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'Ursa Major' (IPA: ) is a constellation visible throughout the year in most of the northern hemisphere. Its name means ''Great Bear'' in Latin, and is associated with the legends of Callisto and Cynosura.

Contents

Notable features

Notable deep sky objects

Mythology

Graphic visualisation

See also

References

External links

Notable features

The seven brightest stars, located in the Bear's hindquarters and tail, form the well-known 'Big Dipper' asterism. (In Britain, this asterism is known as the 'Plough'.) Except for Dubhe and Alkaid, the stars of the Big Dipper all have proper motions heading towards a common point in Sagittarius. A few other such stars have been identified, and together they are called the Ursa Major Moving Group.
In addition to the Big Dipper, another asterism comes from Arab culture — the "leaps of the gazelle", a series of three pairs of stars:

★ ν and ξ Ursae Majoris, Alula Borealis and Australis, the "first leap";

★ λ and μ Ursae Majoris, Tania Borealis and Australis, the "second leap";

★ ι and κ Ursae Majoris, Talitha Borealis and Australis, the "third leap".
These stars are found along the southwest border of the constellation, the bear's toes.
Mizar, a star in the Big Dipper, forms the famous visual double star with Alcor.
W Ursae Majoris is the prototype of a class of contact binary variable stars, and ranges between 7.75^m and 8.48^m.
47 Ursae Majoris has a planetary system with two confirmed planets, 2.54 times and 0.76 times the mass of Jupiter.

Notable deep sky objects

Several bright galaxies are found in Ursa Major, including the pair Messier 81 (one of the brightest galaxies in the sky) and Messier 82 above the bear's head, and Pinwheel Galaxy (M101), a beautiful spiral northwest of η Ursae Majoris. The other notable spiral galaxies Messier 108 and Messier 109 may also be found in this constellation. Altogether, the constellation contains about 50 galaxies observable through amateur telescope. The bright planetary nebula Owl Nebula (M97), named for its appearance, can be found along the bottom of the bowl of the the Big Dipper. Of note as a curiosity more than an interesting deep sky object is Messier 40, a double star that Messier nonetheless included in his catalogue.
The Hubble Deep Field is located to the northeast of δ Ursae Majoris.
Ursa Major was one of the 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy. It is one of the most widely-known constellations, having been mentioned by such poets as Homer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Tennyson and Bertrand Cantat. The Finnish epic Kalevala mentions it, and Vincent Van Gogh painted it upside down.

Mythology

The constellation of Ursa Major has been seen by many distinct civilizations as a bear.^[1] In one sequence, together with the nearby Ursa Minor, it is associated with the myth of Callisto, in another the myth of Cynosura.
The origin of the name is a mistake founded on approximate sounds. ''Rakh'' is Sanskrit for "to be bright" the Greeks corrupted this to the word ''arktos'' which means bear. The Romans called it ''Ursa'' the bear, and ''Septemtriones'' the seven ploughing oxen which lead to Septentrional signifying the north.
At the same time, the stars of Ursa Minor were associated with the Hesperides. These two groups of stars, together with Libra, Boötes and Draco, may have inspired the myth of the apples of the Hesperides, one of The Twelve Labours of Hercules. In Hindu mythology the seven stars are identified with seven sages and the constellation is called Saptarshi Mandalam.
One of the few star groups mentioned in the Bible (Job 9:9; 38:32 — Orion and the Pleiades being others), Ursa Major was also pictured as a bear by both the Hebrews and most North American peoples. However, as bears do not have long tails, they considered Alioth, Mizar, and Alkaid to be either three cubs following their mother or three hunters. ("The Bear" was mistranslated as "Arcturus" in the Vulgate and the error persisted in the KJV. Later translations have corrected this.)
The Iroquois Native Americans also interpreted Alioth, Mizar, and Alkaid as three hunters pursuing the Great Bear. According to one version of their myth, the first hunter (Alioth) is carrying a bow and arrow to strike down the bear. The second hunter (Mizar) carries a large pot on his shoulder in which to cook the bear while the third hunter (Alkaid) hauls a pile of firewood to light a fire beneath the pot.
In Burmese, ''Pucwan Tārā'' (pronounced "bazun taja") is the name of a constellation comprising stars from the head and forelegs of Ursa Major; ''pucwan'' is a general term for prawn, shrimp, crab, lobster, etc.

Graphic visualisation

★ Hevelius' work depicts an attempt to represent the constellation as a bear.

★ The constellation features prominently in van Gogh's painting "Starry Night Over the Rhone." Van Gogh placed it on the southern sky.

See also

★ Ursa Minor

References

1. Gibbon, William B. "Asiatic parallels in North American star lore: Ursa Major" in the ''Journal of American Folklore.'' '77'(305), 236–250, July 1964.


★ Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). ''Collins Stars and Planets Guide'', HarperCollins, London. ISBN 978-0007251209.

External links

★ The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ursa Major

★ AAVSO: The Myths of Ursa Major

★ The Origin of the Greek Constellations

★ 'WIKISKY.ORG': Ursa Major constellation

★ Star Tales – Ursa Major