[7] Whenever a Wendigo ate another person, they would grow larger, in proportion to the meal they had just eaten, so that they could never be full.
[8] Wendigos were thus simultaneously constantly gorging themselves and emaciated from starvation.
Human Wendigos
All cultures in which the Wendigo myth appeared shared the belief that human beings could turn into Wendigos if they ever resorted to cannibalism
[9] or, alternately, become possessed by the spirit of a Wendigo, often in a dream. Once transformed, a person would become violent and obsessed with eating human flesh. The most frequent cause of transformation into a Wendigo was if a person had resorted to
famine cannibalism, consuming the body of another human in order to keep from starving to death during a time of extreme hardship.
[10]
Among northern Algonquian cultures, cannibalism, even to save one's own life, was viewed as a serious
taboo; the proper response to famine was suicide or resignation to death.
[11] On one level, the Wendigo myth thus worked as a deterrent and a warning against resorting to cannibalism; those who did would become Wendigo monsters themselves.
Wendigo ceremony
Among the
Assiniboine, the Cree and the Ojibwa, a
satirical ceremonial dance was originally performed during times of famine to reinforce the seriousness of the Wendigo
taboo. The ceremonial dance, known as a ''wiindigookaanzhimowin'' in
Ojibwe and today performed as part of the last day activities of the
Sun dance, involves wearing of a mask and dancing about the drum backwards.
[12] The last known Wendigo Ceremony conducted in the United States was at Windigo Lake of Star Island of
Cass Lake, located within the
Leech Lake Indian Reservation in northern Minnesota.
[13]
Windigo Psychosis
"Windigo Psychosis" (also spelled many other ways, including "Wendigo Psychosis" and "Witiko Psychosis") refers to a
culture-bound syndrome, in which sufferers developed an insatiable desire to eat human flesh even when other food sources were readily available,
[14] often as a result of prior famine cannibalism.
[15] Such individuals generally recognized these symptoms as meaning that they were turning into Wendigos, and often requested to be executed before they could harm others.
[16] The most common response when someone began suffering from Windigo Psychosis was curing attempts by traditional native healers or Western doctors. In the unusual cases when these attempts failed, and the Wendigo began either to threaten those around them or to act violently or anti-socially, they were then generally executed.
[17] Cases of Windigo Psychosis, though real, were relatively rare, and it was even rarer for them to actually culminate in the execution of the sufferer.
17
One of the more famous cases of Windigo Psychosis involved a
Plains Cree trapper from
Alberta, Swift Runner.
[18] During the winter of 1878, Swift Runner and his family were starving, and his eldest son died. Within just 25 miles of emergency food supplies at a
Hudson Bay Company post, Swift Runner butchered and ate his wife and five remaining children.
[19] He eventually confessed, and was executed by authorities at
Fort Saskatchewan.
[20] That he resorted to cannibalism so near to food supplies, and that he killed all those present, reveal that Swift Runner's was not a case of pure cannibalism as a last resort to avoid starvation, but rather a man suffering from Windigo Psychosis and becoming a homicidal cannibal.
19
Fascination with Windigo Psychosis among Western
ethnographers,
psychologists, and
anthropologists led to a hotly debated controversy in the 1980s over the historicity of this phenomenon. Some researchers argued that Windigo Psychosis was essentially a fabrication, the result of naive anthropologists taking stories related to them at face value.
[21] Others, however, pointed to a number of credible eyewitness accounts, both by Algonquians and by Westerners, as proof that Windigo Psychosis was a factual historical phenomenon.
[22]
The frequency of Windigo Psychosis cases decreased sharply in the 20th century as
boreal Algonquian people came in to greater and greater contact with Western ideologies and more sedentary, less rural lifestyles.
[23] While there is substantive evidence to suggest that Windigo Psychosis did exist, a number of questions concerning the condition remain unanswered.
References in popular culture
Recently, Wendigos have become something of a stock fantasy horror character, along the lines of
werewolves and
vampires, usually bearing very little resemblance to the Algonquian spirit. They appear as characters in a number of
computer and video games, including ''
Final Fantasy'',
[24] Digimon has a
Wendigomon, and the
Warcraft Universe,
[25] as well as
role-playing games such as ''
Dungeons & Dragons''.
[26] "
Wendigo" is also a fictional character in
Marvel Comics universe.
[27]
While Wendigos have been referenced in literature for many decades (including as one of the principal monsters in
Stephen King's novel
Pet Sematary,
[28] though most notably in
Algernon Blackwood's 1910
horror story ''The Wendigo'', which introduced the legend to
horror fiction),
[29] recently the Wendigo mythology has been referenced quite often in movies and television, including the movies ''
Wendigo''
[30], ''
Ravenous''
[31] and ''
Ginger Snaps Back''
[32] and in episodes of the television series ''
Supernatural''
[33], ''
Blood Ties''
[34] and ''
Charmed''
[35] (see
Wendigo (Supernatural) and
The Wendigo).
Notes
1. The name is 'Wiindigoo' in the Ojibwe language (the source of the English word [Brightman 1988:344]), 'Wìdjigò' in the Algonquin language, and 'Wīhtikōw' in the Cree language; the Proto-Algonquian term was '
★ wi·nteko·wa', which probably originally meant "owl" (Goddard 1969, cited in Brightman 1988:340).
2. Brightman (1988:359, 362); Parker (1960:603)
3. Brightman (1988:337, 339)
4. Brightman (1988:362)
5. Johnston (2001:221)
6. Johnston (2001:222-225); Johnston (1990:167)
7. Brightman (1988:344)
8. Johnston (2001:222, 226); Johnston (1990:166); Schwarz (1969:11)
9. Brightman (1988:337, 339, 343, 364)
10. Brightman (1988:343, 364)
11. Brightman (1988:365-6)
12. The Mask Dance, , , , Saskatchewan Indian, 1976
13. Warren, William W. ''History of the Ojibway People''. Borealis Books (St. Paul, MN: 1984).
14. Brightman (1988:351-2, 365)
15. Brightman (1988:343, 346, 347); Parker (1960:603)
16. Brightman (1988:348, 349)
17. Brightman (1988:357-8)
18. Brightman (1988:352-3)
19. Brightman (1988:353, 373)
20. Brightman (1988:352)
21. Brightman (1988:355)
22. Brightman (1988:361)
23. Brightman (1988:337-8, 374)
24. Bestiary: Enemies S-Z
25. Wendigos
26. Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 Edition Index: Monsters: by Subtype
27. Wendigo
28. Love and Death in Stephen King's Pet Sematary Heller, Terry
29.
30. Wendigo (2001)
31. Ravenous (1999)
32. Ginger Snaps Back: The Beginning (2004)
33. Supernatural: Wendigo (2005)
34. Blood Ties: Heart of Ice (2007)
35. Charmed: The Wendigo (1999)
See also
★
Skin-walker
★
Jack Fiddler
References
★
The Windigo in the Material World, Brightman, Robert A., , , Ethnohistory, 1988
★ Colombo, J.R. ed. ''Wendigo''. Western Producer Prairie Books, Saskatoon: 1982.
★
Owls and Cannibals: Two Algonquian Etymologies, Goddard, Ives, , , Paper presented at the Second Algonquian Conference, St. John's, Newfoundland, 1969
★ Johnston, Basil (1990 [1976]). ''Ojibway Heritage''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
★ ———— (2001 [1995]). ''The Manitous''. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press.
★
The Wiitiko Psychosis in the Context of Ojibwa Personality and Culture, Parker, Seymour, , , American Anthropologist, 1960
★ Schwarz, Herbert T. (1969). ''Windigo and Other Tales of the Ojibways'', illustrated by Norval Morrisseau. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited.
★ Teicher, Morton I. (1961). "Windigo Psychosis: A Study of Relationship between Belief and Behaviour among the Indians of Northeastern Canada." In ''Proceedings of the 1960 Annual Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society'', ed. Verne P. Ray. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
External links
★
Cannibals, Clowns, Wendigo and Other crazy stuff Stephens, E
★
The Windigo & Windigo Psychosis Boucher, Tim
★
Beware the Windigo Pitt, Steve
★
The Windigo Gagné, Joseph
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