'Warsaw' (, ; known also by
other names) is the
capital of
Poland and its largest
city. It is located on the
Vistula River roughly from both the
Baltic Sea coast and the
Carpathian Mountains. Its population as of 2006 was estimated at 1,700,536, with a
metropolitan area of approximately 2,900,000 to 3,000,000 people. The city area is , with an agglomeration of (Warsaw Metro Area - ''Obszar Metropolitalny Warszawy''). Warsaw is the 8th biggest city in the
European Union.
Warsaw gave its name to the
Warsaw Pact,
Warsaw Convention and the
Treaty of Warsaw.
Etymology
An older spelling of Warsaw in Polish is ''Warszewa'' or ''Warszowa'', meaning "owned by Warsz".
Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman Wars and his wife Sawa.
[1]. Actually, Warsz was a nobleman (12th/13th century) who owned a village located at the site of today's Mariensztat neighbourhood
[2].
The official city name in full is 'The Capital City of Warsaw' (). Warsaw has been known in
Latin as ''Varsovia'', in
Russian as ''Варшава'', in
French as ''Varsovie'', and in
German as ''Warschau''.
A native or resident of Warsaw is called ''Varsovian''.
Geography
Location
Warsaw
straddles the
Vistula River. It is located in the heartland of the
Masovian Plain, and its average
altitude is above sea level, although there are some hills (mostly artificial) located within the confines of the city.
Climate
Warsaw's climate is
continental humid. The average temperature is in January and 18 °C (64 °F) in July. Temperatures may often reach 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer. Yearly rainfall averages , the most rainy month being July.
Districts
Warsaw is a ''
powiat'' (''county''), and is further divided into 18 boroughs, each one known as a ''dzielnica'' (
map), each one with its own administrative body. Each of the boroughs includes several neighbourhoods which have no legal or administrative status. The best known neighbourhoods are the
Old Town (''Stare Miasto'') and
New Town (''Nowe Miasto'') in the borough of
Śródmieście.
Districts of Warsaw (since 2002)
Comparison of modern city's boundaries with those of 1939
| District | Population | Area |
|---|
| Mokotów | 226 911 | |
| Praga Południe | 185,077 | |
| Ursynów | 143,935 | |
| Wola | 142,025 | |
| Bielany | 135,307 | |
| Śródmieście | 134,306 | |
| Targówek | 122,872 | |
| Bemowo | 107,197 | |
| Ochota | 91,643 | |
| Białołęka | 76,999 | |
| Praga Północ | 73,207 | |
| Wawer | 66,094 | |
| Żoliborz | 49,275 | |
| Ursus | 47,285 | |
| Włochy | 39,778 | |
| Rembertów | 22,688 | |
| Wesoła | 20,749 | |
| Wilanów | 15,188 | |
| 'Total' | 1,700,536 | |
Suburbs of Warsaw
Main articles: Suburbs of Warsaw
History
The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were
Bródno (9th/10th century) and
Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the
Dukes of Masovia, becoming the capital of Masovia in 1413 . Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the
Polish Crown in 1526. In 1529 Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the
General Sejm, permanent since 1569. In 1573 Warsaw gave its name to the
Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Due to its central location between the
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's capitals of
Vilnius and
Kraków, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and at the same time of the
Polish Crown in 1596, when King
Sigismund III Vasa moved the court from
Kraków. Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, when it was annexed by the
Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of
New East Prussia. Liberated by
Napoleon's army in 1807, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created
Duchy of Warsaw. Following the
Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the centre of the
Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with
Imperial Russia. The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.
Following the repeated violations of the Polish constitution by the
Russians, the 1830
November Uprising broke out. However, the Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of the Kingdom's autonomy. On
27 February 1861 a Warsaw crowd protesting the Russian rule over Poland was fired upon by the Russian troops. Five people were killed. The Underground
Polish National Government resided in Warsaw during
January Uprising in 1863-1864.
Warsaw flourished in the late nineteenth century under Mayor
Sokrates Starynkiewicz (1875–1892), a Russian-born general appointed by Tsar
Alexander III. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer
William Lindley and his son,
William Heerlein Lindley, as well as the expansion and modernization of
trams,
street lighting and
gas works.
Warsaw became the capital of the newly independent
Poland in 1918. In the course of the
Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920, the huge
Battle of Warsaw was fought on the Eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the
Red Army defeated.
During the
Second World War central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the
General Government, a
Nazi colonial administration. All higher education institutions were immediately closed and Warsaw's entire Jewish population — several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city — herded into the
Warsaw Ghetto. When the order came to annihilate the Ghetto as part of
Hitler's "
final solution", Jewish fighters launched the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the Ghetto held out for almost a month. When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, only a few managed to escape or hide.
By July 1944 the
Red Army was deep into the Polish territory, pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that
Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the
Polish government-in-exile based in
London gave orders to the underground
Home Army (AK) to try to seize the control of Warsaw from the
Nazis just before the
Red Army arrives. Thus, on
1 August 1944, as the Soviet army was nearing the city very fast, the
Home Army and the civilian population started the
Warsaw Uprising.
The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, went on for 63 days, and eventually the Home Army fighters were forced to capitulate. They were transported to the
POW camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled. Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation, ordered the entire city to be razed to the ground, and the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned. About 85% of the city had been destroyed, including the historic
Old Town and the Royal Castle.
The left(west)-bank of Warsaw was seized from the
Nazis on
17 January 1945 by the Red Army and the 1st army of
Ludowe Wojsko Polskie during the
Vistula-Oder Offensive. The surviving Home Army fighters were rounded up by the
NKVD, some were murdered or deported to
Siberia.
After the war,
Boleslaw Bierut's government made Warsaw the capital of the
communist ''
People's Republic of Poland'', and the city was resettled and rebuilt. Large
prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage. The city resumed its role as the capital of Poland and the country's centre of political and economic life. Many of the historic streets, buildings, and churches were restored to their original form. In 1980, Warsaw's historic Old Town was inscribed onto
UNESCO's
World Heritage list.
In 1995 the
Warsaw Metro opened, and with the entry of Poland into the
European Union in 2004, Warsaw is currently experiencing the biggest economic boom of its history.
Population
★ 1700: 30,000 (estimated)
★ 1792: 120,000
★ 1800: 63,400
★ 1830: 139,700
★ 1850: 163,600
★ 1882: 383,000
★ 1900: 686,000
★ 1925: 1,003,000
★ 1939: 1,300,000
★ 1945: 422,000
(in September)
★ 1950: 803,800
★ 1960: 1,136,000
★ 1970: 1,315,600
★ 1980: 1,596,100
★ 1990: 1,655,700
★ 2000: 1,672,400
★ 2002: 1,688,200 (after incorporating
Wesoła)
★ 2006: 1,702,100 (metropolitan area 3,050,000)
Municipal government
The mayor (the President of Warsaw)
Main articles: President of Warsaw
According to the ''Warsaw Act'' (''Ustawa warszawska'') of
October 27,
2002, the President of Warsaw carries out the executive duties in the city. The president's prerogative is, among others, governing the city-owned property that constitutes a major part of the city. The current President of Warsaw is
Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz.
Municipal government
The ''Warsaw Act'' abolished all the former counties around Warsaw and formed one ''city
powiat'' with a unified municipal government.
Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a
unicameral Warsaw City Council (''Rada Miasta''), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President of Warsaw), who may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote.
Each of the 18 separate city districts has its own council (''Rada dzielnicy''). Their duties are focused on aiding the President and the City Council, as well as supervising various municipal companies, city-owned property and schools. The head of each of the District Councils is named the Mayor (''Burmistrz'') and is elected by the local council from the candidates proposed by the President of Warsaw.
Politics
Main articles: Members of Sejm from Warsaw constituency
As the capital of Poland, Warsaw is the political centre of the country. All state agencies are located there, including the
Polish Parliament, the
Presidential Office and the Supreme Court. In the
Polish parliament the city and the area are represented by 31
MPs (out of 460). Additionally, Warsaw elects two
MEPs.
Transport
Although
many streets were widened, and new ones created, during rebuilding of Warsaw in 1950s, the city is currently plagued with traffic problems.. Public transport in Warsaw is
ubiquitous, serving the city with
buses,
tramways, and
metro.
Roads and highways
Warsaw lacks a good circular road system and most traffic goes directly through the city centre. Currently two circular roads are under consideration. The first (called OEW, or ''Obwodnica Etapowa Warszawy'') is to run approximately from the city centre through the city streets and across two new bridges. The other is to become a part of both the
A-2 motorway (itself a part of the
European route E30 from
Berlin to
Moscow) and the S-7 (
Gdańsk–
Kraków) express road, and will run through a tunnel under the southern area of
Ursynów. It is to become completed between 2010 and 2012.
Airports
Warsaw has one airport,
Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport (usually referred to as ''Okęcie airport''), located just from the city centre. With over 70 international and domestic flights a day and with over 8,270,000 passengers served in 2006, it is by far the biggest airport in Poland. Immediately adjacent to the main terminal complex ''Terminal 1'', is the ''Etiuda'' terminal, serving routes flown by low-cost carriers. Domestic flights operate from a domestic terminal, adjoining Terminal 1. A new ''Terminal 2'' is under construction (partly opened in 2006} in order to alleviate current overcrowding, and to extend the airport's capacity by another 6 million passengers.
There are plans to convert an ex-military airfield in
Modlin, north of Warsaw, into an airport for low-cost carriers, cargo and charter traffic. It will not be ready for use before 2008 at the earliest.
There also are long-term plans to build an entirely new international airport. Its location has not yet been decided.
Mass transit
Mass transit in Warsaw includes,
buses,
streetcars,
metro and
regional rail
The first three are operated by the
ZTM (''Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego'', the Warsaw Transport Authority). There are also some suburban bus lines run by private operators.
There are three tourist routes: "T", a vintage tram running in July and August, bus "100" which runs on weekends and is operated by the only double-decker bus owned by the city, and a "180" bus which follows the Royal Route from the War Cemetery in the North to
Wilanów.
Buses
Bus service covers the entire city, with approx. 170 routes totalling about in length, and with some 1,600 vehicles. Between midnight and 5 am the city and suburbs are served by night lines.
Streetcars
A modern streetcar in Warsaw
The first
tramway (streetcar) line in Warsaw was opened on
11 December 1866. The last horse-drawn tram run on
26 March 1908. In the period between the world wars, the tramway network was nationalized and extended significantly. After the
Defence War of 1939 the service was halted for approximately three months due to war losses. However, by 1940 the trams were back on track. In 1941 the present colours of the cars were introduced (yellow and red, in the
Flag of Warsaw colours. Up to this point, the trams were painted either white and red, or entirely red).
During the
Warsaw Uprising the tramway system was destroyed. However, the first tram line was opened again on
20 June 1945.
Following the
Second World War the tramway in Warsaw underwent fast development. The tracks reached all the principal parts of the city. However, in the
sixties the official policy of both Polish and
Soviet authorities promoted the use of Soviet oil. The tramway net was shortened, while more buses were bought.
Currently the
Tramwaje Warszawskie company runs 863 cars on almost of track. Twenty-odd lines run across the city with additional lines opened on special occasions (such as
All-Saints Day).
Metro
Main articles: Warsaw Metro
'See also'
Warsaw Trolleybuses for the history of this type of transport. Trolleybuses no longer operate in Warsaw.
Railway
The first railway opened in Warsaw in 1845 (the
Warsaw-Vienna Railway). Nowadays
Warsaw is one of the main railway hubs in Poland.
The main railway station is
Warszawa Centralna serving both domestic traffic to almost every major city in Poland, and international connections mainly to Germany, Czech Republic and former Soviet Union countries. There are also 5 other major railway stations and a number of smaller suburban stations.
The
main railway line crosses the city in a tunnel (''tunel średnicowy'') approximately long and running directly under the city centre. It is part of an east-west line connecting the ''Warszawa Zachodnia'', ''
Warszawa Centralna'' and ''Warszawa Wschodnia'' stations through the tunnel and a railway bridge over the
Vistula River.
The principal railway stations are:
★
Warszawa Centralna and
Warszawa Śródmieście
★
Warszawa Gdańska
★
Warszawa Wileńska
★
Warszawa Zachodnia
★
Warszawa Wschodnia
Sports
Football
Legia Warszawa - men's
football team (est. 1916), (Polish Champion: 1955, 1956, 1969, 1970, 1993,1994, 1995, 2002, 2006;
Polish Cup winner: 1955, 1956, 1964, 1966, 1973, 1980, 1981, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1995, 1997;
Polish SuperCup winner: 1989, 1994, 1997; 1st league in 2006/2007 season)
Polonia Warszawa - men's
football team (est. 1911), (Polish Champion: 1948, 2000;
Polish Cup winner: 1952, 2001;
Polish SuperCup winner: 2000; 2nd league in 2006/2007 season)
Culture
Theatre in the past
From 1833 to the outbreak of World War II, Plac Teatralny ''(Theatre Square)'' was the country's cultural hub and home to the various theatres.
The main building housed the
Teatr Wielki from 1833-1834, the Rozmaitości Theatre from 1836 to 1924 and then the National Theatre, the Reduta Theatre from 1919 to 1924, and from 1928 to 1939 - the Nowy Theatre, which staged productions of contemporary poetical drama, including those directed by Leon Schiller.
Nearby, in Ogród Saski (Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922-1926), was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Teatr Wielki building housed the State Institute of Dramatic Arts - the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an Acting Department and a Stage Directing Department.
Plac Teatralny and its environs was the venue for numerous parades, celebrations of state holidays, carnival balls, and concerts.
Theatre
Warsaw is home to over 30 major theatres spread throughout the city, including the
National Theatre (founded in 1765) and the
Grand Theatre in Warsaw (
[3]) (established 1778).
Warsaw also attracts many young and off-stream directors and
performers who add to the city's theatre culture. Their productions may be viewed mostly in smaller theatres and ''Houses of Culture'' (''Domy Kultury''), mostly outside ''
Śródmieście'' (downtown Warsaw).
Warsaw hosts the
International Theatrical Meetings.
Music
Thanks to numerous musical venues, including the
Teatr Wielki, the Polish National Opera, the
Chamber Opera, the
National Philharmonic Hall and the
National Theatre, as well as the Roma and Buffo music theatres and the Congress Hall in the
Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw hosts many events and festivals. Among the events worth particular attention are: the
International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition, the International Contemporary Music Festival
Warsaw Autumn, the
Jazz Jamboree,
Warsaw Summer Jazz Days, the
International Stanisław Moniuszko Vocal Competition, the Mozart Festival, and the
Festival of Old Music.
Museums and art galleries
There are many museums and art galleries in Warsaw, the most notable are the
Muzeum Narodowe,
Zachęta Art Gallery,
Centre for Contemporary Art,
Museum of the Polish Army and the
Warsaw Uprising Museum. The biggest of them, the
Warsaw National Museum has numerous subsidiaries located in various parts of Warsaw, in particular in the
Royal Castle and the
Wilanów Palace.
Film
Since World War II Warsaw has been the second most important centre of film production in Poland. It has also been featured in numerous movies, both Polish and foreign, for example
''Kanał'' and ''
Korczak'' by
Andrzej Wajda,
''Eroica'' by
Andrzej Munk, ''
The Decalogue'' by
Krzysztof Kieślowski, ''
Miś'' by
Stanisław Bareja and
''The Pianist'' by
Roman Polański.
Education
:''For a full list of Warsaw-based institutions of higher education see:
Education in Warsaw''
Warsaw is one of the most important education centers of Poland. It is home to four major
universities and over 62 smaller schools of higher education. The most important are:
★
University of Warsaw (''Uniwersytet Warszawski'')
★
Warsaw University of Technology (''Politechnika Warszawska'')
★
Warsaw School of Economics (''Szkoła Główna Handlowa'')
★
Warsaw Agricultural University (''Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego'')
★
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University (''Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego'')
★
Medical University of Warsaw (''Akademia Medyczna w Warszawie'')
★
Military University of Technology (''Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna'')
★
Academy of National Defence (''Akademia Obrony Narodowej'')
★
Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw (''Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w Warszawie'')
★
Fryderyk Chopin Academy of Music (''Akademia Muzyczna im. Fryderyka Chopina'')
★
Theatre Academy (''Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza'')
The overall number of students of all grades of education in Warsaw is almost 500,000 (29.2% of the city population; 2002). The number of university students is over 255,000.
Economy
In 2007 Warsaw was ranked
[1]
the 67th world's most expensive city to live in. It was classified as a
gamma world city (also known as a 'minor world city') on par with cities such as
Rome and
Beijing by Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network from
Loughborough University.
[[5]]
Business and commerce
Warsaw skyscrapers
Warsaw, especially its city center (''
Śródmieście''), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2003, 268,307 companies were registered in the city. Foreign investors' financial participation in the city's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million
euro. Warsaw produces more than 15% of Poland's national income. The GDP (PPP) per capita in Warsaw was about $28,000 in 2005.
At the same time the unemployment rate is one of the lowest in Poland, not exceeding 3%, according to the official figures.
The city itself collects around 8,740,882,000
złotys in taxes and direct government grants.
It has been said that Warsaw, together with
Frankfurt,
London and
Paris, is one of the tallest cities in Europe. 11 of the tallest skyscrapers in Poland, 9 of which are office buildings, are located in Warsaw. The tallest structure, the centrally located
Palace of Culture and Science, is the 4th tallest building in the
European Union.
Warsaw hosts the headquarters of
Frontex, the EU's border control agency.
===
Stock Exchange===
Although Warsaw was home to a stock exchange since 1817, in 1945, because of political changes after World War II, it could not be recreated. It only started operating again in April 1991, after the reintroduction of the free-market economy. It is now the biggest stock exchange in the country, with more than 300 companies listed. Oddly enough, from 1991 until 2000 the stock exchange was situated in the building previously used as the headquarters of the
Polish Communist Party (PZPR).
Industry
During Warsaw's reconstruction after
World War II, the communist authorities decided that the city would become a major industrial center. Numerous large factories were built in the city or just outside it. The largest were the ''Huta Warszawa'' Steel Works and two car factories.
As the communist economy deteriorated, these factories lost significance and most went bankrupt after 1989. Today, the
Arcelor Warszawa Steel Mill (formerly ''
Huta Warszawa'') is the only major factory remaining. The
FSO car factory produces cars mostly for export.
Tourist attractions
Skyscrapers of Warsaw
★ Although today's Warsaw is a fairly young city, it has a lot of tourist attractions. Apart from the
Old Town quarter, carefully reconstructed after
World War II, each borough has something to offer. Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the
Royal Castle,
King Sigismund's Column, Market Square, and the
Barbican.
★ Further south is the so-called Royal Route, with many
classicist palaces, the
Presidential Palace and the
Warsaw University campus. Also the popular
Nowy Świat Street is worth mentioning.
★ Warsaw's oldest public park, the
Ogród Saski, is located within 10 minutes' walk from the old town.
★ A large oasis of silence and serenity is the
Powązki Cemetery, one of the oldest cemeteries in Europe, full of sculptures, some of them by the most renowned Polish artists of the 19th and 20th centuries. Since it serves the religious communities of Warsaw, be it Catholics, Jews, Muslims or Protestants, it is often called a
necropolis. Nearby is the
Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, one of the largest Jewish cemeteries in Europe.
★ To the north of the city centre is the site of the former
Warsaw Ghetto.
★ The borough of
Żoliborz is famous for its architecture from the 1920s and 1930s. Between Żoliborz and the
Vistula is the
Warsaw Citadel, a monument of 19th century military architecture.
★ Former royal residence of king
Jan III Sobieski -
Wilanów Palace is notable for their
baroque architecture and beautiful parks.
★ Warsaw is perhaps the most famous for several buildings from modern history. Apart from the
Palace of Culture and Science, a
Soc-realist skyscrapper located in the city center, the
Stadion Dziesięciolecia which is the biggest open-air
market in Europe also attracts many tourists. The central part of the right-bank (east)
Praga borough it is a place where very run-down houses stand right next to modern apartment buildings and shopping malls. Also ''Plac Konstytucji'' with its monumental
Social realism architecture should be mentioned.
★
Warsaw Uprising Museum
★
Ulica Kubusia Puchatka, probably the only street in the world named after
Winnie-the-Pooh and located in the very centre of a metropolis.
★ The modern architecture in Warsaw is represented by:
★
★
Metropolitan Office Building at ''Plac Piłsudskiego'' (Pilsudski Square) by
Sir Norman Foster
★
★
Warsaw University Library (BUW) by Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski with a garden on the roof and beautiful view on the
Vistula river
★
★
Rondo 1 office building by
SOM
★
★
Zlote Tarasy retail and business center
★ Planned:
★
★
Museum of the History of Polish Jews
★
★
Museum of Modern Art
★
★
"Kopernik" Science Center (
Copernicus)
★
★
Złota 44 - Apartment tower of unique shape by
Daniel Libeskind
Twin cities
Miscellanea
★ Every member of
the Queen's Royal Hussars of the
United Kingdom light
cavalry wears the 'Maid of Warsaw', the crest of the City of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of his No. 2 (Service) Dress.
★ Members of 651 Squadron
Army Air Corps of the
United Kingdom also wear the 'Maid of Warsaw', the crest of the City of Warsaw, on the left sleeve of their No. 2 (Service) Dress.
★ One of
David Bowie's songs featured on the album
Low is called ''
Warszawa.''
★ One of
Joy Division's songs on the album
Substance is called ''Warsaw''. The band itself was previously called "Warsaw" as well.
★ There is a
Danish heavy metal band called
Red Warszawa.
★ There are ten towns in the
USA called
Warsaw.
★ Leo Gerstenzang invented
cotton swabs in Warsaw.
★ The
Miss World 2006 competition took place in Warsaw, in the
Palace of Culture and Science, Congress Hall.
Famous people
See also
★
Siege of Warsaw (1939)
★
Warsaw Uprising
★
Warsaw dialect
★
Stefan Starzyński
★
Warsaw concentration camp
★
Warsaw Pact
★
Warsaw Fire Brigade
★
History of Poland
★
Royal coronations in St. John's Cathedral
★
Soviet military cemetery in Warsaw
★
Dukes of Masovia
★
List of films featuring Warsaw
References
Notes
1. Economist Intelligence Unit report [4] retrieved 15 June 2007
External links
Warsaw by night
★
★
Official web page of Warsaw includes 360° panoramas of the
UNESCO listed region
★
Interactive city map in Polish
★
Skyscrapers Diagram of Warsaw
★
Skyscrapers in Warsaw. Pictures, map, future projects, 3d models
★
Warsaw Life Guide
★
District Police Headquarters – Warsaw II (part of Warsaw Metropolitan Police)
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