VESPERS

'Vespers' is the evening prayer service in the Roman Catholic, Eastern (Byzantine) Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Lutheran liturgies of the canonical hours. The word comes from Latin ''vesper'', meaning "evening." The term is also used in some Protestant (especially Lutheran and Seventh-day Adventist) denominations to describe evening services, and in some Anglican circles is used unofficially to refer to Evening Prayer. [1] [2].

Contents

Current use

Roman Catholic

Eastern/Oriental Catholic & Orthodox

Vespers in other Christian denominations and religious vespers

Office of Vespers in the Middle Ages: Variations

Changes as of 1917

Symbolism: the Hymns

Importance

Musical settings of Vespers

See also

External links

Current use

Roman Catholic

The general structure of the Latin Rite Catholic service of vespers is as follows:

★ Vespers opens with the singing or chanting of the words ''Deus, in adiutorium meum intende. Domine, ad adiuvandum me festina. Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto. Sicut erat in principio, et nunc et semper, et in saecula saeculorum. Amen. Alleluia.'' (O God, come to my assistance. O Lord, make haste to help me. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit. As it was in the beginning is now and ever shall be world without end. Amen. Alleluia.) ("Alleluia" is omitted during Lent.)

★ A hymn is then sung;

★ Two psalms and a New Testament canticle (in the liturgy in general use since 1970) or five psalms (in the liturgy in general use before 1970) are then sung, with the psalms (and canticles) concluding in a doxology (Gloria Patri). The psalms are preceded and followed with an antiphon.

★ After the psalms, there is a reading from the Bible.

★ Following the reading, the participants sing the ''Magnificat'', the canticle of the Blessed Virgin Mary from the Gospel of Luke I:46-55. The Magnificat is always preceded and followed with an antiphon.

★ The preces (prayers) are then said, followed by the Our Father, and then the closing prayer (oratio).

★ The office is frequently followed by Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament.

Eastern/Oriental Catholic & Orthodox

The general structure of the Eastern/Oriental Catholic & Orthodox service of vespers is as follows (psalm numbers are according to Septuagint):

★ Vespers opens with the Trisagion and then the Proemial Psalm 103 (Bless the Lord, O my soul; O Lord my God, Thou hast been magnified exceedingly).

★ Litany

★ A selection of psalms, called a kathisma is read. On Saturday evening, the first kathisma is read (Psalms 1-8).

★ Psalm 140 (Lord I have cried unto Thee), 141, 129, and 116 are chanted in the tone of the week. Starting with the last two verses of Psalm 141, verses about the feast day (or Christ's resurrection on a Saturday evening) are chanted alternately with the verses.

★ The hymn Phos Hilaron ("O Joyous Light") is sung.

★ The Prokeimena are chanted.

★ On occasional feast days, there are one or more readings from the Old Testament.

★ The prayer "Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us this evening without sin" is read.

★ Litany of Fervent Supplication

★ On major feast days, a Liti will be served at this point. The clergy and the cantors will process to the back of the church in front of an icon of the feast or saint being commemorated. After the cantors chant hymns pertaining to the feast, the deacon or priest will read a long litany while the cantors chant "Lord, Have Mercy." The priest ends with a long prayer invoking the intersessions of the saints and the Theotokos. After the petitions, the priest will bless five loaves of bread in the center of the church, which are distributed to the faithful after the service. Liti ends after the hymn "O Theotokos and Virgin" is chanted. Then the service continues as normal.

★ The Aposticha are chanted. These are verses that teach about the feast day (or on a Saturday evening, Christ's resurrection).

★ The ''Nunc dimittis'', the Canticle of St. Simeon ("Lord, now you let your servant go in peace") (Luke 2:29-32), is read.

★ The Apolytikia (Troparia) are chanted, which commemorate the feast of the following day.

★ The closing prayers are read.

Vespers in other Christian denominations and religious vespers

Since its inception, the Anglican Communion has adhered to an evening office, which is called Evening Prayer (or ''Evensong''). There are prescribed forms of the service in Anglican prayer books.
From its traditional usage, the term 'Vespers' has come to be used more broadly for various evening services of other denominations, some of which model their evening services on the traditional Catholic form. Protestant denominations such as Lutheranism, Presbyterianism, Methodism, as well as non-Christian religious bodies such as Unitarian Universalism, often include congregational singing, readings, and a period of silent meditation, contemplation, or prayer.
Some regular community vespers services are completely areligious (or at least are not sponsored by any church) and serve simply as a time for quiet contemplation in the evening hours.
== Historical development of Vespers before the Second Vatican Council ==
''This section incorporates information from the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1917. References to psalms follow the numbering system of the Septuagint, and said in the Latin of the Vulgate.''
=== Vespers in the 6th century ===
In the sixth century the Office of Vespers in the Latin Church was almost the same as it has been throughout the Middle Ages and up to the present day. In a document of unquestionable authority of that period the Office is described as follows: The evening hour, or ''vespertina synaxis'', is composed of four psalms, a ''capitulum'', a response, a hymn, a versicle, a canticle from the Gospel, litany (''Kyrie eleison, Christe eleison''), ''Pater'' with the ordinary finale, ''oratio'', or prayer, and dismissal (''Regula Sancti Benedicti'', xvii). The psalms recited are taken from the series of psalms from Pss. 109 to 147 (with the exception of the groups 117 to 127 and 133 to 142); Pss. 138, 143, 144 are each divided into two portions, whilst the Pss. 115 and 116 are united to form one. This disposition is almost the same as that of the "''Ordo Romanus''", except that the number of psalms recited is five instead of four. They are taken, however, from the series 109 to 147. Here, too, we find the ''capitulum'', versicle, and canticle of the "''Magnificat''". The hymn is a more recent introduction in the Roman Vespers; the finale (litanies, ''Pater'', versicles, prayers) seems all to have existed from this epoch as in the Benedictine ''cursus''. Like the other hours, therefore, Vespers is divided into two parts; the psalmody, or singing of the psalms, forming the first part, and the ''capitulum'' and ''formulæ'' the second. Vesper time varied according to the season between the tenth hour (4 p. m.) and the twelfth (6 p. m.). As a matter of fact it was no longer the evening hour, but the sunset hour, so that it was celebrated before the day had departed and consequently before there was any necessity for artificial light (''Regula S. Benedicti'', xli). This is a point to be noted, as it was an innovation. Before this epoch this evening ''synaxis'' was celebrated with all the torches alight. The reason of this is that St. Benedict introduced in the cursus, another hour--that of Compline--which was prescribed to be celebrated in the evening, and which might be considered as a kind of doubling of the Office of Lucernarium.
=== Origin of Vespers: Period anterior to the 6th century ===
The Rule of St. Benedict was written about 530-43 and represents the Office of Vespers drawn up in the manner shown above. Much earlier than this we find an evening Office corresponding to both that of Vespers and that of Compline. Its name varies. In St. Benedict we find the name ''vespera'' which has prevailed, whence the French word ''vêpres'' and the English vespers. John Cassian calls it ''Vespertina synaxis'', or ''Vespertina solemnitas'' (P. L., XLIX, 88-9). The name, however, by which it was most widely known during that period was ''Lucernalis'' or ''Lucernaria hora'' (l. c., 126). This name is characteristic. It was so called because at this hour a number of candles were lighted, not only to give light, but also for symbolical purposes. The "''Peregrinatio''", which gives the liturgical order as practised at Jerusalem and the date of which is probably the 4th century, calls it ''Lichnicon''. This is the Latin transcription of the Greek word ''lychnikon'', which corresponds to the word ''Lucernarium'' (''cf.'' AMBROSIAN LITURGY AND RITE). The author tells us that this Office took place at the tenth hour (four o'clock in the evening); it is really the ''Office des lumières'', i.e. of the lights; it was celebrated in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre; all the lamps and torches of the church were lighted, making, as the author says, "an infinite light". The Lucernal psalms were sung, after which followed the recitation of the supplication and commemorations or litanies, then the prayers, and finally the blessing and dismissal. In the "Antiphonary of Bangor", an Irish document of the 6th century, Vespers are called ''hora duodecima'', which corresponds to six o'clock in the evening, or ''hora incensi'', or again ''ad cereum benedicendum''. All these names are interesting to note. The ''hora incensi'' recalls the custom of burning incense at this hour, while at the same time the candles were lighted. The term ''ad cereum benedicendum'' presents a still greater interest because it reminds us that the ceremony of the lights at Vespers was symbolic and very solemn. In Prudentius (4th century) we find a hymn entitled "''Ad incensum lucernæ''" which, according to some critics, would appear to have been composed for the hour of the ''Lucernarium'' (Arevalo, "''Prudenti carmina''", I, 124, ed. 1788; ''cf.'' also Cabrol, "''Les églises de Jérusalem, la discipline et la liturgie au IVe siècle''", 47). Others see in this an allusion to the ceremony of the paschal candle. However, the ''Lucernarium'' may have had, at that time, some analogy with the ceremony of Holy Saturday, and the hymn could thus be adapted to one or the other. In the "Old Gallican Sacramentary" (Thomasi, "''Opera''", VI, 395) we find for Holy Saturday an ''oratio ad duodecima'', designed to celebrate the light as well as the Resurrection, which would seem thus to favour our hypothesis. St. Basil also speaks of a hymn being sung at the moment when the torches were lighted, doubtless the famous hymn--"''Lumen hilare''" (''cf.'' Cabrol, l. c., 47-8).
Vespers, then, was the most solemn Office of the day and was composed of the psalms called ''Lucernales'' (Psalm 140 is called ''psalmus lucernalis'' by the Apostolic Constitutions, VIII, xxxv; ''cf.'' II, lix; also Cabrol, l. c.). The "''Peregrinatio''" does not mention the number of psalms sung at this hour, but Cassian, who, a short time after the "''Peregrinatio''", describes this Office as it was celebrated by the monks of Egypt, says they recited twelve psalms as at Vigils (Matins). Then two lessons were read as at Vigils, one from the Old, and the other from the New Testament. Each psalm was followed by a short prayer (P. L., XLIX, 83-4, 88-9). For the rest Cassian agrees with the "''Peregrinatio''". He says the Office was recited towards five or six o'clock and that all the lights were lighted. This evening ''synaxis'' is looked upon as a souvenir of the evening sacrifice of the Old Law. The use of incense, candles, and other lights would seem to suggest the Jewish rites which accompanied the evening sacrifice (Exodus 29:39; Numbers 28:4; Psalm 140:2; Daniel 9:21; 1 Chronicles 23:30; ''cf.'' Haneberg, "''Die relig. Alterth. der Bibel''", Munich, 1869, p. 362). It may thus be seen that the ''Lucernarium'' was, together with Vigils, the most important part of the Offices of the day, being composed of almost the same elements as the latter, at least in certain regions. Its existence in the fourth century is also confirmed by St. Augustine, St. Ambrose, St. Basil, St. Ephraem, and, a little later, by several councils in Gaul and Spain, and by the various monastic rules (see texts in Bäumer-Biron, l. c., 78, 80, 118-27, 188-98, 208, ''etc.''). The "Apostolic Constitutions" (VIII, xxi, 34, 35) describe it in almost the same terms as the "''Peregrinatio''". Before the fourth century we find allusions to the evening prayer in the earlier Fathers, Clement I of Rome (''Clemens Romanus''), St. Ignatius, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen, the Canons of St. Hippolytus, St. Cyprian (for texts see Bäumer-Biron, l. c., I, 20 sqq., 73-4, 76, 78). Pliny the Younger, in his famous letter at the beginning of the 2nd century, speaks of liturgical reunions of the Christians in the morning and in the evening: "''coetus antelucani et vespertini''" (Ep., x, 97). Vespers is, therefore, together with Vigils, the most ancient Office known in the Church.

Office of Vespers in the Middle Ages: Variations

We have already remarked that the institution of the Office of Compline transformed the ''Lucernarium'' by taking from it something of its importance and symbolism, the latter at the same time losing its original sense. We have seen that St. Benedict calls it only ''Vespera'', the name which has prevailed over that of ''Lucernarium'' (''cf.'' Ducange, "''Glossarium med. et inf. lat.''", ''s.v. Vesperae''). The Gallican Liturgy, the Mozarabic Liturgy, and, to a certain extent, the Milanese, have preserved the ''Lucernarium'' (''cf.'' Bäumer-Biron, l. c., 358). The Eastern Orthodox Church retains the "''Lumen hilare''" and some other traces of the ancient ''Lucernarium'' in the Offices of Vespers and Compline (''cf.'' Smith, "Dict. Christ. Antiq.", ''s.v.'' Office, Divine). In the Rule of St. Columbanus, dated about 590, Vespers still has twelve psalms, amongst which are Pss. cxii and cxiii, the Gradual psalms, Pss. cxix ''sqq.'' (''cf.'' Gougaud, "''Les chrétientés celtiques''", 309; "''Dict. d'arch. chrét. et de liturgie''", ''s.v. Celtique'', 3015). The "Antiphonary of Bangor", a document of Irish origin, gives for Vespers Ps. cxii and also the "''Gloria in Excelsis''". For modifications since the 12th century, ''cf.'' Bäumer-Biron, l. c., II, 54 ''sqq.''

Changes as of 1917

The Decree "''Divino afflatu''" (November 1, 1911) involves some important changes in the old Roman Office. New psalms are appointed for each day of the week. These psalms are to be recited with their antiphons, not only at the ''Office de tempore'' (Sundays and ''feriæ'') but also on feasts of a lesser rite than doubles of the second class, that is to say, on simples, semidoubles (double minors), and double majors. On feasts which are doubles of the second class and a fortiori of the first class, as well as on feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Holy Angels, and Apostles, the psalms are proper to the feast as heretofore. On all feasts, of whatever rite, the second part of Vespers, that is, the ''capitulum'', hymn, antiphon of the "''Magnificat''", is taken from the Sanctorale. On semi-doubles and those of a lesser rite the suffrages are now reduced to a single antiphon and orison which is common to all the saints heretofore commemorated, whilst the preces ("''Miserere''" and versicles) formerly imposed on the greater feriæ are now suppressed.

Symbolism: the Hymns

Notwithstanding the changes brought about in the course of time, Vespers still remains the great and important Office of the evening. As already pointed out, it recalls the ''sacrificium vespertinum'' of the Old Law. In the same manner as the night is consecrated to God by the Office of the Vigil, so also is the end of the day by Vespers. It terminates, as Matins formerly terminated, and Lauds at present terminates, by a lection, or reading, from the Gospel, or ''canticum evangelii'', which, for Vespers, is always the "''Magnificat''". This is one of the characteristic traits of Vespers, one of the liturgical elements which this particular Office has retained in almost all regions and at all times. There are, however, a few exceptions, as in some liturgies the "''Magnificat''" is sung at Lauds (''cf.'' Cabrol in "''Dict. d'arch. et de liturgie''", ''s.v. Cantiques évangéliques''). This place of honour accorded so persistently to the canticle of Mary from such remote antiquity is but one of the many, and of the least striking, proofs of the devotion which has always been paid to the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Church. The psalms used at Vespers have been selected, from time immemorial, from Pss. cix to cxlvii, with the exception of Ps. cxviii, which on account of its unusual length does not square with the others, and is consequently ordinarily divided up into parts and recited at the little hours. Pss. i to cviii are consecrated to Matins and Lauds, whilst the three last psalms, cxlviii to cl, belong invariably to Lauds. The series of hymns consecrated to Vespers in the Roman Breviary also form a class apart and help to give us some hints as to the symbolism of this hour. The hymns are very ancient, dating probably, for the most part, from the 6th century. They have this particular characteristic--they are all devoted to the praise of one of the days of the Creation, according to the day of the week, thus: the first, "''Lucis Creator optime''", on Sunday, to the creation of light; the second, on Monday, to the separation of the earth and the waters; the third, on Tuesday, to the creation of the plants; the fourth, on Wednesday, to the creation of the sun and moon; the fifth, on Thursday, to the creation of the fish; the sixth, on Friday, to the creation of the beasts of the earth; Saturday is an exception, the hymn on that day being in honour of the Blessed Trinity, because of the Office of Sunday then commencing.

Importance

We can now see the great importance which the Church appears to have attached always to the Office of Vespers. It is the only one which has remained popular (excepting, of course, the Holy Sacrifice which we do not consider here as an Office) among Roman Catholics up to the present day. Matins and Lauds, on account of the hour at which they are celebrated, have always been more or less inaccessible to the faithful; likewise the little hours, except, perhaps, Terce, which serves as an introduction to the Mass. Vespers, on the contrary, occupies a privileged place towards the end of the day. On Sundays it is the Office most likely to bring the faithful together in church for the second time and thus becomingly completes the Divine Service for that day. This is why, in the majority of Catholic countries, the custom of Sunday Vespers has been for so long a time, and is still, maintained. It is quite conformable to tradition, moreover, to invest this Office with a particular solemnity. The Vesper psalms, as well as the hymns and antiphons, are well calculated to edify the faithful. Lastly, the ancient custom of having a lection or reading from the Old, or from the New, Testament, or from the homilies of the Fathers, might well in certain cases and to a certain extent be re-adopted, or serve as the subject-matter for the sermon which is sometimes delivered at this service.

Musical settings of Vespers

The psalms and hymns of the Vespers service have attracted the interest of many composers, including Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Anton Bruckner, and Sergei Rachmaninoff (whose setting is more properly known as the ''All-Night Vigil''). In addition, Rev. John Garcia Gensel in New York City in 1961 pioneered the now popular adaptation of Jazz Vespers.

See also

★ Canonical Hours

★ Evening Prayer

★ Book of Hours

★ requiem

★ sacred music

★ Night Hours

★ Matins

★ Blazhen Muzh

★ Phos Hilaron

★ Agni Parthene

External links

★ The text of Vespers for today's date (Roman Catholic)

★ The Roman Catholic Liturgy of the Hours

★ Vespers in the Orthodox Church

★ An Order for Vespers (United Methodist) (PDF)

★ A typical Vespers service from the Richmond Unitarian Church

★ Catholic Encyclopedia entry