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In the Middle Ages, the 'Volga trade route' connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea. The Rus used this route to trade with Muslim countries on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, sometimes penetrating as far as Baghdad. The route functioned concurrently with the Dnieper trade route, better known as the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, and lost its importance in the 11th century.

Contents

Establishment

Functioning

Decline

Notes

References

Establishment

The Volga trade route was established by the Norsemen who settled in Northwestern Russia in the early 9th century. About six miles south of the Volkhov River entry into Lake Ladoga, they established a settlement called Aldeigjuborg (Slavic: ''Staraya Ladoga'').^[1] Archaeological evidence suggests Rus trading activities along the Volga trade route as early as the end of the 8th century. The earliest and the richest finds of Arabic coins in Europe were discovered on the territory of present-day Russia, particularly along the Volga, in the district of Yaroslavl. A hoard of coins found at Peterhof, near Saint Petersburg, contains twenty coins with graffiti in Arabic, Turkic (probably Khazar) runic, Greek, and Old Norse runic, the latter accounting for more than half of the total. These coins include Sassanid, Arab, and Arabo-Sassanid dirhams, the latest of them dated to 804-805.^[2] Having examined major finds of Arabic coins in Eastern Europe, Valentin Yanin conclusively demonstrated that the earliest monetary system of Kievan Rus was based on the early type of dirham minted in Africa.^[3]

Functioning

From Aldeigjuborg, the Varangians could travel up the Volkhov River to Novgorod, then to Lake Ilmen and further along the River Lovat. Taking their boats through a portage, they reached the sources of Volga. The traders brought furs, honey, and slaves through territory held by Finnish and Permian tribes down to the land of the Volga Bulgars. From there, they continued by way of the Volga, to the Khazar Khaganate, whose capital Atil was a busy entrepot on the shore of the Caspian Sea. From Atil, the Rus merchants travelled across the sea to join the caravan routes leading to Baghdad.
Around 885-886, ibn Khordadbeh wrote about the Rus merchants who brought goods from Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia to Baghdad:
In ibn Khordadbeh's account, the Rus are described as "a kind of the ''Saqaliba''", a term usually used to refer to Slavs, and anti-Normanist scholars have interpreted this passage as indicative of the Rus being Slavs rather than Scandinavians. In the interpretation of the Normanist scholars, the word ''Saqaliba'' was also frequently applied to all fair-haired, ruddy-complexioned population of Central, Eastern, and Northeastern Europe, so ibn Khordadbeh's language is ambiguous here (see Rus' (people) for details of the dispute between Normanists and Antinormanists).

Map showing the major Varangian trade routes: the Volga trade route (in red) and the Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the 8th-11th centuries shown in orange.

Modern scholars have also clashed over the interpretation of ibn Khordadbeh's report that the Rus used ''Saqlab'' interpreters. Anti-Normanists construed this passage as evidence that the Rus and their interpreters shared a common Slavic mother tongue. Slavic, however, was a lingua franca in the Eastern Europe at that time, so it is likely that presumed Scandinavian "masters" communicated with their purported Slavic "slaves" in the native language of the latter.
The Persian geographer ibn Rustah described the Rus communities living along Volga:
In 921-922, ibn Fadlan was a member of a diplomatic delegation sent from Baghdad to Volga Bulgars, and he left an account of his personal observations about the Rus of the Volga region, who dealt in furs and slaves. Johannes Brøndsted interpreted ibn Fadlan's commentary as indicating that these Rus retained their Scandinavian customs regarding weapons, punishments, ship-burials, and religious sacrifices.^[4] Ibn Fadlan's account includes a detailed description of the Rus praying and making sacrifices for success in trade:
On the other hand, the Rus came under foreign influence in such matters as dead chief's costume and in the habit of overloading of their women with jewellery:

Decline

The Volga trade route lost its importance by the 11th century due to the decline of silver output in the Abbasid caliphate, and thus, the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, which ran down the Dnieper to the Black Sea and the Byzantine Empire, gained more weight.^[5] The Icelandic saga ''Yngvars saga víðförla'' describes an expedition of the Rus into the Caspian launched around 1041 from Sweden by Ingvar the Far-Travelled (''Ingvar Vittfarne'' in Norse), who went down the Volga into the land of the Saracens (''Serkland''). The expedition was unsuccessful, and afterwards, no attempts were made to reopen the route between the Baltic and Caspian seas by the Norsemen.^[6]
Volga route played a major role in the inner trade of the Golden Horde and later between Moscovy and the Tatar khanates. An international trade finally declined at the Volga only after the fall of the Khanates of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan in (1556), when the entire length of the Volga came under the control of Muscovy. But the river kept its importance for long-distance trade -- this time, trade within Russia as well as between Russia and Persia.

Notes

1. Brøndsted (1965), pp. 64–65
2. Noonan (1987-1991), pp. 213–219.
3. ''Денежно-весовые системы русского средневековья: домонгольский период'', 1956
4. Brøndsted (1965), p. 267
5. Brøndsted (1965), p. 117
6. Logan (1992), p. 202; Brøndsted (1965), p. 117

References

★ Brøndsted, Johannes (1965). ''The Vikings''. (transl. by Kalle Skov). Penguin Books.

★ Golden, P.B. (2006) "Rus." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' (Brill Online). Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill.

★ Logan, Donald F. (1992). ''The Vikings in History'' 2nd ed. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08396-6

★ Noonan, Thomas Schaub (1987-1991). "When Did Rus/Rus' Merchants First Visit Khazaria and Baghdad?" ''Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi'' 7, pp. 213–219.