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:''For the physical quantity, see torque.''
A 'torc', also spelled 'torq' or 'torque' is a rigid circular neck ring or necklace that is open-ended at the front.

Torcs are a type of Scythian and Celtic jewellery, produced in the European Iron Age, from circa the 8th century BC to the 3rd century AD.

Contents

Terminology and definition

Origins

Scythian torcs

Celtic torcs

Modern torcs

See also

References

Terminology and definition

The word comes from Latin ''torques'', from ''torqueo'', to twist, because of the twisted shape of the collar. The ends of ancient torcs typically bore sculpted ornaments, frequently globes, cubes, or animal heads, and less commonly human figures. The body of the necklace was usually but not always wrapped. Although they were most often neck-rings, there were also bracelets with this shape. Torcs were made from intertwined metal strands, usually gold or bronze, less often silver.
The Celtic torc disappears in the migration period, but Viking Age metal necklaces are sometimes also referred to as "torcs"[1].

Origins

The torc first appears in Scythian art, from the Early Iron Age, introduced to Celtic Europe around 500 BC (see also Thraco-Cimmerian).
It also has predecessors in gold necklaces of the European Bronze Age, which are sometimes also called "torcs", e.g. the three 12th-11th century BC specimens found at Tiers Cross, Pembrokeshire, Wales.[2]
One of the earliest known depictions of a torc can be found on the Warrior of Hirschlanden (6th century BC).

Scythian torcs

An early Scythian torc is part of the Pereshchepina hoard, dating to the 7th century BC. A later example is found in the Tolstaya burial, or the Karagodeuashk kurgan (Kuban area), both dating to the 4th century BC.

Celtic torcs

Depictions of the gods and goddesses of Celtic mythology frequently show them wearing torcs. The famous Roman copy of the original Greek sculpture ''The Dying Gaul'' depicts a wounded Gallic warrior naked except for a torc. Examples have been discovered in Britain and Europe during archaeological surveys.^[1]
A 1st century BC example is the Snettisham Torc found in southwestern Norfolk.
It was said by some authors that the torc was an ornament for women until the 4th century BC, when it became an attribute of warriors.
An example of a torc owned by a woman is the gold torc from the La Tene period chariot burial of a princess, found in Waldalgesheim, Germany, and another found in a woman's grave at Reinheim. Another La Tene example was found as part of a hoard buried near Erstfeld.[3]
The famous heavy silver "bull torc" found in Trichtingen, Germany, dates to the 2nd century BC.
The torc was a sign of nobility and high social status: a decoration awarded to warriors for their deeds in battle, as well as a divine attribute, since some depictions of Celtic gods wear one or more torcs. Images of the god Cernunnos wearing one torc around his neck, with torcs hanging from his antlers or held in his hand, have been found.
The Roman consul Titus Manlius in the 340s BC challenged a Gaul to single combat and killed him, and then took his torc. Because he always wore it, he received the nickname ''Torquatus'' (the one who wears a torc). After this, Romans adopted the torc as a decoration for distinguished soldiers and elite units during Republican times.

Modern torcs

The hippie movement of the 1960s and 1970s brought torcs back into fashion, not only as necklaces and bracelets, but also as rings. Torc-shaped bracelets are commonly worn today by both men and women. Torcs are also popularly worn in pierced ears, nipples, navels and other parts of the body.
The torc is also the symbol of someone with the title of Saoi, which is the highest honour Aosdána, the Irish organization of artists, can bestow upon its members.

See also

★ Manillas

References

1. http://www.ancienttouch.com/172.jpg