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'Tuvans' or 'Tuvinians' (Tuvan: Тывалар, ''Tyvalar'') are a group of Turkic people who make up about two thirds of the population of Tuva, Russia. They are historically known as 'Uriankhai' from the Mongolian ''Uriyangqai'' (transcribed into Chinese as 烏梁海 ''Wūliánghǎi'').
Tuvans have historically been cattle-breeding nomads, tending to their herds of goats, sheep, camels, reindeer and yaks for the past thousands of years. They have traditionally lived in yurts covered by felt or chums covered with birch bark or hide that they relocate seasonally as the move to newer pastures.
Tuvans can have a light hair complexion and East Asian facial features at the same time.

Contents

History

The name ''Uriankhai''

Geography

Mongolia

China

Culture

Music

Religion

Language

See also

Notes

References

External links

History

The Xiongnu ruled over the area of Tuva prior to 200 AD. At this time a people known to the Chinese as Dingling inhabited the region. The Chinese recorded the existence of a tribe of Dingling origin named ''Dubo'' in the eastern Sayans. This name is recognized as being associated with the Tuvan people and is the earliest written record of them. The Xianbei defeated the Xiongnu and they in turn were defeated by the Rouran. From around the end of the 6th century, the Göktürks held dominion over Tuva up until the 8th century when the Uyghurs took over.

Tuvans were subjects of the Uyghur Khanate during the 8th and 9th centuries. The Uyghurs established several fortifications within Tuva as a means of subduing the population. There are plans being discussed to restore the remains of one of these fortresses, Por-Bazhyn in lake Tere-Khol in the southeast of the country.^[1] The memory of Uyghur occupation could still be seen up until the end of the 19th century due to the application of the name ''Ondar Uyghur'' for the Ondar Tuvans living near the Khemchik river in the southwest.^[2] Uyghur dominance was broken by the Kyrgyz in 840 AD, who came from the upper reaches of the Yenisei. The Yeniseian Kyrgyz then established a small khanate that lasted until the coming of the Mongols in the 13th century.
In 1207, Turkic Oirat prince Kuduka-Beki led Mongol detachments under Jochi to a tributary of the Kaa-Khem river. They encountered the Tuvan Keshdims, Baits, and Teleks. This was the beginning of Mongol suzerainty over the Tuvans. One of Genghis Khan's greatest generals, Subutai, is said to have been a Uriaangkhai.
Tuvans came to be ruled for most of the 17th century by Khalka Mongol leader Sholoi Ubashi's Altyn-Khan Khanate. It was at this time in 1615 that the first Russians, V. Tyumenets and I. Petrov, visited Tuva as emissaries to the Altyn-Khan.^[3] Russian documents from this time record information about different tribal groups that contributed to the composition of modern Tuvans. Tyumenets and Petrov describe the Maads, who became Russian subjects in 1609, living in the Bii-Khem basin, a 14 day's ride from Tomsk. The Maads travelled to the area of the Khemchik and Ulug-Khem next to the lands of the Altyn-Khan near the lake Uvs Nuur. The ambassadors also described the Sayan raising reindeer with the Tochi (Todzhi) from the Sayan to the Altai mountain ranges. The descendants of the Ak-Sayan and Kara-Sayan live mostly around Tere-Khol rayon.
The state of the Altyn-Khan disappeared due to constant warring between the Oirats and the Khalka of Jasaghtu Khan Aimak. The Tuvans became part of the Dzungarian state ruled by the Oirats. The Dzungars ruled over all of the Sayano-Altay Plateau until 1755. It was during this time of Dzungarian rule that many tribes and clans broke up, moved around, and intermingled. Groups of Altayan Telengits settled in western Tuva on the Khemchik and Barlyk rivers and in the region of Bai-Taiga. Some Todzhans, Sayans, and Mingats ended up in the Altay. Other Tuvans migrated north across the Sayan range and became known as Beltirs (Dag-Kakpyn, Sug-Kakpyn, Ak-Chystar, Kara-Chystar). The languages of the Beltirs and Tuvans still contain common words not found in the language of the other Khakas (Kachins or Sagays).^[2] Other Russian documents mention Yeniseian Kyrgyz (Saryglar and Kyrgyz), Orchaks (Oorzhaks) and Kuchugets (Kuzhugets) moving into Tuva from the north.
Besides the Turkic tribes mentioned above, there is indication that modern Tuvans are descended also from Mongolic, Samoyedic, and Kettic groups of peoples. Of the extinct Southern Samoyed groups, Mator, Koibal, Kamas, and Karagas were assimilated mostly into the eastern Tuvans such as the Todzhins, Tofalars, Soyots, and Dukha. The Irgit tribe is also suggested as being from Samoyedic ancestors.^[5] The Tuvan name for the Yenisei river may stem from an ancient Samoyedic name.^[6] Tribes such as Tumat, Mingat, Mongush, and Salchak are recognized as having a Mongolic origin.^[7]
According to Ilya Zakharov of Moscow's Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the modern Tuvan people are the closest genetic relatives to the native peoples of North and South America. ^[8]

The name ''Uriankhai''

Main articles: Uriankhai

There doesn't seem to exist a clear ethnic delineation for the application of the name ''Uriankhai''. Mongols applied this name to all tribes of ''Forest People''. This name has historically been applied to Tuvans. In Mongolia there are peoples also known by this name. A variation of the name, ''Uraŋxai'', was an old name for the Sakha.^[9] Russian Pavel Nebol'sin documented the ''Urankhu'' clan of Volga Kalmyks in the 1850s.^[10] Another variant of the name, ''Orangkae'' (오랑캐), was traditionally used by the Koreans to refer indiscriminately to the various nomadic peoples that roamed over the lands to their north.

Geography

There are two major groups of Tuvans in Tuva: Western Tuvans and Tuvans-Todzhins (Тувинцы-тоджинцы). The latter ones live in Todzhinsky District, Tuva Republic and constitute about 5% of all Tuvans.
A people similar by language to Tuvans live in Oka District of Buryatia (self-naming: 'Soyots' (сойоты), sometimes referred to as 'Oka Tuvans').

Mongolia

A noticeable proportion of Tuvans lives in Mongolia. The Dukha live in Khövsgöl Aimag. The largest population of Tuvans in Mongolia are the ''Tsengel Tuvans''.^[11] Around 1,500 live in Tsengel Sum of Bayan-Ölgii Aimag. Other Tuvans live in Khovd Aimag.

China

Tuvans in China, who live mostly in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, are included under the Mongol nationality.^[11]

Culture

Music

Main articles: Music of Tuva

A unique form of music exists in Tuva commonly known as throat singing. A throat-singer produces multiple tones (a base tone and its overtones). A documentary called Genghis Blueswas made in 1999 about an American blues musician, Paul Pena, who taught himself overtone singing and traveled to Tuva to compete in a throat-singing competition.

Religion

The traditional religion of Tuvans is animism (shamanism), which is still widely practiced alongside Tibetan Buddhism.

Language

Main articles: Tuvan language

The Tuvan language belongs to the Northern or Siberian branch of the Turkic language family. Four dialects are recognized: Central, Western, Southeastern and Northeastern (Todzhinian). The written language is based on the Cyrillic alphabet.

See also

★ List of indigenous peoples of Russia

★ List of Tuvans

★ Tuva

★ Tannu Uriankhai

Notes

1. "Ancient Uigur Fortress on a Tuvan Lake to Turn into a Recreation and Tourist Centre", by Dina Oyun
2. Tuvan Manual, , John, KRUEGER, , 1977,
which cites from The Peoples of Siberia, , L.P., POTAPOV, , 1964,
3. Tuvan Manual, , John, KRUEGER, , 1977,
which cites from an English translation of by William H. Dougherty.
4. Tuvan Manual, , John, KRUEGER, , 1977,
which cites from The Peoples of Siberia, , L.P., POTAPOV, , 1964,
5. Polymorphism of the Y-Chromosome Diallelic Loci in Ethnic Groups of the Altai-Sayan Region, , M.V., DERENKO, Russian Journal of Genetics, 2002
Mentions that "some authors" suggest this idea.
6. Käm: an Early Samoyed Name of Yenisei, , I., VÁSÁRY, Studia Turcica, 1971
7. Polymorphism of the Y-Chromosome Diallelic Loci in Ethnic Groups of the Altai-Sayan Region, , M.V., DERENKO, Russian Journal of Genetics, 2002
Mentions only Mongush and Salchak tribes.
8. "Central Asian Origins of the Ancestor of First Americans", by I. Zakharov
9. Review of Menges "The Turkic Languages and Peoples", , Nicholas, POPPE, Central Asiatic Journal, 1969
10. Journey to Tuva, , Otto, Mänchen-Helfen, Ethnographic Press Unversity of Southern California, ,
11. Mongush, M. V. "Tuvans of Mongolia and China." ''International Journal of Central Asian Studies'', 1 (1996), 225-243. Talat Tekin, ed. Seoul: Inst. of Asian Culture & Development.
12. Mongush, M. V. "Tuvans of Mongolia and China." ''International Journal of Central Asian Studies'', 1 (1996), 225-243. Talat Tekin, ed. Seoul: Inst. of Asian Culture & Development.

References

★ Polymorphism of the Y-Chromosome Diallelic Loci in Ethnic Groups of the Altai-Sayan Region, , M.V., DERENKO, Russian Journal of Genetics, 2002

★ Tuvan Manual, , John R., KRUEGER, Indiana University Publications, 1977,

★ Tuvans of Mongolia and China, , M.V., MONGUSH, International Journal of Central Asian Studies, 1996

★ Ancient Uigur Fortress on a Tuvan Lake to Turn into a Recreation and Tourist Centre Dina OYUN

★ The Troubled Taiga: Survival on the Move for the Lost Nomadic Reindeer Herders of South Siberia, Mongolia, and China, , Larisa R., PAVLINSKAYA, Cultural Survival Quarterly, 2003

★ The Winds of Change Jing XIAOLEI

★ Central Asian Origins of the Ancestor of First Americans (Центральноазиатское происхождение предков первых американцев)

External links

★ "Reindeer People" Resort to Eating Their Herds (about the Dukha) with Photo gallery

★ Tuva and Sayan Mountains

★ Tuva - Sayan Mountains

★ Singing Stones - The Republic of Tuva