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'Vertebrates' are members of the subphylum Vertebrata (within the phylum Chordata), specifically, those chordates with backbones or spinal columns. About 57,739 species of vertebrates have been described. Vertebrata is the largest subphylum of chordates, and contains many familiar groups of large land animals. Fish (including lampreys, but traditionally not hagfish, though this is now disputed), amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (including humans) are vertebrates.

Contents

Anatomy and morphology

Physiology

Ecology and life history

Evolutionary history

Taxonomy and classification

Etymology

References

Bibliography

See also

External links

Anatomy and morphology

Characteristics of the subphylum are a muscular system that mostly consists of paired masses, as well as a central nervous system which is partly located inside the backbone (if one is present). The defining characteristic of a vertebrate is considered the backbone or spinal cord, a brain case, and an internal skeleton, but the latter do not hold true for lampreys, and the former is arguably present in some other chordates. Rather, ''all'' vertebrates are most easily distinguished from ''all'' other chordates by having an unequivocal head, that is, sensory organs - especially eyes are concentrated at the fore end of the body and there is pronounced cephalization. Compare the lancelets which have a mouth but no true head, and "see" with their entire back.

Physiology

Ecology and life history

Evolutionary history

Vertebrates started to evolve about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion, which is part of the Cambrian period (first known vertebrate is Myllokunmingia). According to recent molecular analysis Myxini (hagfish) also belong to Vertebrates. Others consider them a sister group of Vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata.

Taxonomy and classification

Classification after Janvier (1981, 1997), Shu ''et al''. (2003), and Benton (2004).^[1]

★ 'Subphylum Vertebrata'

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★ (Unranked group) Hyperoartia (lampreys)

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★ Class †Conodonta

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★ Class †Pteraspidomorphi

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★ Order †Thelodonti

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★ Order †Anaspida

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★ Order †Galeaspida

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★ Order †Pituriaspida

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★ Order †Osteostraci

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★ 'Infraphylum Gnathostomata' (jawed vertebrates)
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★ Class †Placodermi (Paleozoic armoured forms)
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★ Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
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★ Class †Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")
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★ Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish)
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★ Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
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★ Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
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★ Subclass Coelacanthimorpha (coelacanths)
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★ Subclass Dipnoi (lungfish)
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★ Subclass Tetrapodomorpha (ancestral to tetrapods)
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★ Superclass Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates)
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★ Class Amphibia (amphibians)
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★ Series Amniota (amniotic embryo)
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★ Class Sauropsida (reptiles and birds)
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★ Class Aves (birds)
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★ Class Synapsida (mammal-like reptiles)
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★ Class Mammalia (mammals)

Etymology

Their name derives from the bones of the spinal column (or 'vertebral column'), the vertebrae.

References

1. Vertebrate Palaeontology, , Michael J., Benton, Blackwell Publishing, ,

Bibliography

★ Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, , Kenneth V., Kardong, McGraw-Hill, ,

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See also

★ Invertebrate

External links

★ Tree of Life

★ Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates