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There are a number of planets or planetary bodies whose existence is not supported by scientific evidence, but which are occasionally believed to exist by pseudoscientists, conspiracy theorists or certain religious groups. Some were proposed early in philosophical history, and perhaps belong more to protoscience than pseudoscience, while others were formed in direct conflict with current scientific consensus.

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Hypothetical planets

Counter-Earth

Planets proposed by Zecharia Sitchin

Hypothetical moons

Lilith

Gaga

Hypothetical planets

Counter-Earth

Main articles: Counter-Earth

This idea was first established by Philolaus when he reasoned that in order to keep the universe in balance there was a need for a Counter-Earth, Antichthon in Greek, a second Earth, identical but opposite to ours in every way on the other side of the Central Fire.
If such a planet actually existed in our current scientific cosmology, as a spherical world that revolved around the sun, it would be permanently hidden behind the sun but nevertheless detectable from Earth, because of its gravitational influence upon the other planets of the Solar System. No such influence has been detected, and indeed space probes sent to Venus, Mars and other places could not have successfully flown by or landed on their targets if a Counter-Earth existed, as it was not accounted for in navigational calculation.

Planets proposed by Zecharia Sitchin

Main articles: Zecharia Sitchin

In recent years, the work of the amateur Semitic language scholar Zecharia Sitchin has garnered much attention among ufologists, ancient astronaut theorists and conspiracy theorists. He claims to have uncovered, through his own radical retranslations of Sumerian texts, evidence that the human race was visited by a group of extraterrestrials from a distant planet in our own Solar System. Part of his theory lies in an astronomical interpretation of the Sumerian creation myth, the ''Enuma Elish'', in which he replaces the names of gods with hypothetical planets. However, since the principal evidence for Sitchin's claims lies in his own personally derived etymologies and not on any scholarly agreed interpretations (including scholars among the Sumerians themselves), his theories remain at most pseudoscience to the vast majority, if not the totality, of academics. ^[1]
Sitchin's theory proposes the planets Tiamat and Nibiru. Tiamat supposedly existed between Mars and Jupiter. He postulated that it was a thriving world in a much differently shaped solar system, with jungles and oceans, whose orbit was disrupted by the arrival of a large planet or very small star (less than twenty times the size of Jupiter) which passed through the solar system between 65 million and four billion years ago.
The new orbits caused Tiamat to collide with this object, which is known as Nibiru. The debris from this collision are thought by the theory's proponents to have variously formed the asteroid belt, the moon, and the current incarnation of the planet Earth.
To the Babylonians, Nibiru was the celestial body or region sometimes associated with the god Marduk. The word is Akkadian and the meaning is uncertain. Because of this, the hypothetical planet Nibiru is sometimes also referred to as Marduk. Sitchin hypothesizes it as a planet in a highly elliptic orbit around the Sun, with a perihelion passage some 3,600 years ago and assumed orbital period of about 3,600 to 3,760 years or 3,741 years, he also claims it was the home of a technologically advanced human-like alien race, the Anunnaki, which would have visited Earth in search of gold particles.

Hypothetical moons

Lilith

Main articles: Lilith (hypothetical moon)

Earth's "dark moon," first proposed in 1846 by French astronomer Frederic Petit and supposedly confirmed in 1919 by astrologer Walter Gornold, who named it. Although neither claim is supported by scientific evidence, Lilith is still used by some astrologers today.

Gaga

Sitchin also postulates that Pluto began life as 'Gaga', a satellite of Saturn which, due to gravitational disruption caused by Nibiru's passing, was incited to move outside of Neptune.