TIRESIAS

:'''Everes' redirects here. For the butterfly genus, see ''Everes (genus).

In Greek mythology, 'Tiresias' (also transliterated as 'Teiresias') was a blind prophet of Thebes, famous for being transformed into a woman for seven years. He was the son of the shepherd 'Everes' and the nymph Chariclo;^[1] Tiresias participated fully in seven generations at Thebes, beginning as advisor to Cadmus himself.

Contents

Overview

Tiresias and Thebes

Death

QE-RA-SI-JA

The caduceus

In post-classical literature

Sources

Notes

References

Overview

Eighteen allusions to mythic Tiresias, noted by Luc Brisson,^[2] fall into three groups: one, in two episodes, recounts Tiresias' sex-change and his encounter with Zeus and Hera; a second group recounts his blinding by Athena; a third, all but lost, seems to have recounted the misadventures of Tiresias.
Tiresias was a priest of Zeus. According to the mythographic compendium ''Bibliotheke''^[3], different stories were told of the cause of his blindness, the most direct being that he was simply blinded by the gods for revealing their secrets. An alternate story told by the poet Pherecydes was followed in Callimachus' poem "The Bathing of Pallas"; in it, Tiresias was blinded by Athena after he stumbled onto her bathing naked.^[4] His mother, Chariclo, a nymph of Athena, begged her to undo her curse, but Athena could not; instead, she cleaned his ears,^[3] giving him the ability to understand birdsong, thus the gift of augury.
On Mount Cyllene in the Peloponnese,^[6] as Tiresias came upon a pair of copulating snakes, he hit the pair a smart blow with his stick. Hera was not pleased, and she punished Tiresias by transforming him into a woman. As a woman, Tiresias became a priestess of Hera, married and had children, including Manto, who also possessed the gift of prophecy. According to some versions of the tale, Lady Tiresias was a prostitute of great renown. After seven years as a woman, Tiresias again found mating snakes; depending on the myth, either she made sure to leave the snakes alone this time, or, according to Hyginus, trampled on them. As a result, Tiresias was released from his sentence and permitted to regain his masculinity. This ancient story is recorded in lost lines of Hesiod.^[7]
In a separate episode^[8], Tiresias was drawn into an argument between Hera and her husband Zeus, on the theme of who has more pleasure in sex: the man, as Hera claimed; or, as Zeus claimed, the woman, as Tiresias had experienced both. Tiresias revealed woman's greatest secret: that she receives the greater pleasure: "Of ten parts a man enjoys one only."^[9] Hera instantly struck him blind for his impiety. Zeus could do nothing to stop her, but he did give Tiresias the gift of foresight^[10] and a lifespan of seven lives.
Stripped of its narrative, anecdotal and causal connections, the mythic figure of Tiresias combines several archaic elements: the blind seer; the impious interruption of a natural rite (whether of a bathing goddess or coupling serpents); serpents and staff (Caduceus); a holy man's double gender (shaman); and competition between deities.
Tiresias's background, fully male and then fully female, was important, both for his prophecy and his experiences. Also, prophecy was a gift given only to the priests and priestesses. Therefore, Tiresias offered Zeus and Hera evidence and gained the gift of male and female priestly prophecy. He varied in terms of how he obtained his information: sometimes, like the oracles, he would receive visions; other times he would listen for the songs of birds, or ask for a description of visions and pictures appearing within the smoke of burnt offerings, and so interpret them.
As a seer, "Tiresias" was "a common title for soothsayers throughout Greek legendary history" (Graves 1960, 105.5). In Greek literature, Tiresias's pronouncements are always gnomic but never wrong. Often when his name is attached to a mythic prophecy, it is introduced simply to supply a personality to the generic example of a seer, not by any inherent connection of Tiresias with the myth: thus it is Tiresias who tells Amphytrion of Zeus and Alcmena and warns the mother of Narcissus that the boy will thrive as long as he never knows himself. This is his emblematic role in tragedy (''see below''). Like most oracles, he is generally extremely reluctant to offer the whole of what he sees in his visions.
In Hellenistic and Roman times Tiresias' sex-change was embroidered upon and expanded into seven episodes, with appropriate amours in each, probably written by the Alexandrian Ptolemaeus Chennus, but attributed by Eustathius to Sostratus.^[11] Tiresias is presented as a complexly liminal figure, with a foot in each of many oppositions, mediating between the gods and mankind, male and female, blind and seeing, present and future, and this world and the Underworld.^[12]

Tiresias and Thebes

Tiresias appears as the name of a recurring character in several stories and Greek tragedies concerning the legendary history of Thebes. In ''The Bacchae'', by Euripides, Tiresias appears with Cadmus, the founder and first king of Thebes, to warn the current king Pentheus against denouncing Dionysus as a god. Along with Cadmus, he dresses in women's clothing to go up the mountain to worship Dionysus with the Theban women.
In Sophocles' ''Oedipus the King'', Oedipus, the king of Thebes, calls upon Tiresias to aid in the investigation of the killing of the previous king Laius. At first, Tiresias refuses to give a direct answer and instead hints that the killer is someone Oedipus really does not wish to find. However, after being provoked to anger by Oedipus' accusation first that he has no foresight and then that Tiresias had had a hand in the murder, he reveals that in fact it was Oedipus himself who had (unwittingly) committed the crime. Outraged, Oedipus throws him out of the palace, but then afterwards realises the truth.
Oedipus had handed over the rule of Thebes to his sons Eteocles and Polynices, but Eteocles refused to share the throne with his brother. Aeschylus' ''Seven Against Thebes'' recounts the story of the war which followed. In it, Eteocles and Polynices kill each other, and Megareus kills himself because of Tiresias' prophecy that a voluntary death from a Theban would save the city.
Tiresias also appears in Sophocles' ''Antigone''. Creon, now king of Thebes, refuses to allow Polynices to be buried. His sister, Antigone, defies the order and is caught; Creon decrees that she is to be buried alive. The gods express their disapproval of Creon's decision through Tiresias. However, Antigone has already hanged herself rather than be buried alive. When Creon arrives at the tomb where she is to be interred, his son, Haemon who was betrothed to Antigone, attacks Creon and then kills himself. When Creon's wife, Eurydice, is informed of her son and Antigone's deaths, she too takes her own life.
Tiresias and his prophesy are also involved in the story of the Epigoni.

Death

Tiresias died after drinking the water from the spring Tilphussa, where he was struck by an arrow of Apollo. After his death he was visited in the underworld by Odysseus, to whom he gave valuable advice concerning the rest of his voyage, specifically concerning the cattle of Helios, which Odysseus' men did not follow.

QE-RA-SI-JA

At Knossos, in a Late Minoan IIIA context (fourteenth century BC), seven Linear B texts mention an entity, unattested elsewhere as yet, called ''qe-ra-si-ja'' and, once, ''qe-ra-si-jo''. If this title had survived the fall of LMIII Crete, then it could have evolved into
★ Terasias in Doric and, possibly,
★ Te[i]resias in Ionic.^[13]

The caduceus

Main articles: Caduceus

Connections with the paired serpents on the caduceus are often made (Brisson 1976:55-57).

In post-classical literature

The figure of Tiresias has been much-invoked by fiction writers and poets. Since Tiresias is both the greatest seer of the Classical mythos, a figure cursed by the gods, ''and'' both man and woman, he has been very useful to authors. At the climax of Lucian's ''Necyomantia'', Tiresias in Hades is asked "what is the best way of life?" and his disconcertingly modern response, couched in high-flown diction is "the life of the ordinary guy: forget philosophers and their metaphysics^[14] This advice is pragmatic and moderate and represents the moral message of the short story.
In ''The Divine Comedy'' (), Dante sees Tiresias in the fourth pit of the eighth circle of Hell (the circle is for perpetrators of fraud and the fourth pit being the location for soothsayers or diviners.) He was condemned to walk for eternity with his head twisted toward his back; while in life he strove to look forward to the future, in Hell he must only look backward. Tiresias' daughter Manto is also assigned her punishment here.
More recently, "Tiresias" was the title of a poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson.
T. S. Eliot used Tiresias as an integral voice in his landmark modernist poem, "The Waste Land".
The French composer Francis Poulenc also wrote an opera called ''Les Mamelles de Tirésias'' ("The Breasts of Tiresias") based on Guillaume Apollinaire's surrealist text.^[15]
Frank Herbert also uses the mythic characteristics of Tiresias in his second Dune novel, ''Dune Messiah'', where the protagonist Paul Atreides loses his sight but has prophetic powers to counter this stemming from insights into both the male and female part of the psyche.
Amy Seham, drama professor at Gustavus Adolphus College, wrote a musical entitled "Tiresias" in 1999, with music by Chanda Walker and Kira Theimer.
Tiresias as a motif of doubleness (male/female) also occurs in the writing of Rohinton Mistry. There it serves as a comparison to the protagonist of the short story "Lend me your Light", who is torn between his childhood home in Bombay and his new existence in Toronto: "I, Tiresias,/ Blind and throbbing between two lives..." (Tales from Firozsha Baag: 180).
In Lawrence Durrell's novel, Balthazar, the second part of his Alexandria Quartet, various of the novel's characters are seen as having moments of prophetic sight, namely Melissa, Scobie and Balthazar. Scobie also cross-dresses, thus implying the androgyny of Tiresias. The novel also features the sing-along rhyme:
:Old Tiresias
:No-one half so breezy as,
:Half so free and easy as
:Old Tiresias
Tiresias also shows up in Jeffrey Eugenides' Middlesex (novel). Cal, the protagonist, references and compares himself to the seer, and even played him in a production of ''Antigone''.
Dennis DeYoung uses Tiresias in the song "Castle Walls" on the 1977 Styx album "The Grand Illusion."
Haruki Murakami's novel, Kafka on the Shore, has a character called Oshima, who is an androgynous seer, like Tiresias.
Carol Ann Duffy wrote a poem entitled 'from Mrs Tiresias' in her collection The World's Wife.
Genesis's song "The Cinema Show" (from the 1973 album ''Selling England by the Pound'') is based on an excerpt of T. S. Eliot's poem "The Waste Land", and as such, mentions the character of Tiresias.
During the opening scenes of ''O Brother Where Art Thou'', a clear derivative of ''Odyssey'', Tiresias is introduced as an old black man on a railroad handcar. Although when asked his name he states "I have no name"
In 2001 Le Tendre and Rossi published a two-volume comic book Tiresias, focusing on his gender-change period.

Sources

Tiresias appears in the following literary classics:

★ ''Oedipus the King'', Sophocles

★ ''Antigone'', Sophocles

★ ''The Bacchae'', Euripides

★ ''Iphigenia at Aulis'', Euripides

★ ''Phoenician Women'', Euripides

★ ''The Odyssey'', Homer

★ ''Oedipus'', Seneca the Younger

★ ''Metamorphoses'', Ovid

★ ''Seven Against Thebes'', Aeschylus

★ ''Fifth Hymn'' ("The Bath of Pallas"), Callimachus

★ ''The Divine Comedy'', Dante Alighieri

★ ''Paradise Lost'', John Milton

★ ''Tiresias'', Alfred Tennyson

★ ''The Waste Land'', T. S. Eliot
The film Tiresia is inspired by this myth.

Notes

1. Of a line born of the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus,''Bibliotheke'', III.6.7; see also Hyginus, ''Fabula'' 75.
2. Luc Brisson 1976. ''Le mythe de Tirésias: essai d'analyse structurale'' (Leiden: Brill).
3. ''Bibliotheke'' III.6.7.
4. This, readable as a doublet of the Actaeon mytheme, was the version preferred by the English poets Tennyson and even Swinburne.
5. ''Bibliotheke'' III.6.7.
6. Eustathius and John Tzetzes place this episode on Mount Cithaeron in Boeotia, near the territory of Thebes.
7. According to ''Bibliotheke'' III.6.7, and in Phlegon, ''Mirabilia'' 4.
8. The episode is briefly noted by Hyginus, ''Fabula'' 75; Ovid treats it at length in ''Metamorposes'' III.
9. ''Bibliotheke'' III.6.7.
10. The blind prophet with inner sight as recompense for blindness, is a familiar mytheme.
11. Eustathius, ''Commentary on Homer's Odyssey'' 10.494.
12. Fully explored in structuralist mode, with many analogies drawn from ambivalent sexualities considered to exist among animals in Antiquity, in Brisson 1976.
13. Lesson 26: Mycenaean and Late Cycladic Religion and Religious Architecture.
14. R. B. Branham, "The Wisdom of Lucian's Tiresias" ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' '109' (1989), pp. 159-160.
15. Albert Bermel, "Apollinaire's Male Heroine" ''Twentieth Century Literature'' '20'.3 (July 1974), pp. 172-182 .


The Breasts of Tiresias (1917) by Guillaume Apollinaire

References

★ Robert Graves, 1960 (revised edition). ''The Greek Myths''

★ Luc Brisson, 1976. ''Le mythe de Tirésias: essai d'analyse structurale'' (Leiden: Brill) Structural analysis by a follower of Claude Lévi-Strauss and a repertory of literary references and works of art in an iconographical supplement.