TRIUMVIRATE

The term '''triumvirate''' (a law)(from Latin, "of three men") is commonly used to describe a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals. The arrangement can be formal or informal, and though the three are usually equal on paper, in reality this is rarely the case. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader of the state.

Contents

Roman Triumvirates

Modern Triumvirates

Modern Italy

Modern Greece

New World

Other 'Triumvirates'

In fiction

Sources and references

See also

Roman Triumvirates

★ Twice in the late pre-Principate period of the Roman republic, political power shifted from the formal magistrates and senate to three ambitious men, who thus constituted a transitional government, known as ''triumviratus'', each time only to break up again in civil war:

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★ What modern scholars call the First Triumvirate was an informal political alliance of two rival generals, Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great representening the popular viz. senatorial party, with the extremely wealthy businessman Marcus Licinius Crassus. This fell apart after the death of Crassus, and the two other triumvirs fought a civil war, during which Pompey was killed and Caesar established his sole rule as perpetual dictator.

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★ The Second Triumvirate was a formal governing body, consisting of Octavian and Mark Antony, the rivals for real power, and third wheel Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Lepidus was sidelined early on in the triumvirate, and Antony was eliminated in a civil war, leaving Octavian as the sole leader.

★ In various municipalities, also under the Principate, the chief magistracy was a college of three, styled ''triumviri''.

Modern Triumvirates

The title was revived a few times for (short-lived) three-headed political 'magistratures' in post-feudal times.
Ironically, when the French revolutionaries turned to several Roman Magistrature names for their new institutions, the three-headed collective Head of State was bizarrely named ''Consulat'', a term in use for two-headed magistratures since Antiquity; furthermore it included a "First Consul" who was not an equal, but the de facto solo head of state and government- a tyrannical position Napoleon Bonaparte chose to convert openly into the First French Empire.

Modern Italy

In the Roman Republic (1849), the title of two sets of three joint chiefs of state in the year 1849:

★ 29 March - 1 July 1849: Carlo Armellini (b. 1777 - d. 1863), Giuseppe Mazzini (b. 1805 - d. 1872) & ''Conte'' Aurelio Saffi (b. 1819 - d. 1890)

★ 1 July till 4 July 1849: Aurelio Saliceti (again), Alessandro Calandrelli (b. 1805 - d. 1888) & Livio Mariani (no dates available)

Modern Greece

★ After the downfall of the first (and only thus styled) King of Greece, the Bavarian Othon on 23 October 1862, and Dimitrios Voulgaris' unsuccessful term (23 October 1862 - 30 January 1863) as president of the Provisional Government, a Triumvirate (30 January-30 October 1863) was established consisting of the same Dimitrios Voulgaris, the renowned Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris (b. 1790 - d. 1877) and Benizelos Rouphos (b. 1795 - d. 1868), which acted as a Regency until the arrival of the newly styled next Monarch, the first "King of the Hellenes" Georgios I.

★ A de facto triumvirate was set up during the First World War, to head the "Provisional Government of National Defence" in Thessaloniki, in September 1916, consisting of the popular liberal statesman Eleftherios Venizelos, General Panagiotis Danglis and Admiral Pavlos Koundouriotis.

★ Another de facto triumvirate existed during the early years of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974, where the junta's three main leaders were Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, Brigadier Stylianos Pattakos and Colonel Nikolaos Makarezos. With the increasing predominance of Papadopoulos from 1970 on, this triumvirate ceased to function.

New World

★ The United Provinces of New Granada, now present day Colombia, and Panama, were headed by two triumvirates in the period known as the ''Foolish Fatherland''.

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★ Interim Triumvirate, October 5, 1814 - November 23, 1814

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★ José María del Castillo y Rada

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★ José Joaquín Camacho

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★ José Fernández Madrid

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★ Triumvirate of the United Provinces of New Granada, November 23, 1814- October 1815

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★ Custodio García Rovira

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★ Antonio Villavicencio, Replaced Rovira during his second term as he could not preside over.

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★ José Manuel Restrepo, was never sworn in.

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★ José Miguel Pey de Andrade, replaced Restrepo as he declined. July 28, 1815

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★ Manuel Rodríguez Torices

★ In the present Dominican Republic (eastern part of formerly Spanish Hispaniola island), twice (in a long list of styles, basically juntas, some also of three) :

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★ 29 May 1866 - 22 August 1866 - 1st Triumvirate (in rebellion from 1 May 1866):

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★ Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro (b. 1830 - d. 1874; formerly one of three 'Generals-in-Chief' 23 January 1865 - 24 January 1865)

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★ Gregorio Luperón (b. 1839 - d. 1897) PA

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★ Federico de Jesús García

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★ 26 September 1963 - 25 April 1965 - 2nd Triumvirate :

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★ Emilio de los Santos (b. 1903 - to 22 December 1963) (chairman; from 29 December 1963 succeeded by Donald Joseph Reid Cabral, b. 1923, UCN, new chairman)

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★ Manuel Enrique Tavares Espaillat (b. 1929)

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★ Ramón Tapia Espinal (b. 1926 - d. 2002)

★ State of New York

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★ "three men in a room" (currently Sheldon Silver, Eliot Spitzer, and Joseph Bruno)

Other 'Triumvirates'

The word has been used as a term of convenience, though not an official title, for other groups of three in a similar position :

★ ''Ottoman Triumvirate'' is another name for the Ottoman Interregnums

★ Great Triumvirate

★ Council of Three

★ Paraguayan Triumvirate

★ Triumvirate and Stan

★ The Triumvirate plus One

In fiction

★ Commonwealth Triumvirate in Andromeda describes the leading arrangement of the All Systems Commonwealth. Controlled by 3 triumvirs, Tri-Jema, Tri-Lorn and Tri-Ortiz, who was replaced by her sister [etymologically absurd: a woman as 'man'], Tri-Camille

★ Triumvirate of the Robotech Masters in fictional ''Robotech'' series.

★ The Advocacy of the ''War of the Worlds'' TV series, three aliens who made up a triumvirate to guide and counsel the lower classes.

★ A brief Triumvirate Borg appeared on ''Star Trek'' for the first three seasons.

★ In the television series ''The Pretender'', a shadowy council, called the Triumvirate, headquartered in Africa, were apparently the powers that be of the mysterious Centre and were concerned about a prophecy involving Jarod.

★ In the DC Universe, specifically in the series of ''Etrigan the Demon'', the Triumvirate rule hell.

★ In Orson Scott Card's Ender Series a triumvirate of the Strategos, the Polemarch, and the Hegemon are rulers to some extent.

★ In Alastair Reynolds's ''Revelation Space'' series the lighthugger ''Nostalgia for Infinity'' is commanded by a Triumvirate of Ultranauts in lieu of the ship's incapacitated Captain.

★ In the ''Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter Series'' by Laurell K. Hamilton, Anita Blake forms a triumvirate between herself (a necromancer/animator), Jean-Claude (a master vampire) and Richard (a werewolf). There are two other triumvirates in the series. One in ''The Killing Dance'' consisting of Sabin, Cassandra and Dominic and the other in ''Burnt Offerings'' consisting of Padma, Thomas and Gideon.

★ In the video game '', the three Genma (demon) leaders, Claudius the Chancellor, Rosencrantz the Scientist and Ophelia the Priestess formed what was known as the Triumvirate. Throughout the game they worked together to resurrect the Genma God of Light, Fortinbras.

★ In The Star Wars Expanded Universe, there have been several notable Triumvirates, including the Sith Triumvirate of Darths Traya, Nihilus, and Sion, and the Imperial Triumvirate of Moff Disra, Major Tierce, and Flim.

★ In So I Married an Axe Murderer, Stuart Mackenzie is convinced that The Queen, the Vatican, the Gettys, the Rothschilds, and Colonel Sanders form a group known as the Pentavirate, and is further convinced that this group run everything in the world, including the newspapers, and meet tri-annually at a secret country mansion in Colorado, known as The Meadows.

★ Belfast footballing minnows, Glentoran FC, use the word 'Triumvirate' to describe their three biggest achievements to date.. namely 'Morgan's Day' (the day they beat their larger rivals, Linfield FC, to win the Irish Premiership), the successful tour of the USA (when they played as 'Detroit Cougars') and finally, their winning of the 'Vienna Cup'.

★ In Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, the episode Codename Europa features the Triumvirate of Europe.

★ In the video game Tomb Raider and Natla, Qualopec and Tihocan form the trumvirate of the Atlantis.

Sources and references

★ Etymology on line

★ World Statesmen here Greece - see under each present country

See also

★ Council of Three

★ Duumvirate - the equivalent term but with two members

★ Decemvirate - the equivalent term for ten people