TWELVE BAR BLUES

The '12-bar blues' is one of the most popular chord progressions in popular music.
It has a distinctive form in both lyrics and chord structure which has been used in songs in many forms of popular music. Most commonly, lyrics are in three lines, with the first two lines almost the same with slight differences in phrasing and interjections:
:I hate to see the evening sun go down,
:Yes, I hate to see that evening sun go down
:'Cause it makes me think I'm on my last go 'round
::W.C. Handy's "St. Louis Blues"
The chord progression is simple to identify after some study and attention as it rises and falls in a regular and very familiar pattern. The blues can be played in any key, but guitar and bass players prefer open chords, that is, chords with several open strings: E-A-B7 or A-D-E7. Keyboardists may prefer C-F-G7 or G-C-D7. (These are termed, respectively, the ''tonic'', ''subdominant'', and ''dominant'' in the discussion below.)
The 12-bar blues chord progression is the basis of thousands of songs, not only formally identified blues songs such as "St. Louis Blues", "Shake, Rattle and Roll" and "Hound Dog", but also gospel songs, such as "I'm So Glad (Jesus Lifted Me)", jazz classics like "Flying Home" and "Night Train", pop and rock songs, including Glenn Miller's "In the Mood" and The Beatles' "Why Don't We Do It In The Road?", Top 40 hits like Fabian's "Turn Me Loose", "At the Hop" by Danny and the Juniors, and the "Theme from Batman". The vast majority of boogie woogie compositions are 12-bar blues, as are many instrumentals, such as "Rumble" and "Honky Tonk".

Contents

The blues chord progression

"Twelve-bar" oddities

See also

Sources

External links

The blues chord progression

Different notations

Chord	Alphabetic	Numerical	Roman Numeral
Tonic	T	1	I
Sub-dominant	S	4	IV
Dominant	D	5	V

Chords can be represented with a few notation systems. A basic example of the progression would look like this, using 'T' to indicate the tonic, 'S' for the subdominant, and 'D' for the dominant, and representing one chord. The tonic is also called the 1-chord ("I" in Roman numerals), the sub-dominant, the 4-chord ("IV" in Roman numerals), and the dominant, the 5-chord ("V" in Roman numerals).
These three chords are the basis of thousands more pop songs which thus often have a ''blue'' sound even without using the classical 12-bar form. Using the above notations, the basic chord progression can be represented as follows.

T/S/D

T	T	T	T
S	S	T	T
D	S	T	T

Numeric

1	1	1	1
4	4	1	1
5	4	1	1

Roman numeral

I	I	I	I
IV	IV	I	I
V	IV	I	I

The first line takes 16 quarter notes (4 bars X 4 beats), as do the remaining two lines (for a total of 48 beats and 12 bars). However, the vocal or lead phrases, though they often come in threes, do not coincide with the above three lines or sections. This overlap between the grouping of the accompaniment and the vocal is part of what creates interest in the twelve bar blues.
Many variations are possible. For instance, the tenth bar can stay in dominant, yielding this:

10th bar stays in dominant

T	T	T	T
S	S	T	T
D	'D'	T	T

Seventh chords are often used just before a change, and more changes can be added. A more complicated example might look like this, where "7" indicates a seventh chord:

Using a seventh chord

T	T	T	T7
S	S7	T	T7
D	S	T	D7

When the last bar contains the dominant, that bar can be called a ''turnaround''.
There are also 'minor 12-bar blues', such as "Why Don't You Do Right?", made famous by Lil Green with Big Bill Broonzy and then Peggy Lee with the Benny Goodman Orchestra.
Finally, here is an example showing the pattern in the key of D, and how it fits with the lyrics of a given verse. One chord symbol is used per beat, with "-" representing the continuation of the previous chord:
D - - -
Woke up this morning with an
G - - - D - - - D7 - - -
awful aching head
G - - -
Woke up this morning with an
G7 - - - D - - - D7 - - -
awful aching head
A - - A7
My new man had left me
G - - G7 D - - - D - A A7
just a room and an empty bed.
:::From Bessie Smith's "Empty Bed Blues".
While the blues is most often considered to be in sectional strophic form with a verse-chorus pattern, it may also be considered as an extension of the variational chaconne procedure. Van der Merwe (1989) considers it developed in part specifically from the American Gregory Walker though the conventional account would consider hymns as the provider of the blues repeating chord progression or harmonic formulae (Middleton 1990, p.117-8).

Basic jazz blues progression

I7	IV7	I7	V7 I7
IV7	VII7	I7	III7 VI7
II7	V7	I7 VI7	II7 I7

"Twelve-bar" oddities

★ "St. Louis Blues" is unusual in having a bridge, the famous habanera that gives it a Spanish tinge.

★ Eccentric boogie woogie pianist, Cripple Clarence Lofton frequently truncated the chord continuation, ending up with some verses at nine, ten, or eleven bars.

★ The blue yodels of Jimmie Rodgers, the singing brakeman, are usually of twelve bars, including the repeated first line, but the three lines of lyrics are delivered across the first eight bars, with Rodgers' trademark yodeling obbligato filling the last four.

★ Chuck Berry's "Oh Carol" is a 24-bar blues, with each line doubled in length by the addition of a guitar lick after the vocal part.

★ The melodies of The Beatles's "Day Tripper", Glenn Miller's "Moonlight Serenade", and "Boddisatva" by Steely Dan start with the first eight bars of the 12-bar progression.

See also

★ eight bar blues

★ thirty-two-bar form

★ blues ballad

★ talking blues

★ 50s progression another popular chord progression in Western popular music.

Sources

★ Covach, John. "Form in Rock Music: A Primer", in Stein, Deborah (2005). ''Engaging Music: Essays in Music Analysis''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517010-5.

★ Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). ''Studying Popular Music''. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.

★ Van der Merwe, P. (1989). ''Origins of the Popular Style''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-316121-4. Cited in Middleton (1990).

External links

★ Marc Sabatella's Jazz Improvisation Primer.