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In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, a 'unitary operator' is a bounded linear operator ''U'' : ''H'' → ''H'' on a Hilbert space ''H'' satisfying
:$U^$
★ U=UU^
★ =I
where ''U''^∗ is the adjoint of ''U'', and ''I'' : ''H'' → ''H'' is the identity operator. This property is equivalent to the following:
#The range of ''U'' is dense, and
#''U'' preserves the inner product ⟨  ,  ⟩ on the Hilbert space, i.e. for all vectors ''x'' and ''y'' in the Hilbert space,
::$langle\; Ux,\; Uy$
angle = langle x, y
angle.
To see this, notice that ''U'' preserves the inner product implies ''U'' is an isometry (thus, a bounded linear operator). The fact that ''U'' has dense range ensures it has a bounded inverse ''U''⁻¹. It is clear that ''U''⁻¹ = ''U''^∗.
Thus, unitary operators are just automorphisms of Hilbert spaces, i.e., they preserve the structure (in this case, the linear space structure, the inner product, and hence the topology) of the space on which they act. The group of all unitary operators from a given Hilbert space ''H'' to itself is sometimes referred to as the 'Hilbert group' of ''H'', denoted Hilb(''H'').

Contents

Examples

Properties

Reference

Examples

★ The identity function is trivially a unitary operator.

★ On the vector space 'C' of complex numbers, multiplication by a number of absolute value 1, that is, a number of the form ''e''^{''i θ''} for ''θ'' ∈ 'R', is a unitary operator. ''θ'' is referred to as a phase, and this multiplication is referred to as multiplication by a phase. Notice that the value of ''θ'' modulo 2''π'' does not affect the result of the multiplication, and so the independent unitary operators on 'C' are parametrized by a circle. The corresponding group, which, as a set, is the circle, is called U(1).

★ More generally, unitary matrices are precisely the unitary operators on finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, so the notion of a unitary operator is a generalisation of the notion of a unitary matrix. Orthogonal matrices are the special case of unitary matrices in which all entries are real. They are the unitary operators on 'R'^''n''.

★ The bilateral shift on the sequence space $ell^2$ indexed by the integers is unitary. In general, any operator in a Hilbert space which acts by shuffling around an orthonormal basis is unitary. In the finite dimensional case, such operators are the permutation matrices.

★ The Fourier operator is a unitary operator, i.e. the operator which performs the Fourier transform (with proper normalization). This follows from Parseval's theorem.

★ Unitary operators are used in unitary representations.

Properties

★ The spectrum of a unitary operator ''U'' lies on the unit circle. That is, for any complex number λ in the spectrum, one has |λ|=1. This can be seen as a consequence of the spectral theorem for normal operators. By the theorem, ''U'' is unitarily equivalent to multiplication by a Borel-measurable ''f'' on ''L''²(''μ''), for some finite measure space (''X'', ''μ''). Now ''U U
★ '' = ''I'' implies |''f''(''x'')|² = 1 ''μ''-a.e. This shows that the essential range of ''f'', therefore the spectrum of ''U'', lies on the unit circle.

Reference

★ Differential manifolds, , Serge, Lang, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., 1972,