W. S. GILBERT
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'Sir William Schwenck Gilbert' (18 November 1836 – 29 May 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for his fourteen comic operas produced in collaboration with the composer Sir Arthur Sullivan, of which the most famous include ''H.M.S. Pinafore'', ''The Pirates of Penzance'', and one of the most frequently performed works in the history of musical theatre, ''The Mikado''.[1] These, as well as most of their other Savoy operas, continue to be performed regularly throughout the English-speaking world and beyond by opera companies, repertory companies, schools and community theatre groups. Lines from these works have become part of the English language, such as "short, sharp shock", "What never? Well, hardly ever!",[2] and "Let the punishment fit the crime".Green, Edward, "Ballads, songs, and speeches", BBC, 20 September 2004. (Downloaded 16 October 2006)
Gilbert also wrote the ''Bab Ballads'', an extensive collection of light verse accompanied by his own comical drawings. His creative output included over 75 plays and libretti, numerous stories, poems, lyrics and various other comic and serious pieces. His plays and realistic style of stage direction inspired other dramatists, including Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw.[3] According to ''The Cambridge History of English and American Literature'', Gilbert's "lyrical facility and his mastery of metre raised the poetical quality of comic opera to a position that it had never reached before and has not reached since."''The Cambridge History of English and American Literature'', Volume XIII, Chapter VIII, Section 15 (1907–21)
__TOC__
Early life and career
Beginnings
| ''"No sooner had the learned judge pronounced this sentence than the poor soul stooped down, and taking off a heavy boot, flung it at my head, as a reward for my eloquence on her behalf; accompanying the assault with a torrent of invective against my abilities as a counsel, and my line of defence."'' |
| '- ''My Maiden Brief.'''Gilbert, W. S. ''Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales'' (1890), pp. 158–59.''(Gilbert claimed this incident was autobiographical.)''[4] |
Gilbert was born at 17 Southampton Street, Strand, London. His father, also named William, was a naval surgeon who later became a writer of novels and short stories, some of which were illustrated by his son. Gilbert's mother was the former Ann Morris. Gilbert's parents were distant and stern, and he did not have a particularly close relationship with either of them. Following the break-up of their marriage in 1876, his relationships with them, especially his mother, became even more strained. Gilbert had three younger sisters: Jane, Maude, and Florence.Crowther, Andrew, ''The Life of W. S. Gilbert''
As a child, Gilbert travelled in Europe with his parents (they finally settled in London in 1849), and was educated at Boulogne, France (he later kept his diary in French so that the servants could not read it),[5] and then at the Great Ealing School and King's College London, graduating in 1856. He applied for a military commission in the Gordon Highlanders, but, with the unexpected end of the Crimean War, fewer recruits were needed, and only a line commission was available to Gilbert. He served instead in the Civil Service for four years and hated it. In 1859 he joined the newly formed Volunteer Army, with which he remained until 1878 (in between writing and other work), reaching the rank of Captain.[6] Finally, in 1863 he received a bequest of £300 that he used to leave the civil service and take up a brief career as a barrister, but he was not successful, averaging just five clients a year.[7]
One of Gilbert's illustrations for his Bab Ballad "Gentle Alice Brown"
To supplement his income from 1861 on, Gilbert wrote a variety of stories, comic rants, theatre reviews (many in the form of a parody of the play being reviewed),[8] and, under the pseudonym "Bab" (his childhood nickname), illustrated poems for several comic magazines, primarily ''Fun'', started in 1861 by H. J. Byron. The poems, illustrated humorously by Gilbert, proved immensely popular and were reprinted in book form as the ''Bab Ballads''.[9] He would later return to many of these as source material for his various plays and comic operas. Gilbert and his colleagues from ''Fun'', including Tom Robertson, Tom Hood, Clement Scott and F. C. Burnand (who defected to ''Punch'' in 1862) frequented the Arundel Club, the Savage Club, and especially Evans's café, where they had a table in competition with the ''Punch'' 'Round table'.[10]
Gilbert married Lucy Agnes Turner in 1867 (she was 11 years younger than he). He wrote many affectionate letters to her over the years. In addition, Gilbert and Lucy were socially active both in London and later at Grim's Dyke, often holding dinner parties and being invited to others' homes for dinner, in contrast to the picture painted by fictionalisations such as the film ''Topsy-Turvy''. Gilbert called his wife "Kitty", and although they had no children, they had many pets (including some exotic ones).[11]
First plays
''Hush-a-Bye Baby, On the Tree Top'' - an 1866 pantomime by Gilbert in collaboration with Charles Millward.
Gilbert wrote and directed a number of plays at school, but his first professionally produced play was ''Uncle Baby'', which ran for seven weeks in the autumn of 1863.[12] In 1865–66 he collaborated with Charles Millward on several pantomimes, including one called ''Hush-a-Bye, Baby, On the Tree Top, or, Harlequin Fortunia, King Frog of Frog Island, and the Magic Toys of Lowther Arcade'' (1866).[13] Gilbert's first solo success, however, came a few days after ''Hush-a-Bye Baby'' premiered. His friend Tom Robertson was asked to write a pantomime but did not think he could do it in the two weeks available, and so he recommended Gilbert instead. Written and rushed to the stage in 10 days, ''Dulcamara, or the Little Duck and the Great Quack'', a burlesque of Gaetano Donizetti's ''L'elisir d'amore'', proved extremely popular. This led to a long series of further Gilbert burlesques, pantomimes and farces, full of awful puns (traditional in burlesques of the period),[14] though showing, at times, signs of the satire that would later be a defining part of Gilbert's work.''The Cambridge History of English and American Literature'', Volume XIII, Chapter VIII, Section 15 (1907–21), The full quote refers to ''Pygmalion and Galatea'' and reads: "The satire is shrewd, but not profound; the young author is apt to sneer, and he has by no means learned to make the best use of his curiously logical fancy. That he occasionally degrades high and beautiful themes is not surprising. To do so had been the regular proceeding in burlesque, and the age almost expected it; but Gilbert's is not the then usual hearty cockney vulgarity." For instance:
In Victorian theatre, "[to degrade] high and beautiful themes... had been the regular proceeding in burlesque, and the age almost expected it...." However, Gilbert's burlesques were considered unusually tasteful compared to the others on the London stage, and he would depart even further from the burlesque style from about 1869 with plays containing original plots and fewer puns.
The German Reed entertainments and other plays of the early 1870s
| CHRYSAL: This hound abused me!ZORAM: He insulted me; BOTH: Our honour must be satisfied! ''(They cross swords.)'' GÉLANOR: No, no— :Attend to me. Within these crystal walls :A strange mysterious influence prevails: :All men are bound to speak the plainest truth! :And this they do, without suspecting it. ''(To Zoram.)'' :When Chrysal spoke the words that angered you :He did not mean to speak them. He believed :That he was paying you a compliment. ''(To Chrysal.)'' :When Zoram said that he considered you :A systematic liar, mean, poor, base, :Selfish, and sordid, cruel, tyrannical, :'Twas what he thought—not what he would have said! CHRYSAL: I see—if that was only what he thought, :It makes a difference. GÉLANOR: What could he say? :He was compelled, you know, to speak the truth. CHRYSAL: Of course, I understand. Zoram, your hand! ZORAM: With pleasure. ''(Shaking hands with Chrysal.)'' |
| '- The Palace of Truth, 1870' |
Theatre, at the time Gilbert began writing, had fallen into disrepute. Badly translated and adapted French operettas and poorly written, prurient burlesques dominated the London stage. As Jessie Bond vividly described it, "stilted tragedy and vulgar farce were all the would-be playgoer had to choose from, and the theatre had become a place of evil repute to the righteous British householder."Bond, Jessie, Introduction.. Bond created the mezzo-soprano roles in most of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and is here leading in to a description of Gilbert's role reforming the Victorian theatre.
From 1869 to 1875, Gilbert joined with one of the leading figures in theatrical reform, Thomas German Reed (and his wife Priscilla), whose Gallery of Illustration sought to regain some of theatre's lost respectability by offering family entertainments in London. Three months before the opening of Gilbert's last burlesque (''The Pretty Druidess''), the first of his pieces for the Gallery of Illustration, ''No Cards'', was produced. Gilbert created six musical entertainments for the German Reeds, some with music composed by Thomas German Reed himself.List of Gilbert's Plays at the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive
The environment of the German Reeds' intimate theatre allowed Gilbert quickly to develop a personal style and freedom to control all aspects of production, including set, costumes, direction and stage management. These works were a success,[15] with Gilbert's first big hit at the Gallery of Illustration, ''Ages Ago'', opening in 1869. ''Ages Ago'' was also the beginning of a collaboration with the composer Frederic Clay that would last seven years and produce four works.Crowther, Andrew, Analysis of Ages Ago It was at a rehearsal for ''Ages Ago'' that Clay formally introduced Gilbert to his friend, Arthur Sullivan. The Bab Ballads and Gilbert's many early musical works gave him much practice as a lyricist even before his collaboration with Sullivan.
''Ages Ago'', 1870
Scene from ''The Happy Land'', from ''The Illustrated London News'' of March 22, 1873, illustrated by D. H. Friston
Though dated, these works demonstrate Gilbert's desire to give respectable and well-educated theatre audiences comedies that were more refined and tasteful than the usual farces and burlesques playing in London. On the other hand, during the same period, Gilbert pushed the boundaries of how far satire could go in the theatre. He collaborated with Gilbert Arthur à Beckett on ''The Happy Land'' (1873), a political satire (in part, a parody of his own ''The Wicked World''), which was briefly banned because of its unflattering caricatures of Gladstone and his ministers. Similarly, ''The Realm of Joy'' (1873) was set in the lobby of a theatre performing a scandalous play (implied to be the ''Happy Land''), with many jokes at the expense of the Lord Chamberlain (the "Lord High Disinfectant", as he's referred to in the play),[20] In ''Charity'' (1874), however, Gilbert uses the freedom of the stage in a different way: to provide a tightly-written critique of the contrasting ways in which Victorian society treated men and women who had sex outside of marriage, which anticipated the 'problem plays' of Shaw and Ibsen.Crowther, Andrew, Synopsis of ''Charity''
Gilbert as a director
| "It is absolutely essential to the success of this piece that it should be played with the most perfect earnestness and gravity throughout. There should be no exaggeration in costume, makeÂup or demeanour; and the characters, one and all, should appear to believe, throughout, in the perfect sincerity of their words and actions. Directly the actors show that they are conscious of the absurdity of their utterances the piece begins to drag." |
| - 'Preface to ''Engaged''' |
Gilbert was the stage director for his plays and operas and had strong opinions on how they should best be performed. Gilbert was strongly influenced by the innovations in 'stagecraft', now called stage direction, by the playwrights James Planché and especially Tom Robertson. Gilbert attended rehearsals directed by Robertson to learn this art firsthand from the older director, and he began to apply it in some of his earliest plays. He sought realism in acting, if not in content of his plays (although he did write a romantic comedy in the "naturalist" style, as a tribute to Robertson, ''Sweethearts''), shunned self-conscious interaction with the audience, and insisted on a standard of characterisation where the characters were never aware of their own absurdity, but were coherent internal wholes.[21] In Gilbert's burlesque, ''Rosencrantz and Guildenstern'' (1874), the character Hamlet, in his speech to the players, sums up Gilbert's theory of comic acting: "I hold that there is no such antick fellow as your bombastical hero who doth so earnestly spout forth his folly as to make his hearers believe that he is unconscious of all incongruity". With his work along these lines, Gilbert set the ground for later playwrights such as George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde to be able to flourish on the English stage.
Robertson "introduced Gilbert both to the revolutionary notion of disciplined rehearsals and to mise-en-scène or unity of style in the whole presentation - direction, design, music, acting."[18] Like Robertson, Gilbert insisted that his actors know their words perfectly and obey his stage directions, which was something quite new to many actors of the day.[23] "That Gilbert was a good director is not in doubt. He was able to extract from his actors natural, clear performances, which served the Gilbertian requirements of outrageousness delivered straight."[24] Even during long runs and revivals, Gilbert closely supervised the performances of his plays, making sure that the actors did not make unauthorised additions, deletions or paraphrases.[25] Gilbert was famous for demonstrating the action himself, even as he grew older.[26] Gilbert himself went on stage in a number of productions throughout his lifetime, including several performances as the Associate in ''Trial by Jury'', as substitute for an ailing actor in his play ''Broken Hearts'', and in charity matinees of his one-act plays, such as King Claudius in ''Rosencrantz and Guildenstern''.[27]
The collaboration with Sullivan
Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan
First collaborations amidst other works
In 1871, John Hollingshead commissioned Gilbert to work with Sullivan on a holiday piece for Christmas, ''Thespis, or The Gods Grown Old'', at the Gaiety Theatre. ''Thespis'' outran five of its nine competitors for the 1871 holiday season and was later revived for a benefit performance. However, nothing more came of it at that point, and Gilbert and Sullivan went their separate ways. Gilbert worked again with Clay on ''Happy Arcadia'' (1872), and with Alfred Cellier on ''Topsyturveydom'' (1874), as well as writing several farces, operetta libretti, extravaganzas, fairy comedies, adaptations from novels, translations from the French, and the dramas described above. Also in 1874, he published his last contribution for ''Fun'' magazine (''"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern"''), after a gap of three years, then resigned due to disapproval of the new owner's other publishing interests.[28]
A contemporary illustration of ''Thespis'' in The Illustrated London News of January 6, 1872.
''Engaged'', Gilbert's most successful non-musical play
Gilbert continued his quest to gain respect in and respectability for his profession. One thing that may have been holding dramatists back from respectability was that plays were not published in a form suitable for a "gentleman's library", as, at the time, they were generally cheaply and unattractively published for the use of actors rather than the home reader. To help rectify this, at least for himself, Gilbert arranged in late 1875 for publishers Chatto and Windus to print a volume of his plays in a format designed to appeal to the general reader, with an attractive binding and clear type, containing Gilbert's most respectable plays, including his most serious works, but mischievously capped off with ''Trial by Jury''.
After the success of ''Trial by Jury'', there were discussions towards reviving ''Thespis'', but Gilbert and Sullivan were not able to agree on terms with Carte and his backers. The score to ''Thespis'' was never published, and most of the music is now lost. It took some time for Carte to gather funds for another Gilbert and Sullivan opera, and in this gap Gilbert produced several works including ''Tom Cobb'' (1875), ''Eyes and No Eyes'' (1875, his last German Reed Entertainment), and ''Princess Toto'' (1876), his last and most ambitious work with Clay, a three-act comic opera with full orchestra, as opposed to the shorter works for much reduced accompaniment that came before. Gilbert also wrote two serious works during this time, ''Broken Hearts'' (1875) and ''Dan'l Druce, Blacksmith'' (1876).
Also during this period, Gilbert wrote his most successful comic play, ''Engaged'' (1877), which inspired Oscar Wilde's ''The Importance of Being Earnest''. ''Engaged'' is a parody of romantic drama written in the "topsy-turvy" satiric style of many of Gilbert's Bab Ballads and the Savoy Operas, with one character pledging his love, in the most poetic and romantic language possible, to every single woman in the play; the "innocent" Scottish rustics being revealed to be making a living through throwing trains off the lines and then charging the passengers for services, and, in general, romance being gladly thrown over in favour of monetary gain. ''Engaged'' continues to be performed today by both professional and amateur companies.[30]
The peak collaborative years
An early poster showing scenes from the first three Gilbert and Sullivan operas after ''Thespis''
Main articles: Gilbert and Sullivan
Carte finally assembled a syndicate in 1877 and formed the Comedy Opera Company to launch a series of original English comic operas, beginning with a third collaboration between Gilbert and Sullivan, ''The Sorcerer'', in November 1877. This work was a modest success, and ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' followed in May 1878. Despite a slow start, mainly due to a scorching summer, ''Pinafore'' became a red-hot favourite by autumn. After a dispute with Carte over the division of profits, the other Comedy Opera Company partners hired thugs to storm the theatre one night to steal the sets and costumes, intending to mount a rival production. The attempt was repelled by stagehands and others at the theatre loyal to Carte, and Carte continued as sole impresario of the newly renamed D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.[31] Indeed, ''Pinafore'' was so successful that over a hundred unauthorised productions sprang up in America alone. Gilbert, Sullivan and Carte tried for many years to control the American performance copyrights over their operas, without success.[32]
Lithograph from ''The Mikado''
During this time, Gilbert and Sullivan also collaborated on one other major work, the oratorio ''The Martyr of Antioch'', premiered at the Leeds music festival in October 1880. Gilbert arranged the original epic poem by Henry Hart Milman into a libretto suitable for the music, and it contains some original work. During this period, Gilbert occasionally wrote plays to be performed elsewhere – both serious dramas (for example ''The Ne'er-Do-Weel'', 1878) and humorous works (for example ''Foggerty's Fairy'', 1881). However, he no longer needed to turn out multiple plays each year, as he had done before. Indeed, during the more than nine years that separated ''The Pirates of Penzance'' and ''The Gondoliers'', he wrote just three plays outside of the partnership with Sullivan. Only one of these works, ''Comedy and Tragedy'', proved successful.[35]
In 1882, Gilbert had a telephone installed in his home and at the prompt desk at the Savoy Theatre, so that he could monitor performances and rehearsals from his home study. Gilbert had referred to the new technology in ''Pinafore'' in 1878, only two years after the device was invented and before London even had telephone service.[36]
The Carpet Quarrel and end of the collaboration
Portrait by Frank Holl (1886). It hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, London next to Millais's 1888 portrait of Sullivan.
Gilbert sometimes had a strained working relationship with Sullivan, partly caused by the fact that each man saw himself allowing his work to be subjugated to the other's, and partly caused by the opposing personalities of the two—Gilbert was often confrontational and notoriously thin-skinned (though prone to acts of extraordinary kindness), while Sullivan eschewed conflict. In addition, Gilbert imbued his libretti with "topsy-turvy" situations in which the social order was turned upside down. After a time, these subjects were often at odds with Sullivan's desire for realism and emotional content.[37] In addition, Gilbert's political satire often poked fun at those in the circles of privilege, while Sullivan was eager to socialize among the wealthy and titled people who would become his friends and patrons.[38]
Throughout their collaboration, Gilbert and Sullivan quarrelled several times over the choice of a subject. After both ''Princess Ida'' and ''Ruddigore'', which were less successful than the seven other operas from ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' through ''The Gondoliers'', Sullivan asked to leave the partnership, saying that he found Gilbert's plots repetitive and that the operas were not artistically satisfying to him. While the two artists worked out their differences, Carte kept the Savoy open with revivals of their earlier works. On each occasion, after a few months' pause, Gilbert responded with a libretto that met Sullivan's objections, and the partnership was able to continue successfully.[39]
During the run of ''The Gondoliers'', however, Gilbert challenged Carte over the expenses of the production. Carte had charged the cost of a new carpet for the Savoy Theatre lobby to the partnership. Gilbert believed that this was a maintenance expense that should be charged to Carte alone. As scholar Andrew Crowther has explained:
:After all, the carpet was only one of a number of disputed items, and the real issue lay not in the mere money value of these things, but in whether Carte could be trusted with the financial affairs of Gilbert and Sullivan. Gilbert contended that Carte had at best made a series of serious blunders in the accounts, and at worst deliberately attempted to swindle the others. It is not easy to settle the rights and wrongs of the issue at this distance, but it does seem fairly clear that there was something very wrong with the accounts at this time. Gilbert wrote to Sullivan on 28 May 1891, a year after the end of the "Quarrel", that Carte had admitted "an unintentional overcharge of nearly £1,000 in the electric lighting accounts alone."Crowther, Andrew, The Carpet Quarrel Explained
Sullivan sided with Carte, who was building a theatre in London for the production of new English grand operas, with Sullivan's ''Ivanhoe'' as the inaugural work. While the protracted quarrel worked itself out in the courts and in public, Gilbert wrote ''The Mountebanks'' with Alfred Cellier and the flop ''Haste to the Wedding'' with George Grossmith.
The Drawing Room Scene from ''Utopia, Limited''
Later years
Gilbert built the Garrick Theatre in 1889.[44] He and Lady Gilbert moved to Grim's Dyke Harrow in 1890,[45] and, in 1891, was appointed Justice of the Peace for Middlesex.[46] After casting Nancy McIntosh in ''Utopia, Limited'', he and Lady Gilbert developed an affection for her, and she eventually gained the status of an unofficially adopted daughter, moving to Grim's Dyke to live with them. She continued living there, even after Gilbert's death, until Lady Gilbert's death in 1936.[47]
Although Gilbert announced a retirement from the theatre after the poor initial run of his last work with Sullivan, ''The Grand Duke'' (1896), he produced four more plays over the last 15 years of his life, including an unsuccessful opera, ''Fallen Fairies'' (1909), with Edward German.[48] Gilbert also continued to supervise the various revivals of his works by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.[49] His last play, ''The Hooligan'', produced just four months before his death, is a study of a young condemned thug in a prison cell. The piece was so grim and powerful that, according to Mrs. Alec Tweedie, "women [in the audience] had gone out fainting". ''The Hooligan'' was one of Gilbert's most successful serious dramas, and experts conclude that, in those last months of Gilbert's life, he was developing a new style, a "mixture of irony, of social theme, and of grubby realism,"[50] to replace the old "Gilbertianism" that he had grown weary of.[51]
Gilbert was knighted on July 15 1907 in recognition of his contributions to drama.[52] Sullivan had been knighted for his contributions to music almost a quarter of a century earlier, in 1883. Gilbert was, however, the first British writer ever to receive a knighthood for his plays alone—earlier dramatist knights, such as Sir William Davenant and Sir John Vanbrugh, were knighted for political and other services.[53]
Memorial to W. S. Gilbert on Victoria Embankment, London
On 29 May 1911, Gilbert was giving swimming lessons to two young ladies in the lake of his home Grim's Dyke when one of them lost her footing and called for help. Gilbert dived in to save her, but suffered a heart attack in the middle of the lake and drowned.[54] His ashes were buried at the Church of St. John the Evangelist, Stanmore. The inscription on Gilbert's memorial on the south wall of the Thames Embankment in London reads: "His Foe was Folly, and his Weapon Wit."[18]
Personality and legacy
Jessie Bond wrote that Gilbert "was quick-tempered, often unreasonable, and he could not bear to be thwarted, but how anyone could call him unamiable I cannot understand."[56] Aside from his occasional creative disagreements with, and eventual rift from, Sullivan, Gilbert's temper led to the loss of friendships with a number of people. For instance, he quarrelled with his old associate C. H. Workman over the firing of Nancy McIntosh from the production of ''Fallen Fairies''. He also saw his friendship with theatre critic Clement Scott turn bitter. However, Gilbert could be extraordinarily kind. During Scott's final illness in 1904, for instance, Gilbert donated to a fund for him, visited nearly every day, and assisted Scott's wife,[57] despite having not been on friendly terms with him for the previous sixteen years.[58] Similarly, Gilbert had written several plays at the behest of comic actor Ned Sothern. However, Sothern died before he could perform the last of these, ''Foggerty’s Fairy''. Gilbert purchased the play back from his grateful wife.[59] As the writings about Gilbert by husband and wife Seymour Hicks and Ellaline Terriss (frequent guests at his home) vividly illustrate, Gilbert's relationships with women were generally more successful than his relationships with men.[60]
Gilbert in his library
Gilbert's legacy, aside from building the Garrick Theatre and writing the Savoy Operas and other works that are still being performed or in print over a hundred and twenty-five years after their creation, is felt perhaps most strongly today through his influence on the American and British musical theatre. The innovations in content and form of the works that he and Sullivan developed, and in Gilbert's theories of acting and stage direction, directly influenced the development of the modern musical throughout the 20th century.Downs, Peter. "Actors Cast Away Cares". ''Hartford Courant'', October 18 2006. Available for a fee at courant.com archives. [61] Gilbert's lyrics employ punning, as well as complex internal and two and three-syllable rhyme schemes, and served as a model for such 20th century Broadway lyricists as P.G. Wodehouse,[62] Cole Porter,[63] Ira Gershwin,[64] and Lorenz Hart.
Gilbert's influence on the English language has also been marked, with well-known phrases such as "A policeman's lot is not a happy one", "short, sharp shock", "What never? Well, hardly ever!", and "let the punishment fit the crime" arising from his pen. In addition, biographies continue to be written about Gilbert's life and work,[65] and his work is not only performed, but frequently parodied, pastiched, quoted and imitated in comedy routines, film, television and other popular media.[66]
See also
Caricature from ''Punch'', 1881
★ Arthur Sullivan
★ Bibliography of W.S. Gilbert
★ Cultural influence of Gilbert and Sullivan
★ Gilbert and Sullivan
★ List of W. S. Gilbert dramatic works
References
★ Gilbert and Sullivan – A Dual Biography, , Michael, Ainger, Oxford University Press, 2002,
★ The Life and Reminiscences of Jessie Bond, the Old Savoyard (as told to Ethel MacGeorge), , Jessie, Bond, John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1930,
★ Oh Joy! Oh Rapture! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan, , Ian C, Bradley, Oxford University Press, 2005,
★ W. S. Gilbert: Stage Director, , William, Cox-Ife, Dobson, 1978, ISBN 0-234-77206-9
★ Contradiction Contradicted – The Plays of W. S. Gilbert, , Andrew, Crowther, Associated University Presses, 2000, ISBN 0-8386-3839-2
★ The Bab Ballads, with which are included Songs of a Savoyard (6th edition), , W. S., Gilbert, MacMillan and Co., Limited, 1908, (A collection of material from several books published previously.)
★ Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales, , W. S., Gilbert, George Routledge and Sons, 1890,
★ The Lost Stories of W.S. Gilbert, , W. S., Gilbert, Robson Books, 1985, ISBN (US) 0-88186-735-X / (Britain) 0-86051-337-8 (Contains mostly stories from ''Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales''.)
★ Original Plays: First Series, , W. S., Gilbert, Chatto and Windus, 1875,
★ Original Plays: Second Series, , W. S., Gilbert, Chatto and Windus, 1908, This book is available online here.
★ Gilbert, W. S., ''The Realm of Joy'', ed. Terence Rees, 1969, self-published, Nightingale Square, London. ISBN 0-9500108-1-2
★ Arthur Sullivan – A Victorian Musician, , Arthur, Jacobs, Amadeus Press, 1992,
★ W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre, , Jane W., Stedman, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-816174-3
★ W. S. Gilbert's Theatrical Criticism, , Jane W., Stedman, The Society for Theatre Research, 2000, ISBN 0-85430-068-6
★ Old Days in Bohemian London, , Mrs. Clement, Scott, Frederick A. Stokes Company, c1910, p. 71–72.
★ Final Curtain: The Last Gilbert and Sullivan Operas, , John, Wolfson, Chappell & Company Ltd., c1976, ISBN 0-903443-12-0
Further reading
★ The Gilbert & Sullivan Lexicon, 3rd Revised Edition, , Harry, Benford, The Queensbury Press, 1999, ISBN 0-9667916-1-4
★ W. S. Gilbert, , Edith A., Browne, John Lane company, 1907, The book is available online here.
★ The Complete Annotated Gilbert & Sullivan, , Ian, Bradley, Oxford University Press, 1996,
★ Gilbert Before Sullivan – Six Comic Plays by W. S. Gilbert, , W. S., Gilbert, The University of Chicago Press, 1969,
★ Gilbert and Sullivan, , Charles, Hayter, Macmillan, 1987, (Macmillan Modern Dramatists series)
★ McIntosh, Nancy. "The Late Sir W.S. Gilbert's Pets" in the ''W. S. Gilbert Society Journal'', Brian Jones, ed. Vol. 2 No. 18: Winter 2005 (reprinted from ''Country Life'', 3 June 1911), pp. 548-56
★ W. S. Gilbert, , Max Keith, Sutton, Twayne, 1975,
Notes
Gilbert by the cartoonist 'Spy'.
Gilbert reworked his 1870 farce, ''The Princess'', into ''Princess Ida'' (1884).
1. Kenrick, John, ''G&S Story: Part III'', copy downloaded 13 October 2006; and Powell, Jim, ''William S. Gilbert's Wicked Wit for Liberty'' downloaded 13 October 2006.
2. Lawrence, Arthur H. "An illustrated interview with Sir Arthur Sullivan" Part 3, from ''The Strand Magazine'', Vol. xiv, No.84 (December 1897)
3. Feingold, Michael, "Engaging the Past", in ''The Village Voice'' May 4, 2004.
4. How, Harry, Interview of W. S. Gilbert
5. Noted in Morrison, Robert, ''The Controversy Surrounding Gilbert's Last Opera''
6. Stedman (1996), pp. 5–6, 140, and 157; Ainger, Michael (2002). ''Gilbert and Sullivan – A Dual Biography'', pp. 44, 49; and How, Harry, Interview of Gilbert Upon leaving the Volunteers, Gilbert was given an honorary promotion to major, but the highest rank served was Captain. (Stedman (1996) p. 157.)
7. Gilbert, W.S. ed. Peter Haining - Introduction
8. Stedman, Jane W. ''W. S. Gilbert's Theatrical Criticism''. London: The Society for Theatre Research, 2000. ISBN 0-85430-068-6
9. Stedman (1996), pp. 26–29. See also the introduction to Gilbert, W.S. (1908), ''The Bab Ballads,'' etc, which details the history of the collections it was drawn from.
10. Stedman, 1996, pp. 16–18. See also Tom Robertson's play ''Society'', which fictionalised the evenings in Evans's café in one scene.
11. Ainger, p. 148 and Stedman (1996), pp. 318-20. See also Bond, Jessie,Chapter 16 and McIntosh.
12. David Eden (in ''Gilbert and Sullivan: The Creative Conflict'' 1986) suggests that this play was by, or in collaboration with, Gilbert's father, although Crowther says that Eden gives no foundation for this suggestion. See Crowther, Andrew, ''The Life of W. S. Gilbert''.
13. Stedman, pp. 34–35.
14. Gilbert, W. S. ''La Viviandre, or, True to the Corps!'' (a burlesque of Donizetti's ''The Daughter of the Regiment'')
15. Steadman (1996), pp. 69–80.
16. Smith, J. Donald, ''W. S. Gilbert's Operas for the German Reeds''
17. Andrew Crowther's description of Gilbert's style of humour. See also Gilbert's play, ''Topsyturveydom''.
18. Mike Leigh 2006 interview in ''The Guardian''
19. "Miss Anderson as Galatea", ''The New-York Times'', 1883 January 23 32(9791): 5, col. 3 Amusements Downloaded 15 October, 2006.
20. Crowther, Andrew, Synopsis of ''The Realm of Joy'' and Terence Rees' introduction to Gilbert, W. S., ''The Realm of Joy''
21. Cox-Ife, William. ''W. S. Gilbert: Stage Director''. Dobson, 1978 ISBN 0-234-77206-9. See also Gilbert, W. S., A Stage Play, Bond, Jessie, Introduction, etc.
22. Mike Leigh 2006 interview in ''The Guardian''
23. Cox-Ife, William. ''W. S. Gilbert: Stage Director''. Dobson, 1978 ISBN 0-234-77206-9.
24. Mike Leigh interview
25. See, e.g. Steadman (1996), p. 269 (quoting a 30 April 1890 letter from Gilbert to D'Oyly Carte); Gilbert, W.S., A Stage Play; Bond, Jessie,Chapter 4; PeoplePlay UK, ''D'Oyly Carte'', etc.
26. In Gilbert, W. S., A Stage Play, Gilbert describes the effect of these demonstrations: "...when he endeavours to show what he wants his actors to do, he makes himself rather ridiculous, and there is a good deal of tittering at the wings; but he contrives, nevertheless, to make himself understood...." See also Stedman (1996), p. 325; and Hicks, Seymour and Terriss, Ellaline ''Views of W.S. Gilbert''
27. Robert Morrison, in editorial notes to Henry Lytton's book, ''The Secrets of a Savoyard''.
28. Jones, John Bush, "W.S. Gilbert's Contributions to Fun, 1865–1874", published in the ''Bulletin of the New York Public Library'', vol 73 (April 1969), pp. 253–66
29. Walbrook, H. M. (1922), ''Gilbert and Sullivan Opera, a History and Comment''(Chapter 3). See also Barker, John W. "Gilbert and Sullivan", which quotes Sullivan's recollection of Gilbert reading the libretto of ''Trial by Jury'' to him: "As soon as he had come to the last word he closed up the manuscript violently, apparently unconscious of the fact that he had achieved his purpose so far as I was concerned, in as much as I was screaming with laughter the whole time."
30. Gilbert, W. S., ''Engaged'', see also Feingold, Michael, "Engaging the Past" (Note the last paragraph, where Feingold writes, "Wilde pillaged this piece for ideas."); Gardner, Lyn, Review of Engaged in ''The Guardian'', etc.
31. Bond, Jessie, Chapter 4.
32. Article on the pirating of G&S operas (and other works) and the development of performance copyrights
33. List of longest running London shows through 1920. This list shows that ''Pinafore'', ''Patience'' and ''The Mikado'' each held the position of second longest-running musical theatre production in history for a time (after adjusting Pinafore's initial run down to 571 performances), and ''The Gondoliers'' was not far behind.
34. Profile of W. S. Gilbert
35. ''Foggerty's Fairy'': Crowther, Andrew, "Foggerty's Failure," ''Comedy and Tragedy'': Stedman, 1996, pp. 204–05. Although ''Comedy and Tragedy'' had a short run due to the lead actress refusing to act during Holy Week, the play was revived regularly. With respect to ''Brantinghame Hall'', however, Stedman (1996), p. 254, says, "It was a failure, the worst failure of Gilbert's career."
36. Bradley, p. 176.
37. See, e.g. Ainger, p. 288, or Wolfson, p. 3
38. See, e.g. Jacobs, Arthur (1992); Crowther, Andrew, The Life of W.S. Gilbert; and Bond, Jessie, Chapter 16 Stedman (1996), pp. 264–65, notes some of Sullivan's cuts to Gondoliers to remove anti-monarchist sentiments.
39. Crowther, Andrew, The Carpet Quarrel Explained.
40. Wolfson, p. 7.
41. Wolfson, pp. 61–65.
42. Wolfson, passim
43. Letter to the Editor, ''The Times'', Saturday, Mar 12, 1904; pg. 9; Issue 37340; col C
44. Garrick Theatre history site.
45. Stedman (1996), p. 278.
46. Steadman (1996) p. 281.
47. Who Was Who in The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company: Nancy McIntosh at the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive.
48. Wolfson, pp. 102–03.
49. Wolfson, p. 102.
50. Stedman (1996), p 343.
51. Crowther, Andrew, Notes on the Hooligan
52. Ainger, pp. 417–18
53. Stedman (1996), p. 328.
54. Crowther, Andrew, ''The Life of W. S. Gilbert''
55. Mike Leigh 2006 interview in ''The Guardian''
56. Bond, Jessie, Chapter 16
57. Scott, Mrs. Clement, ''Old Days in Bohemian London'' (c.1910). New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. pp. 71–72
58. See Stedman (1996), pp. 254-56 and 323-24
59. See, e.g., Ainger, pp. 193–94.
60. Hicks, Seymour and Terriss, Ellaline ''Views of W.S. Gilbert''
61. Cox-Ife, William. ''W. S. Gilbert: Stage Director''. Dobson, 1978 ISBN 0-234-77206-9
62. ''PG Wodehouse (1881–1975)'' guardian.co.uk, Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
63. ''Lesson 35 — Cole Porter: You're the Top'' PBS.org, American Masters for Teachers, Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
64. Furia, Phillip.''Ira Gershwin: The Art of a Lyricist'' Oxford University Press, Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
65. e.g., Stedman (1996), Crowther (2000)
66. Bradley (2005), Chapter 1
External links
★ The Life of W. S. Gilbert, by Andrew Crowther
★ Grey, Rowland, "Sir W. S. Gilbert as I Knew Him," pp. 843–52 in ''The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine'', Vol. LXXXIV, May to October 1912
★ Mike Leigh November 4 2006 interview in ''The Guardian''
★ Interview of Gilbert by Harry How
★ The W. S. Gilbert Society website
★ Views on Gilbert by Seymour Hicks and Ellaline Terriss
★ An analysis of Gilbert's work, by Andrew Hungerford
★ "The Controversy Surrounding Gilbert's Last Opera" by Robert Morrison
★ List of Gilbert's works, with links to most of them at The Gilbert & Sullivan Archive
★ Some of Gilbert's short stories
★
★ ''A Stage Play'', by W.S.Gilbert
★ The Babliophile, An Internet Magazine for the Seriously Deranged W.S. Gilbert Enthusiast
★ Grim's Dyke Hotel, the Gilberts' former residence.
★
★ W. S. Gilbert Society Journal article about the discovery of a sketchbook claimed by the owner to be by Gilbert. The next issue published letters criticising the attribution.
★ Chronology of Gilbert and Sullivan
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