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'Uruguay', officially created by the 'Oriental Republic of Uruguay' or the 'Republic East of the Uruguay River' (; pron. ), is a nation located in the southeastern part of South America. Home to 3.3 million people, 1.7 million of whom live in Montevideo and its metropolitan area. It is bordered by Brazil to the northeast, the Uruguay River to the west, the estuary of the Río de la Plata (literally "River of the Silver", but also known in English as "River Plate") to the southwest, with Argentina on the other bank of both, and finally the South Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. It is the second smallest independent country in South America, larger only than Suriname and French Guiana, which is an overseas department of France. According to Transparency International, it is the second least corrupt country in Latin America (after Chile).Transparency.org. Uruguay's political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.

Contents

Etmology

History

Politics

Direct democracy

Administrative divisions

Geography

Borders

Climate

Enclaves and exclaves

Economy

Agriculture

Demographics

Religion

Social Problems

Poverty and inequality

Gender and race inequality

Settlement and precarious housing

Crime & public safety

Health and sanitation

Educational establishments

Science

Mathematics

Biology

Culture

Music

Writers

Cuisine

Sports

Basketball

Rugby

See also

Notes and references

External links

Etmology

From colonial times the territory of Uruguay was known as ''Banda Oriental'', "East Bank". During the first years of the war of independence, the territory was called ''Provincia Oriental'', "Eastern Province", as it was considered part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. When the first constitution was drafted, which came into effect in 1830, the country was named ''República Oriental'', "Eastern Republic", plus the addition of ''de Uruguay'', "of Uruguay", which originally only made reference to the river with the same name that serves as natural border between the country and Argentina. In time, Uruguay became the common denomination of the country. Nowadays, the denonym ''Oriental'', "Easterner", is still used in the National Anthem and colloquially, even though the normalized denonym is ''Uruguayo'', "Uruguayan".
The name "Uruguay" comes from Guaraní. It has many possible meanings since Guaraní is a highly agglutinative language. Some of the proposed meanings are:

★ "River of the uru" or "River of the country of the uru": a version attributed to Felix de Azara, which suggests that the name of the country comes from a small bird, called the ''urú'', native to the banks of the Uruguay river (from ''uru'', idem, ''gua'', "place of", and ''y'', "water")^[1]

★ "River of colorful or 'painted' chinchillas (birds)": poetic interpretation attributed to Juan Zorrilla de San Martín.

★ "River of snails": an interpretation attributed to a collaborator of Félix de Azara (from ''arugua'', "snail", and ''y'', "water")^[1]

★ "River of those who bring food": an anonymous version which has been popularized since the discovery of an old document written by Jesuit Lucas Marton.

History

Main articles: History of Uruguay

The inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were various tribes of hunter gatherer native Americans, the most well known being the Charrúa Indians, a small tribe driven south by the Guaraní Indians of Paraguay.
Europeans arrived in the territory of present-day Uruguay in 1516, but the absence of gold and silver limited settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries. Uruguay became a zone of contention between the Spanish and the Portuguese empires. In 1603 the Spanish began to introduce cattle, which became a source of wealth in the region. The first permanent settlement on the territory of present-day Uruguay was founded by the Spanish in 1624 at Villa Soriano on the south-western coast of the Río Negro. In 1669-71, the Portuguese built a fort at Colonia del Sacramento. Spanish colonization increased as Spain sought to limit Portugal's expansion of Brazil's frontiers.
The capital Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold; its natural harbor soon developed into a commercial center competing with Argentina's capital, Buenos Aires. Uruguay's early 19th century history was shaped by ongoing fights between the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and colonial forces for dominance in the Argentina-Brazil-Uruguay region. In 1806 and 1807, the British army attempted to seize Buenos Aires as part of their war with Spain. As a result, at the beginning of 1807, Montevideo was occupied by a 10,000-strong British force who held it until the middle of the year when they left to attack Buenos Aires.

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Uruguay

Uruguay's politics takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Uruguay is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the General Assembly of Uruguay. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
For most of Uruguay's history, the Partido Colorado and Partido Nacional have alternated in power. The elections of 2004, however, brought the Frente Amplio, a coalition of socialists, former Tupamaros, former communists and mainly social democrats among others to power with majorities in both houses of parliament and the election of President Tabaré Vázquez by an absolute majority.



The Reporters Without Borders worldwide press freedom index has ranked Uruguay as:



★ 57th of 168 reported countries in 2006^[3]
According to Freedom House, an American organization that tracks global trends in political freedom, Uruguay ranked twenty-seventh in its "Freedom in the World" index. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Uruguay scores a 7.96 on the Democracy Index, located in the last position among the 28 countries considered to be Full Democracies in the world. The report looks at 60 indicators across five categories: Free elections, civil liberties, functioning government, political participation and political culture.^[4]
Uruguay ranks 26th in the World CPI (Corruption Perception Index) composed by Transparency International.^[5]

Direct democracy

The Uruguayan constitution allows citizens to challenge laws approved by Parliament by use of a Referendum, or to propose changes to the Constitution by the use of a Plebiscite. During the last 15 years the method has been used several times; to confirm an amnesty to members of the military who violated human rights during the military regime (1973-1985), to stop privatization of public utilities companies (See Economy: Public Sector), to defend pensioners' incomes, and to protect water resources. (See picture on the right).

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Departments of Uruguay

Uruguay consists of nineteen departments (''departamentos'', singular "''departamento''"). The first departments were formed in 1816 and the newest date from 1885 which is Flores. The departments are governed by an ''intendente municipal'' who is elected for five years. The members of the Departmental Assembly (''Junta Departamental'') form the legislative level of the department.

Department	Area (km²)	Population ★	Capital
Artigas	11,928	78,019	Artigas
Canelones	4,536	485,028	Canelones
Cerro Largo	13,648	86,564	Melo
Colonia	6,106	119,266	Colonia del Sacramento
Durazno	11,643	58,859	Durazno
Flores	5,144	25,104	Trinidad
Florida	10,417	68,181	Florida
Lavalleja	10,016	60,925	Minas
Maldonado	4,793	140,192	Maldonado
Montevideo	530	1,326,064	Montevideo
Paysandú	13,922	113,244	Paysandú
Río Negro	9,282	53,989	Fray Bentos
Rivera	9,370	104,921	Rivera
Rocha	10,551	69,937	Rocha
Salto	14,163	123,120	Salto
San José	4,992	103,104	San José de Mayo
Soriano	9,008	84,563	Mercedes
Tacuarembó	15,438	90,489	Tacuarembó
Treinta y Tres	9,676	49,318	Treinta y Tres

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Uruguay

At 176,214 square kilometers (68,036 square miles) of continental land and 142,199 km² (54,903 sq mi) of jurisdictional waters and small river islands,^[6] Uruguay is the second smallest sovereign nation in South America (after Suriname) and the third smallest territory (French Guiana is the smallest). The landscape features mostly rolling plains and low hill ranges (''cuchillas'') with a fertile coastal lowland. A dense fluvial network covers the country, consisting of four river basins or deltas; the Río de la Plata, the Uruguay River, the Laguna Merín and the Río Negro. The major internal river is the Río Negro ('black river'). Several lagoons are found along the Atlantic coast.
The highest point in the country is the Cerro Catedral at 513.66 meters (1,685 ft 3 in) in the 'Sierra de Carapé' mountain range. To the southwest is the Río de la Plata, the estuary of the Uruguay River, which forms the western border, and the Paraná River, that does not run through Uruguay itself.

Borders

Uruguay shares borders with two countries, with Argentina:
:Uruguay River to the west and Río de la Plata in the south.
and with Brazil:
:Chuy Stream 13 km (8.1 mi), straight line (Chuy) 8.7 km (5.4 mi), San Miguel Stream 13 km (8.1 mi), Merín Lagoon, 280.1 km (174 mi) Yaguarón River, 142.4 km (88.5 mi), Yaguarón 'Chico' River 18.5 km (11.5 mi), 'Arrollo de la Mina' Stream 20.4 km (12.7 mi), Aceguá straight line 37.2 km (23.1 mi), San Luis Stream 31.3 km (19.4 mi), North Branch of the San Luis Stream 3.6 km (2.2 mi), Straight line 8 km (5 mi), 'Cañada del Cementerio' 4 km (2.5 mi), Straight lines 0.6 km (0.4 mi), 'Cuchilla de Santa Ana' SE 168.5 km (104.7 mi), Rivera-Livramento 4.8 km (3 mi), 'Cuchilla de Santa Ana' 20.8 km (12.9 mi), 'Cuchilla Negra' 4189.3 km (2603.1 mi), 'Arrollo de la Invernada' Stream 37.8 km (23.5 mi), Cuareim River 313.4 km (194.7 mi)^[7]

Climate

Main articles: Climate in Uruguay

The climate in Uruguay is temperate, it has warm summers and cold winters. The predominantly gently undulating landscape is also somewhat vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts.
It receives the periodic influence of the polar air in winter, and tropical air from Brazil in summer. Without mountains in zone that act as a barrier, the air masses freely move by the territory, causing fast variations of the climate.
The coolest month is June, while the warmest is January. The rainfall is equally distributed throughout the year, but tends to be a bit more frequent in the autumn months. There can be frequent thunderstorms in the summer. Although snow is not very common, it snowed in 1913, 1918, 1963, 1989, 1992, and 2007.

Enclaves and exclaves

Since 1984 Uruguay has an Antarctic base on King George Island in Antarctica, part of the South Shetland Islands archipelago, at , some 100 km (62 mi) from the Antarctic peninsula itself.

Economy

Main articles: Economy of Uruguay



Uruguay has a middle income economy, mainly dominated by the State services sector, an export-oriented agricultural sector and an industrial sector. Uruguay relies heavily on trade, particularly in agricultural exports, leaving the country particularly vulnerable to slumps in commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. After averaging growth of 5% annually in 1996-1998, in 1999-2001 the economy suffered from lower demand in Argentina and Brazil, which together account for nearly half of Uruguay's exports. Despite the severity of the trade shocks, Uruguay's financial indicators remained stabler than those of its neighbours, a reflection of its solid reputation among investors and its investment-grade sovereign bond rating — one of only two in South America.^[8] In recent years Uruguay has shifted some of its energy into developing the commercial use of IT technologies and has become an important exporter of software in Latin America.^[9]
While some parts of the economy appeared to be resilient, the downturn had severe impact on the local population. Unemployment levels rose to more than 20%, real wages fell, the peso devalued. These worsening economic conditions played a part in turning public opinion against the mildly free market economic policies adopted by the previous administrations in the 1990s, leading to the popular rejection of proposals for privatization of the state petroleum company in 2003 and of the state water company in 2004. The newly elected Frente Amplio government, while pledging to continue payments on Uruguay's external debt,^[10] has also promised to undertake a Emergency Plan (See section:Social Problems Poverty and inequality) to attack the widespread problems of poverty and unemployment.^[11]

Agriculture

Main articles: Agriculture of Uruguay

Agriculture played such an important part in Uruguayan history and national identity until the middle of the twentieth century that the entire country was then sometimes likened to a single huge ''estancia'' (agricultural estate) centred around Montevideo, where the wealth generated in the hinterland was spent, at its ''casco'' or administrative head. As another saying went, "''Uruguay es la vaca y el puerto''" ("Uruguay is the cow and the port").

Today, agriculture contributes roughly 10% to the country’s GDP and is still the main foreign exchange earner, putting Uruguay in line with other agricultural exporters like Brazil, Canada and New Zealand. Uruguay is a member of the Cairns Group of exporters of agricultural products. Uruguay’s agriculture has relatively low inputs of labour, technology and capital in comparison with other such countries, which results in comparatively lower yields per hectare but also opens the door for Uruguay to market its products as "natural" or "ecological."
Campaigns like “Uruguayan grass-fed beef” and “Uruguay Natural” aim to establish Uruguay as a premium brand in beef, wine and other food products.
Recently, an industry has developed around ''estancia'' tourism which capitalizes on the traditional or folkloristic connotations associated with gaucho culture and the remaining resources of Uruguay's historic ''estancias''.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Uruguay

Uruguay is heavily populated by people of European origin. According to a study done in 1997, 94% of its population are of white European descent, Spaniards, followed closely by Italians, including numbers of British, Germans, French, Swiss, Russians, Portuguese, Poles, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Latvians, Dutch, Belgians, Croatians, Greeks, Scandinavians, Irish, and Armenians.
The remaining 6% of Uruguay's inhabitants are of Afro-Latin American ancestry.
^[12]
Many of the European immigrants arrived to Uruguay in the late 1800s and have heavily influenced the architecture and culture of Montevideo and other major cities. For this reason, Montevideo and life within the city are very reminiscent of Western Europe.
Some Swiss colonies such as Colonia Valdense, Colonia Suiza and Nueva Helvecia were founded in the department of Colonia. There are also towns founded by early British settlers, like Conchillas and Barker. A Russian colony called San Javier, is found in the department of Rio Negro. Mennonite colonies can also be found in the department of Rio Negro and in the department of Canelones. One of them, called El Ombu, is famous for its well-known Dulce de Leche "Claldy", and is located near the city of Young.

Uruguay has a literacy rate of 96.79% (1996 est),^[13] it has a large urban middle class. During the 1970s and 1980s, an estimated 600,000 Uruguayans emigrated, principally to Spain, Italy, Argentina and Brazil. Other Uruguayans went to various countries in Europe, to the USA and Australia.
The birth rate is lower than in neighboring Argentina (16.73 births/1000 population)^[14]

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Uruguay

Church and state are officially separated. Most Uruguayans adhere to the Roman Catholic faith (62%), with smaller Protestant (4%) and Jewish (3%), as well as a large nonprofessing group (31%).
Although the majority of Uruguayans do not actively practice a religion, they are nominally church members in the Catholic, Protestant and Jewish communities. Political observers consider Uruguay the most secular country in the western and southern hemispheres.

Social Problems

Poverty and inequality

According to data published by the United Nations, the Gini index for Uruguay equals to 44.8 in 2003, where 100 stands for maximum inequality and 0 for even distribution of the wealth between the population.^[15]
A recent Report compiled and published by the INE, National Statistic Institute^[16] (''Instituto Nacional de Estadistica'') of Uruguay, used 2 indicators to estimate the number of people living in poverty in the country.

★ ''Indigence line'': income of the family is not enough for the basic alimentation.

★ ''Poverty line'': income of the family is not enough for alimentation, clothing, health and transport.
The numbers obtained depends according with the methodology used, the inform uses 3 different methods. According to the one proposed by the Regional Workshop about poverty measurement in 1996, which produces the highest values of all, the results for the first quarter of 2006 are:
Population below Indigence line: 3.01%
Population below Poverty line: 18%
The reports shows the indicators are improving as the country is recovering from the last 2002 crisis; in 2004, poverty indicators reached an all time high.^[17]
A new ministry of Social Development was created by the Broad Front Party (''Frente Amplio'') government led by Tabare Vazquez, and an Emergency Plan which targets the less favoured 200.000 Uruguayans.

Gender and race inequality

The average income of women in 2002 in Uruguay was 71.9% of the income of men for the same activity.^[18] The average income of African heritage workers is 65% of that of those of European heritage.^[19]

Settlement and precarious housing

Although rents in neighborhoods not in high demand are not very expensive in Uruguay, it is usually required to have another property as a warranty for the contract, or leave a deposit which many can not afford.
This first condition makes renting a property especially difficult for the least favoured sectors of the population. According to the INE 23, 3% of the population lives in a place neither owned nor rented. Some of them are proper built houses, but others are precarious constructions built illegally in public or private empty land just outside the cities. Thus, whole new poor neighborhoods have emerged in the last decades. They are called ''Asentamientos'' or more colloquially ''Cantegriles'' in ironic allusion to the fashionable Neighborhood of Cantegril in Punta del Este.
The phenomena is similar to the ''Favelas'' in Brazil,
''Villas Miseria'' in Argentina, ''Barrios'' in Venezuela, ''Arrabales'' in Spain, ''Poblaciones Callampa'' in Chile or ''Jacales'' in Mexico. Because Montevideo lacks the elevations of Rio or Caracas, the geographical segregation is horizontal, leaving the settlements not in the top of the mountains, visible from anywhere, but on the city border, and then it is possible to transit large parts of the city without noting them.
Nevertheless, even in the better off areas of the cities, poor children and horse propelled chariots of people which make a living recycling garbage reminds Uruguayans of the inequalities in their society.
60% of the population in the settlements are living below the poverty line. They are the 14% of the Uruguayan population under the poverty line.
The problem of the settlements is not only the bad quality of the construction and lack of access to services, but the geographic and social exclusion that they create. Avoiding the possibility to interact with people from different social and economic backgrounds.
The Uruguayan government, through the ''Ministerio de Vivienda'' (Ministry of Housing), the local governments and many NGO have several programs to provide decent housing and address the problem.

Crime & public safety

In 2005 there were 188 homicides in Uruguay, 9,486 assaults and 1,167 sexual crimes.^[20].

Health and sanitation

The government of Uruguay has done much to improve its health conditions. Under the national constitution, the State is responsible for all medical functions in Uruguay, and provides free medical care for those who qualify for it, particularly for the aged and those who cannot afford medical costs. This is done by the 'Ministerio de Salud Publica' (Ministry of Public Health), who owns and operate a network of hospitals and clinics all over the country. The biggest one, called Hospital de Clínicas depends of the Medicine Faculty of the University of the Republic (Uruguay). As a result, over time it changed from having one of the highest mortality rates in Latin America to one of the lowest. For example, in 1995, infant mortality was 19.6 per 1,000 in 1995, 17.5 per 1,000 in 1996 to 11.61 per 1,000 in 2006, showing a steady and continuous drop in the future.[3]
The government also continues to expand various forms of medical practice to offer the population diverse options of medical treatment in the nation's 65 medical facilities, as well as various forms of state-sponsored insurance plans, on which much of the population depends.
The Ministry of Health in Uruguay has gone to great lengths to provide the nation's 3.4 million people with healthy drinking water. The 1985 census revealed that 15.9% of the population either had no access to drinking water or lived in unsanitary conditions. Estimates now are that only 1.2% of the population has difficulty accessing clean drinking.^[21] The State owns the water utility company OSE. (See Economy: Public Sector)
Uruguay is free of malaria and yellow fever.^[22] Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for travellers.^[23] There has been recent dengue activity in the western part of the country.^[24]

Educational establishments

Science

Mathematics

Some Uruguayan mathematicians and their contributions are mentioned below:

★ José Luis Massera (1915-2002), Massera Theorem, Invertibility of second Liapunov Theorem.^[25]

★ Jorge Lewowicz, Instituto de Matematica y Estadistica Rafael Laguardia (IMERL), José M. Muñoz 1085, ap. 4, Montevideo - MO 11300, Uruguay. Jorge Lewowicz is a renowned mathematician who has made fundamental contributions to the field of the interaction between the topology of the space and the motion. His major research accomplishment concerns the classification of discrete expansive systems on surfaces, and the systematic use of Lyapunov functions (and quadratic forms) to study expansivity and other dynamical properties. Lewowicz was and continues to be the mentor of the Dynamical Systems group at Montevideo, contributing greatly to the education and training of outstanding young researchers.'^[26]

Biology

★ Pasteur Institute (Montevideo) (Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo)

★ Clemente Estable

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Uruguay

The nation's high literacy rate and numerous public and private radio and TV broadcasters help to promote culture in Uruguay. SODRE (''Servicio Oficial de Difusión Radiotelevisión y Espectáculos'')^[27] is the state broadcaster for Uruguay, which is run by the Ministry for Education and Culture (''Ministerio de Educación y Cultura''). Created in 1929 as the ''Servicio Oficial de Difusión Radio Eléctrica'', it has grown since and now manages a symphonic orchestra and a chamber music group. Since 2006, it has incorporated the National Dance School (''Escuela Nacional de Danza''). The authorities of all major cities promote many other cultural activities as well. For example, Montevideo's City Hall (''Intendencia Municipal'') manages a philarmonic orchestra, a symphonic band, a music school, several theaters and promotes many artists to perform all over the city.

Music

Main articles: Music of Uruguay

Uruguay is home to numerous forms of music. The country has three main types of folk music (''Música típica''), which are candombe, milonga and murga. These types of music are most often heard during the country's carnival periods. On the other hand, ''canto popular'' (literally 'popular song'), Uruguayan rock and Uruguayan tango are the three main types of popular music in Uruguay. Their main focuses are on rock, jazz and many other Western forms and frequently reference the distinctly Uruguayan sounds from the country's folk music.

Writers

Delmira Agustini, poet
Mario Benedetti, poet and novelist
Eduardo Galeano, writer and social commentator renowned throughout Latin America
Felisberto Hernandez, short-story writer and essayist
Juana de Ibarbourou, poet
Jacobo Langsner, playwright
Mario Levrero, short-story writer
Jorge Majfud, essayist and novelist
Horacio Quiroga, short-story writer
Juan Carlos Onetti, novelist
José Enrique Rodó, essayist and philosopher
Florencio Sánchez, playwright
María Eugenia Vaz Ferreira, poet
Idea Vilariño, poet
Julio Herrera y Reissig, poet.
Serafin J Garcia, writer.
Washington Benavidez, poet.
Andrés Caro Berta, playwright, novelist, essayist, poet.
Julio Muniz, poet.
Horacio Ferrer, poet and composer.
Francisco Espinola, writer.
Juan Jose Morosoli, writer.
Montevideo has been the birthplace of three noted French poets: Isidore Lucien Ducasse, Jules Laforgue and Jules Supervielle.
Cristina Rodriguez-Cabral poet, writer, first Black woman in Uruguay to get a PhD in Spanish Literature in an American University.

Cuisine

Main articles: Cuisine of Uruguay

Uruguayan food is traditionally based on its European roots, like Mediterranean foods from Italy, Spain and France, but also from countries such as Germany. Many foods from those countries such as pasta, sausages, and desserts are common in the nation's diet.
The Uruguayan barbecue, asado, is one of the most exquisite and famous in the world.
A sweet paste, Dulce de Leche is the national obsession, used to fill cookies, cakes, pancakes, milhojas, and Alfajor. The alfajores are shortbread cookies sandwiched together with Dulce de Leche or a fruit paste. Dulce de Leche is used also in flan con Dulce de Leche.
The national drink is the Grappamiel. Grappamiel is an alcoholic drink which is very popular in rural areas. It is made with alcohol and honey. It is often consumed in the cold mornings of autumn and winter to warm up the body.
The traditional drink is an infusion called mate. The dried leaves and twigs of the yerba mate plant (Ilex paraguariensis) are placed in a small cup. The drink is sipped through a metal or cane straw called bombilla. Hot water is poured into the gourd at near-boiling point so as to not burn the herb and spoil the flavour.

Sports

Main articles: Sports in Uruguay

Uruguay has an enormous tradition in sports with important achievements in football (The most popular sport in Uruguay, by far, is association football (''fútbol''), in which the country, represented by the famous Uruguayan national football team of the Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol has earned many honours, including two Gold medals in the Olympic Games: 1924, 1928 and two World Cups(First World Cup 1930 and 1950). The two main football clubs (Nacional and Peñarol) are both three times World Champions.

Basketball

Basketball is also an important sport in Uruguay. The national basketball team, representing the Uruguayan Basketball Federation, won 12 South American championships, 2 Olympic bronze medals (one in 1952 and the other in 1956), and has participated in many panamerican and world championships.
Currently, there is one Uruguayan, Esteban Batista, playing in the NBA for the Atlanta Hawks.

Rugby

Main articles: Rugby union in Uruguay

Rugby union is also a popular sport in Uruguay, with the national team, called "Los Teros" having qualified for both the 1999 Rugby World Cup and the subsequent 2003 world cup. The team is currently the second highest ranked in South America.

See also

★ Tourism in Uruguay

★ Communications in Uruguay

★ Foreign relations of Uruguay

★ Military of Uruguay

★ Movimiento Scout del Uruguay

★ Transportation in Uruguay

★ Water supply and sanitation in Uruguay

★

★ Rio de la Plata Earthquake 1888

Notes and references

1. Etimología del Uruguay
2. Etimología del Uruguay
3. Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2006
4. [The Economist, The world in 2007, A Pause in democracy's march Page 93]
5. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2006
6. [( Instituto Nacional Estadistica http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/uruguayencifras2006/Territorio%20y%20medio%20ambiente.pdf )]
7. ( Source: Servicio Geografico Militar http://www.ejercito.mil.uy/cal/sgm/principal1024.html )
8. About.com: Go South America, based on information from the CIA World Factbook.
9. Diego Stewart, Building out: Uruguay exports architectural services to India and Latin America," in ''Latin Trade'', May 2005. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
10. Michael Fox, Uruguay's Frente Amplio: From Revolution to Dilution, June 19, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1229360.stm (See leaders, President Tabare Vazquez 'On taking office he announced a 0m emergency plan to help the poor '
12. http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/raza/MODULO_RAZA.pdf INE, (in Spanish)
13. http://www.ine.gub.uy/socio-demograficos/ensenanza.htm
14. [1] and Brazil (16.56 births/1,000 population). [2]
15. http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/indic_126_2_2.html
16. http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/pobreza/Informe%20pobreza%20y%20desigualdad.pdf
17. http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:HjnG74WtxeQJ:www.undp.org/execbrd/word/DCPURY1.doc+plan+de+emergencia+uruguay+resultados&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=24&gl=uk
18. http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/genero/CAP%204%20-%20TRABAJO%20E%20INGRESOS02.pdf
19. http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/raza/MODULO_RAZA.pdf
20. http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/anuario2006/anuario%20web.swf download Delitos mas frecuentes contra la personalidad fisica y moral del hombre, segun año y departamento (In Spanish)
21. [4]
22. Chapter 5 – Yellow Fever Vaccine Requirements and Information on Malaria Risk and Prophylaxis, by Country (yellow pages)
23. Hepatitis Type A
24. CDC: Dengue Fever
25. [5]
26. [6]
27. SODRE (Servicio Oficial de Difusión Radiotelevisión y Espectáculos)

External links

; Government resources

★ Portal del Estado Uruguayo - Uruguayan State portal

★ Presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay - Official presidential site

★ MEF - Official site of the Uruguayan Ministry of Finance

★ Poder Judicial - Official site of the Uruguayan Judiciary

★ Poder Legislativo - Official site of the Uruguayan Parliament

★ // Ministerio de Turismo del Uruguay - Government tourism information site

★ INE - National Statistics Institute.
; Web Portals

★ / Portal UruguayTotal - Información general muy útil

★ Indice de Web "Asi Es Uruguay"

★ PRESS The First Uruguayan Neighborhood and Documentatio Agency

★ / A City Built by Us All
; Press Media

★ Brecha - Brecha Magazine

★ El Observador - Montevideo daily newspaper

★ El País - Montevideo daily newspaper

★ La República - Montevideo daily newspaper

★ Últimas Noticias - Montevideo daily newspaper

★ La Diaria - Montevideo daily newspaper

★ Infolatam - Information and news of Uruguay

★ La Guía - La Guía, commerce and news of Las Piedras, Canelones, Uruguay

★ Montevideo.com - Montevideo news web site

★ Diario El Pueblo de Salto

★ Uruguay News - Daily News from Uruguay
; Radio stations

★ El Espectador - Montevideo radio station (first radio station in Uruguay)

★ Radio Oceano - Montevideo radio station

★ Radio Sarandí - Montevideo radio station

★ Radio Salto
; Blogs

★ From Uruguay - Blog about Uruguay.

★ Uruguay Dreaming - Blog about life and customs in Uruguay.

★ Uruguay Investments - Expat Investor Living in Uruguay

★ Uruguay Living - Information and Resources for Immigrants to UY.
; Photos

★ MANY nice Fotos of Uruguay

★ / Studio Stonek - Uruguayan photography studio and image bank

★ A Maverick's Odyssey - Photo blog of life in Montevideo, Uruguay.

★ Photos of Uruguay
; Forums

★ Uruguay Forums - All things Uruguay - Sociedad Southron
; Travel and commerce

★ / Uruguay Tours - Guided tours in Uruguay.

★ / Estancias in Uruguay - architecture and history

★ Casapueblo museum

★ / Immigration to Uruguay - Immigration Service for Uruguay

★ / Tourist information - Tourist Guide , photo gallery, maps & road plans, beaches

★

★ / Uruguay XXI - Investment and Export Promotion

★ Uruguay farmland & Estancias real estate
; Sports

★ Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol - Uruguayan Football Association

★ Federación Uruguaya de Basketball - Uruguayan Basketball Federation

★ Unión de Rugby del Uruguay - Uruguayan Rugby Union

★ Asociación Uruguaya de Golf - Uruguayan Golf Association

★ Club Nacional de Football

★ Club Atlético Peñarol
; General information

★ Open Directory Project - Uruguay directory category (multiple languages)

★ KCountryAdvice&aid=1013618386721 Informe "Travel Advice" de la Foreign and Commonwealth Office de Londres

★ KCountryProfile&aid=1020687828869 Profile de Uruguay de la Foreign and Commonwealth office

★ / Sociedad Alemana-Uruguaya - German Uruguayan society

★ // Wine Uruguay - Uruguayan Wine Guide