VOICED ALVEOLAR PLOSIVE

The 'voiced alveolar plosive' is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is (although the symbol can be used to distinguish the dental version, see voiceless dental plosive), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Contents

Features

Varieties of [d]

Occurrence

In English

In other languages

See also

References

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar plosive:

★ Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.

★ Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively ''apical'' and ''laminal''.

★ Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.

★ It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.

★ It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.

★ The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

Varieties of [d]

IPA	Description
	modal d
or	breathy voice or murmured d
	palatalized d
	labialized d
	pharyngialized d
	unreleased d
	voiceless or slack voice d
	stiff voice d
	apical d
	laminal d
	dental or denti-alveolar d
or	interdental d
	postalveolar d

Occurrence

In English

In English, the voiced alveolar plosive is represented by the letter 'd' in ''dog'' and ''bombed''. However, in modern English, the letter 'd' does not always denote : in the past participle of verbs ending in a voiceless consonant (e.g., ''washed''), "d" denotes an unvoiced . Also, in some dialects the sequence , such as in the word ''drop'', is realized as something close to an affricate, that sounds quite similar to . Indeed, some linguists transcribe it as , , or ^[1]. Phonetically, English is somewhat (although not completely) devoiced and may be represented with a diacritic: .

In other languages

★ Czech: '''d'o'' , "into"

★ Finnish: ''ka'd'un'' , "of street" or "I repent"

★ French: '''d'e'' , "of"

★ Georgian: ''კუ'დ'ი'' , "tail"

★ German: '''D'ach'' , "roof"

★ Greek: '''δ'ροπή'' , "shame"

★ Hungarian: ''a'd'ó'' , "tax, transmitter"

★ Italian: '''d'ove'' , "where"

★ Japanese: ''男性的'' ('''d'anseiteki'') , "masculine"

★ Norwegian: '''d'ans'' , "dance"

★ Spanish: ''In'd'ia'' , "India"

★ Swedish: '''d'ag'' , "day"

See also

★ List of phonetics topics

References

1. Canepari, Luciano, 2005. "English." ''A Handbook of Pronunciation''. Page 61.

#I. Maddieson, 1984. "Patterns of sound". ''Camebridge University Press''