TUPIAN LANGUAGES

The 'Tupi' or 'Tupian language family' comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani.

Contents

History, members, and classification

List of Tupian languages

See also

External links

Bibliography

History, members, and classification

When the Portuguese arrived in Brazil, they found that wherever they went along the vast coast of this newly discovered land, most natives spoke similar languages. Jesuit missionaries took advantage of these similarities, systematizing common standards then named ''línguas gerais'' "general languages", which were spoken in that region until the 19th century. The best known and most widely spoken of these languages was Old Tupi, a modern descendent of which is still used today by Indians around the Rio Negro region, where it is known as ''Nheengatu'' (), or the "fine language". However, the Tupi family comprises also other languages.
In the neighbouring Spanish colonies, Guarani, another Tupian language closely related to Old Tupi, had a similar history, but managed to resist the spread of Spanish more successfully than Tupi resisted Portuguese. Today, Guarani has 7 million speakers, and is one of the official languages of Paraguay and Bolivia.
The Tupian family includes also several other languages with fewer speakers. It may be related to the Ge and Carib families in a Je-Tupi-Carib grouping.

List of Tupian languages

The largest subgroup within the Tupi language family is Tupi-Guarani, which should not be confused with Tupi or Guarani themselves. Members of this subfamily are:

★ Cocoma

★ Guarani

★ Lingua geral

★ Nheengatu

★ Old Tupi

★ Omagua

★ Potiguara

★ Tupiniquim

★ Xipaya
Other members of the Tupi language family include:

★ Kanoé

★ Munduruku

See also

★

★ Lingua Geral

★ List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin

★ Indigenous languages of the Americas

★ Languages of Brazil

★ Apapocuva

External links

★ Ethnologue classification for Tupi

★ Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages

Bibliography