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(Redirected from Wade-Giles Romanization)
'Wade-Giles' (), sometimes abbreviated 'Wade', is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and transcription) for the Chinese language based on the form of Mandarin used in Beijing. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade in the mid-19th century, and reached settled form with Herbert Giles's Chinese-English dictionary of 1892.
Wade-Giles was the main system of transcription in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century, used in several standard reference books and in all books about China published before 1979.[1] It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that had been common until late in the 19th century. It has mostly been replaced by the pinyin system today, but remains in use in the Republic of China (Taiwan).
Although frequently improperly called "transliteration", Wade-Giles' system is a transcription of Chinese. There can be no transliteration of Chinese script into any phonetic script, like the Latin (or English) alphabet. Any system of romanization of Chinese renders the sounds (pronunciation) and not the ideographic characters (written form).
Wade-Giles was developed by Thomas Francis Wade, a British ambassador in China and Chinese scholar who was the first professor of Chinese at Cambridge University. Wade published the first Chinese textbook in English in 1867. The system was refined in 1912 by Herbert Allen Giles, a British diplomat in China.[2]
The Wade-Giles system was designed to transcribe Chinese terms, for Chinese specialists. This origin has led to a general sense that the system is non-intuitive for non-specialists and not useful for teaching Chinese pronunciation.
The Republic of China (Taiwan) has used Wade-Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official but obscure Romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), MPS II (1986), and Tongyong Pinyin (2000). Taiwanese place names are still being virtually written in Wade-Giles, and many Chinese Americans and Canadians also write their Chinese names in Wade-Giles.
The Hanyu Pinyin system is the official and most widely used system in the People's Republic of China. In Singapore, Pinyin is taught in national schools and widely used in official documents, although a reversal of government policy changed the requirement to register people's Chinese names in Pinyin. Wade-Giles spellings and Pinyin spellings for Taiwanese place names and words long accepted in English usage are still used interchangeably in English-language texts in both countries.
A common complaint about the Wade-Giles system is the representation of the unaspirated-aspirated stop consonant pairs using apostrophes: ''p, p' , t, t' , k, k' , ch, ch' ''. However, the use of apostrophes preserves ''b'', ''d'', ''g'', and ''j'' for the romanization of Chinese dialects containing voiced consonants, such as Shanghainese (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and Taiwanese (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-old Missionary Romanisation is similar to Wade-Giles.
On the other hand, people unfamiliar with the Wade-Giles often ignore the apostrophes, even so far as leaving them out when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hanyu Pinyin addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops: ''b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch.'' Another approach, adopted in the Legge and Simplified Wade systems, is to add the letter ''h'' instead of an apostrophe to indicate aspiration (this is similar to the superscript h used in IPA).
Partly because of the popular omission of the apostrophe, the four sounds represented in Hanyu Pinyin by ''j'', ''q'', ''zh'', and ''ch'' all become ''ch'' in many literature and personal names. However, were the diacritics to be kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap:
★ The non-retroflex ''ch'' (Pinyin ''j'') and ''ch' '' (Pinyin ''q'') are always before either ''i'' or ''ü''.
★ The retroflex ''ch'' (Pinyin ''zh'') and ''ch' '' (Pinyin ''ch'') are always before ''a'', ''e'', ''ih'', ''o'', or ''u''.
In addition to several sounds presented using the same letter(s), sometimes, one single sound is represented using several sets of letters. There exists two versions of Wade-Giles Romanizations for each of the Pinyin syllables ''zi'', ''ci'', and ''si''.
★ The older version writes ''tsû'', ''ts'û'', and ''ssû''
★ The newer version writes:
★
★ ''tzu'' for ''tsû'', but it still remains ''ts-'' before other vowels, as in ''tsung'' for the Pinyin ''zong''.
★
★ ''tz'u'' for ''ts'û'', but remains ''ts'-'' before other vowels.
★
★ ''szu'' or ''ssu'' for ''ssû'', but is ''s-'' before other vowels. Note, not ''ss-''.
On the other hand, Wade-Giles shows precisions not found in other major Romanizations in regard to the rendering of the two types of empty rimes ():
★ ''-u'' (formerly ''û'') after the sibilant ''tz'', ''tz' '', and ''s'' (Pinyin ''z'', ''c'', and ''s'').
★ ''-ih'' after the retroflex ''ch'', ''ch' '', ''sh'', and ''j'' (Pinyin ''zh'', ''ch'', ''sh'', and ''r'').
These empty rimes are all written as ''-i'' in Hanyu Pinyin (hence undistinguishable from true ''i'' as in ''li''), and all written as ''-ih'' in Tongyong Pinyin. Zhuyin, as a non-Romanization, does not require the representation of any empty rime.
What is pronounced as a close-mid back unrounded vowel is written usually as ''-e'' as in pinyin, but sometimes as ''-o''. This vowel in an isolate syllable is written as ''o'' or ''ê''. When placed in a syllable, it is ''e''; except when preceded by ''k'', ''k' '', and ''h'', when it is ''o''.
What is actually pronounced as ''-uo'' is virtually always written as ''-o'' in Wade-Giles, except ''shuo'' and the three syllables of ''kuo'', ''k' uo'', and ''huo'', which already have the counterparts of ''ko'', ''k' o'', and ''ho'' that represent pinyin ''ge'', ''ke'', and ''he''.
In addition to the apostrophes used for distinguishing the multiple sounds of a single Latin symbol, Wade-Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word, whereas Pinyin only uses apostrophes to separate ambiguous syllables. Originally in his dictionary, Giles used left apostrophes (‘) consistently. Such orientation was followed in Sinological works until the 1950s or 60s, when it started to be gradually replaced by right apostrophes (’) in academic literature. On-line publications almost always use the plain apostrophe ('). Apostrophes are completely ignored in Taiwanese passports, hence their absence in overseas Chinese names.
If the syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not capitalized, even if it is a proper noun. The use of apostrophes, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in placenames and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Chinese of Taiwanese origin write their given names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade-Giles actually writes "Tai-lun". The capitalization issue arises partly because ROC passports indiscriminately capitalize all letters of the holder's names (beside the photograph). It is also due to the misunderstanding that the second syllable is a middle name. (See also Chinese name)
Wade-Giles uses superscript numbers to indicate tone, and official Pinyin uses diacritics. The tone marks are ignored except in textbooks.
★ Wade-Giles chose the French-like ''j'' to represent a Northerner's pronunciation of what now is represented as ''r'' in Pinyin.
★ Ü (as in 玉 "jade") always has a diaresis above, while Pinyin only employs it in the cases of ''nü'' and ''lü'', while leaving it out in ''-ue'', ''ju-'', ''qu-'', ''xu-'', ''-uan'' and ''yu-'' as a simplification because u cannot otherwise appear in those positions.
★ The Pinyin vowel cluster ''ong'' is ''ung'' in Wade-Giles. (Compare Kung Fu to Gong Fu as an example.)
★ After a consonant, both the Wade-Giles and Pinyin vowel cluster ''uei'' is written ''ui''. However, both Romanizations, unlike some others, use ''iu'' and ''un'' instead of the complete syllables: ''iou'' and ''uen''.
★ '''Single' i'' is never preceded by ''y'', as in pinyin. The only exception is in placenames, which are hyphenless, so without a ''y'', syllable ambiguity could arise.
★ The isolated syllable ''eh'' is written as ''ê'', like in Pinyin. (Schwa is occasionally written as ''ê'' as well.) But unlike Pinyin, which uses ''-e'' if there is a consonant preceding the sound, Wade-Giles uses ''-eh''. (See circumflex)
★ In addition to being the schwa, ''ê'' also represents the Pinyin ''er'' as ''êrh''.
Chinese Postal Map Romanization is based on Wade-Giles, but incorporating a number of exceptions that override the systematic rules.
★ Simplified Wade
★ Cyrillization of Chinese from Wade-Giles
★ Daoism-Taoism Romanization issue
★ Legge romanization
1. World History; Perspectives on the Past, , Larry S., Krieger, D.C. Heath and Company, 1997,
2. Chinese Language Transliteration Systems -- Wade-Giles (Web archive)
★ Chinese Romanization Converter – Convert between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems.
★ Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin conversion table (See Zhuyin)
★ Pinyin → Wade-Giles → Zhuyin conversion table
★ Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin → Word list
★ A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade-Giles to Pinyin
★ Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade-Giles – Support Simplified and Tranditional Chinese; Support most popular Pinyin systems, including Hanyu Pinyin, Tongyong Pinyin, Wade-Giles, MPS2, Yale and Gwoyeu Romatzyh; Support multiple pronunciations of a single character; Support customized output, such as ü or tone marks.
★ Pronunciation Guide – From Chuang Tzu's Genius of the Absurd
'Wade-Giles' (), sometimes abbreviated 'Wade', is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and transcription) for the Chinese language based on the form of Mandarin used in Beijing. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade in the mid-19th century, and reached settled form with Herbert Giles's Chinese-English dictionary of 1892.
Wade-Giles was the main system of transcription in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century, used in several standard reference books and in all books about China published before 1979.[1] It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that had been common until late in the 19th century. It has mostly been replaced by the pinyin system today, but remains in use in the Republic of China (Taiwan).
Transcription, not transliteration
Although frequently improperly called "transliteration", Wade-Giles' system is a transcription of Chinese. There can be no transliteration of Chinese script into any phonetic script, like the Latin (or English) alphabet. Any system of romanization of Chinese renders the sounds (pronunciation) and not the ideographic characters (written form).
History
Wade-Giles was developed by Thomas Francis Wade, a British ambassador in China and Chinese scholar who was the first professor of Chinese at Cambridge University. Wade published the first Chinese textbook in English in 1867. The system was refined in 1912 by Herbert Allen Giles, a British diplomat in China.[2]
The Wade-Giles system was designed to transcribe Chinese terms, for Chinese specialists. This origin has led to a general sense that the system is non-intuitive for non-specialists and not useful for teaching Chinese pronunciation.
The Republic of China (Taiwan) has used Wade-Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official but obscure Romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), MPS II (1986), and Tongyong Pinyin (2000). Taiwanese place names are still being virtually written in Wade-Giles, and many Chinese Americans and Canadians also write their Chinese names in Wade-Giles.
The Hanyu Pinyin system is the official and most widely used system in the People's Republic of China. In Singapore, Pinyin is taught in national schools and widely used in official documents, although a reversal of government policy changed the requirement to register people's Chinese names in Pinyin. Wade-Giles spellings and Pinyin spellings for Taiwanese place names and words long accepted in English usage are still used interchangeably in English-language texts in both countries.
Technical aspects
One symbol-multiple sounds
A common complaint about the Wade-Giles system is the representation of the unaspirated-aspirated stop consonant pairs using apostrophes: ''p, p
On the other hand, people unfamiliar with the Wade-Giles often ignore the apostrophes, even so far as leaving them out when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hanyu Pinyin addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops: ''b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch.'' Another approach, adopted in the Legge and Simplified Wade systems, is to add the letter ''h'' instead of an apostrophe to indicate aspiration (this is similar to the superscript h used in IPA).
Partly because of the popular omission of the apostrophe, the four sounds represented in Hanyu Pinyin by ''j'', ''q'', ''zh'', and ''ch'' all become ''ch'' in many literature and personal names. However, were the diacritics to be kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap:
★ The non-retroflex ''ch'' (Pinyin ''j'') and ''ch
★ The retroflex ''ch'' (Pinyin ''zh'') and ''ch
One sound-multiple symbols
In addition to several sounds presented using the same letter(s), sometimes, one single sound is represented using several sets of letters. There exists two versions of Wade-Giles Romanizations for each of the Pinyin syllables ''zi'', ''ci'', and ''si''.
★ The older version writes ''tsû'', ''ts'û'', and ''ssû''
★ The newer version writes:
★
★ ''tzu'' for ''tsû'', but it still remains ''ts-'' before other vowels, as in ''tsung'' for the Pinyin ''zong''.
★
★ ''tz'u'' for ''ts'û'', but remains ''ts'-'' before other vowels.
★
★ ''szu'' or ''ssu'' for ''ssû'', but is ''s-'' before other vowels. Note, not ''ss-''.
Precision with empty rime
On the other hand, Wade-Giles shows precisions not found in other major Romanizations in regard to the rendering of the two types of empty rimes ():
★ ''-u'' (formerly ''û'') after the sibilant ''tz'', ''tz
★ ''-ih'' after the retroflex ''ch'', ''ch
These empty rimes are all written as ''-i'' in Hanyu Pinyin (hence undistinguishable from true ''i'' as in ''li''), and all written as ''-ih'' in Tongyong Pinyin. Zhuyin, as a non-Romanization, does not require the representation of any empty rime.
Partial interchangeability of ''uo'' and ''e'' with ''o''
What is pronounced as a close-mid back unrounded vowel is written usually as ''-e'' as in pinyin, but sometimes as ''-o''. This vowel in an isolate syllable is written as ''o'' or ''ê''. When placed in a syllable, it is ''e''; except when preceded by ''k'', ''k
What is actually pronounced as ''-uo'' is virtually always written as ''-o'' in Wade-Giles, except ''shuo'' and the three syllables of ''kuo'', ''k
Punctuation
In addition to the apostrophes used for distinguishing the multiple sounds of a single Latin symbol, Wade-Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word, whereas Pinyin only uses apostrophes to separate ambiguous syllables. Originally in his dictionary, Giles used left apostrophes (‘) consistently. Such orientation was followed in Sinological works until the 1950s or 60s, when it started to be gradually replaced by right apostrophes (’) in academic literature. On-line publications almost always use the plain apostrophe ('). Apostrophes are completely ignored in Taiwanese passports, hence their absence in overseas Chinese names.
If the syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not capitalized, even if it is a proper noun. The use of apostrophes, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in placenames and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Chinese of Taiwanese origin write their given names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade-Giles actually writes "Tai-lun". The capitalization issue arises partly because ROC passports indiscriminately capitalize all letters of the holder's names (beside the photograph). It is also due to the misunderstanding that the second syllable is a middle name. (See also Chinese name)
Wade-Giles uses superscript numbers to indicate tone, and official Pinyin uses diacritics. The tone marks are ignored except in textbooks.
Other differences with Pinyin
★ Wade-Giles chose the French-like ''j'' to represent a Northerner's pronunciation of what now is represented as ''r'' in Pinyin.
★ Ü (as in 玉 "jade") always has a diaresis above, while Pinyin only employs it in the cases of ''nü'' and ''lü'', while leaving it out in ''-ue'', ''ju-'', ''qu-'', ''xu-'', ''-uan'' and ''yu-'' as a simplification because u cannot otherwise appear in those positions.
★ The Pinyin vowel cluster ''ong'' is ''ung'' in Wade-Giles. (Compare Kung Fu to Gong Fu as an example.)
★ After a consonant, both the Wade-Giles and Pinyin vowel cluster ''uei'' is written ''ui''. However, both Romanizations, unlike some others, use ''iu'' and ''un'' instead of the complete syllables: ''iou'' and ''uen''.
★ '''Single' i'' is never preceded by ''y'', as in pinyin. The only exception is in placenames, which are hyphenless, so without a ''y'', syllable ambiguity could arise.
★ The isolated syllable ''eh'' is written as ''ê'', like in Pinyin. (Schwa is occasionally written as ''ê'' as well.) But unlike Pinyin, which uses ''-e'' if there is a consonant preceding the sound, Wade-Giles uses ''-eh''. (See circumflex)
★ In addition to being the schwa, ''ê'' also represents the Pinyin ''er'' as ''êrh''.
Comparison chart
Influences
Chinese Postal Map Romanization is based on Wade-Giles, but incorporating a number of exceptions that override the systematic rules.
See also
★ Simplified Wade
★ Cyrillization of Chinese from Wade-Giles
★ Daoism-Taoism Romanization issue
★ Legge romanization
References
1. World History; Perspectives on the Past, , Larry S., Krieger, D.C. Heath and Company, 1997,
2. Chinese Language Transliteration Systems -- Wade-Giles (Web archive)
External links
★ Chinese Romanization Converter – Convert between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade-Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems.
★ Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin conversion table (See Zhuyin)
★ Pinyin → Wade-Giles → Zhuyin conversion table
★ Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin → Word list
★ A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade-Giles to Pinyin
★ Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade-Giles – Support Simplified and Tranditional Chinese; Support most popular Pinyin systems, including Hanyu Pinyin, Tongyong Pinyin, Wade-Giles, MPS2, Yale and Gwoyeu Romatzyh; Support multiple pronunciations of a single character; Support customized output, such as ü or tone marks.
★ Pronunciation Guide – From Chuang Tzu's Genius of the Absurd
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