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The 'USS ''Arizona'' Memorial', located at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, marks the resting place of 1,102 of the 1,177 sailors killed on the USS ''Arizona'' during the Attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 by Japanese imperial forces and commemorates the events of that day. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the island of Oahu was the action that led to United States involvement in World War II.
The memorial, dedicated in 1962, spans the sunken hull of the battleship without touching it. Since it opened in 1980, the National Park Service has operated the USS ''Arizona'' Memorial Visitor Center associated with the memorial. Historical information about the attack, boat access to the memorial, and general visitor services are available at the center. One of the two 19,585 pound anchors of the ''Arizona'' is displayed at the entrance of the visitor center. (Its twin is at the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix.)

Contents

National Memorial

Description

Design

Fundraising

Subsequent Designations

Manning the rails

USS ''Missouri''

Map co-ordinates

Gallery

References

External links

National Memorial

Description

There are three main parts to the national memorial: entry, assembly room, and shrine. The central assembly room features seven large open windows on either wall and ceiling, to commemorate the date of the attack. The total number of windows is 21. This stands for a 21 gun salute or 21 Marines standing at eternal parade rest over the tomb of the fallen. It also contains an opening in the floor overlooking the sunken decks of the oil-seeping wreck. (The oil seeping is sometimes referred to as "black tears" or "the tears of the ''Arizona''".[1]) It is from this opening that visitors come to pay their respects by tossing flowers and lei in honor of the fallen sailors. Every President of the United States since Franklin D. Roosevelt, and every Emperor of Japan since Hirohito, has made a pilgrimage to the site. The shrine at the far end is a marble wall that bears the names of all those killed on the USS ''Arizona'', protected behind velvet ropes. Contrary to popular belief, the USS ''Arizona'' is no longer in commission. She is, however, an active U.S. military cemetary. As a special tribute to the ship and her lost crew, the United States flag flies from the flagpole, which was once attached to the severed mainmast of the sunken battleship. The flag pole is now attached to the side of the memorial. The USS ''Arizona'' Memorial has come to commemorate all military personnel killed in the Pearl Harbor attack.

Design

The national memorial was designed by Honolulu architect Alfred Preis who had been detained at Sand Island at the start of the war as an enemy of the country because of his Austrian birth.
The navy stipulated that the memorial be in the form of a bridge floating above the ship and accommodate 200 people.
The 184 ft. long structure has two peaks at each end connected by a sag in the center of the structure. It represents the height of American pride before the war, the sudden depression of a nation after the attack and the rise of American power to new heights after the war. Critics initially called the design a "squashed milk carton".^[1]
The architecture of the USS ''Arizona'' Memorial is explained by Preis as, "Wherein the structure sags in the center but stands strong and vigorous at the ends, expresses initial defeat and ultimate victory... The overall effect is one of serenity. Overtones of sadness have been omitted to permit the individual to contemplate his own personal responses... his innermost feelings."^[2]
Preis was selected from several architects. His initial design included portholes below the surface and a floating eternal flame. The Navy vetoed this.

Fundraising

Tucker Gratz began an effort in 1946 to build some memorial at the ''Arizona''. The Pacific War Memorial Commission was created in 1949 to build a permanent memorial somewhere in Hawaii. Admiral Arthur Radford, commander of the Pacific Fleet attached a flag pole to the main mast of the Arizona in 1950 and began a tradition of hoisting and lowering the flag. Radford requested funds for a national memorial in 1951 and 1952 but was denied because of budget constraints from the Korean War.
Throughout the 1950s there was discussion of scrapping the ''Arizona'' altogether. President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved the creation of the National Memorial in 1958. Enabling legislation required that the memorial budgeted at $500,000 be privately financed. This was not to prove the case. $200,000 of the memorial cost was government subsidized.
Principal contributions[2] to the memorial included:

★ $50,000 Territory of Hawaii initial contribution in 1958

★ $95,000 privately raised following 1958 This is Your Life television segment featuring Samuel G. Fuqua[3], Medal of Honor recipient and the senior surviving officer from the USS ''Arizona''

★ $64,000 from March 25 1961 benefit concert by Elvis Presley

★ $40,000 from the sale of plastic models of the ''Arizona'' in a partnership between the Fleet Reserve Association and Revell Model Company

★ $150,000 from federal funds in legislation initiated by Hawaii Senator Daniel Inouye in 1961
The USS ''Arizona'' Memorial was finally dedicated on May 30, 1962 (Memorial Day) by Texas Congressman and Chairman of Veteran Affairs Olin E. Teague and Hawaii Governor John A. Burns.

Subsequent Designations

The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. While the actual wreck of the USS ''Arizona'' was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989, the memorial itself does not share in this status. Rather, it is listed separately from the wreck on the National Register of Historic Places and is not a National Historic Landmark, contrary to popular belief.
The joint administration of the memorial by the United States Navy and the National Park Service was established on September 9, 1980.

Manning the rails

Every United States Navy, Coast Guard, and Merchant Marine vessel entering Pearl Harbor participates in the tradition of manning the rails. Personnel serving on these ships stand at attention at the ship's guard rails and salute the USS ''Arizona'' Memorial in solemn fashion as their ship slowly glides into port. More recently, as foreign military vessels are entering Pearl Harbor for joint military exercises, foreign troops have participated in the traditional "manning the rails".

USS ''Missouri''

In 1999, the battleship USS ''Missouri'' was moved to Pearl Harbor from the United States west coast and docked near and perpendicular to the USS ''Arizona'' Memorial. Upon the deck of the USS ''Missouri'' in Tokyo Bay, the Japanese surrendered to United States General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz, ending World War II. The pairing of the two ships became an evocative symbol of the beginning and end of the United States' participation in the greatest and bloodiest war the world had ever seen.
The pairing of the two ships has not been free from controversy, however. Memorial staff have criticized the placement of the ''Missouri'', saying the large battleship would "overshadow" the ''Arizona'' Memorial. To help guard against this perception ''Missouri'' was placed well back of the ''Arizona'' Memorial, and positioned in Pearl Harbor in such a way as to prevent those participating in Military Ceremonies on ''Missouri'''s aft decks from seeing the ''Arizona'' Memorial. The decision to have ''Missouri'''s bow face the ''Arizona'' Memorial was intended to convey that ''Missouri'' now watches over the remains of the battleship ''Arizona'' so that those interred within ''Arizona'''s hull may rest in peace. These measures have helped preserve the individual identities of the ''Arizona'' Memorial and the ''Missouri'' Memorial, which has improved the public's perception of having both ''Arizona'' and ''Missouri'' in the same harbor. [4]

Map co-ordinates

Gallery

References

1. http://starbulletin.com/2002/05/27/news/story4.html
2. http://www.nps.gov/usar/historyculture/index.htm


★ ''The National Parks: Index 2001–2003''. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.

External links

★ Official NPS website: USS ''Arizona'' Memorial

★ Loss of the USS ''Arizona''

★ See Remembering Pearl Harbor: The USS Arizona Memorial — for a lesson about the USS Arizona Memorial from the National Park Service's Teaching with Historic Places.

★ USS ''Arizona'' Memorial Museum Association

★ Pearl Harbor Live Camera

★ Pearl Harbor Day Commemorative Committee

★ Pearl Harbor Survivors Association

★ Battleship ''Missouri'' Memorial

★ The USS ''Bowfin'' Museum and Park