THOMAS C. HINDMAN

'Thomas Carmichael Hindman, Jr.' (January 28, 1828 – September 27, 1868) was a United States Representative from the 1st Congressional District of Arkansas in the 36th United States Congress from 1859 to 1861 and a Major General in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.^[1] After being born in Knoxville, Tennessee, Hindman moved with his family to Jacksonville, Alabama and later Ripley, Mississippi. After receiving his primary education in Ripley, he attended the Lawrenceville Classical Institute (now known as the Lawrenceville School) and graduated with honors on September 25, 1843. Afterwards, he raised a company in Tippah County for the 2nd Mississippi regiment in the Mexican-American War. Hindman served the war as a lieutenant and later as a captain of his company. After the war, he returned to Ripley. He studied law, and was admitted into the state bar in 1851. He then commenced his law practice in Ripley, but moved it to Helena two years later.
Hindman then served as a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1854 to 1856. He was elected and served as the Democrat representative for Arkansas's 1st congressional district in the Thirty-sixth Congress from March 4, 1859 to March 4, 1861. He was re-elected to the Thirty-seventh Congress but declined to serve at the onset of the American Civil War. He raised and commanded "Hindman's legion" in 1861 for the Confederate States Army. He was promoted to brigadier general on September 28, 1861 and later Major General on April 18, 1862. After the war, he moved to Mexico City to pursue a literary career, but promptly returned back to Helena after the execution of Maximilian I of Mexico.^[2] He became the leader of the "Young Democracy", a new political organization that was willing to accept the Reconstruction for the restoration of the Union. Unexpectedly, he was assassinated on September 27, 1868 in his Helena, Arkansas home by an unknown assassin.^[3]

Contents

Family background

Early life

Participation in the Mexican-American War

Back in Mississippi

Move to Arkansas

The Civil War

Post-war activities

Assassination

See also

Notes

References

External links

Family background

Thomas C. Hindman was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, as the fifth of the six children of Thomas Hindman and Sallie Holt Hindman. His parents came from an English and Scottish ancestral background.^[4] His mother's ancestors included Major Robert Holt, a successful planter and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1655. The Holt family originally came from Halifax County, Virginia before moving to Knoxville. Hindman's paternal lineage started with the Carmichael clan in Scotland, and made its way into America after King George II of Great Britain ousted nine hundred Scottish followers of Bonnie Prince Charles to America after the April 16, 1746 Battle of Culloden. One of the descendants of the Carmichael clan, Sarah Carmichael, married Samuel Hindman, a wealthy Pennsylvania merchant in the early 1790s. They then moved to Knoxville, and their youngest son Thomas C. Hindman, Sr. was born on November 10, 1793. Family legend claims that Hindman, Sr. was the first white male child born in Knoxville.^[5][6][7]
Hindman, Sr. was an ensign in the 39th United States Infantry during the War of 1812. He was promoted to third lieutenant on January 11, 1814 and to second lieutenant on May 20 of the same year. He fought in the Battle of New Orleans, the final major battle of the war, and served in active duty until he resigned on June 30, 1816 due to health concerns.^[8][9] After leaving the army, Hindman, Sr. operated a military ferry on the Tennessee River and served as a lieutenant colonel in the 10th Territorial Militia Regiment for the Alabama Territory. In his dealings as a merchant, he met Lewis Ross. Hindman, Sr. was a frequent visitor at the Ross household, and it was there that he met Lewis's wife's sister, Sallie Holt.^[10] After a brief courtship, the couple was married in Knoxville on January 21, 1819.^[11] After settling down in Rhea County, Tennessee, their first daughter was born in 1820. Three more children, Robert, Mary and Sarah, were born after the family moved to Post Oak Springs. The family moved back to Knoxville, Tennessee in 1827. Thomas Jr. was born the next year, and Mildred followed in the year after that.^[12]

Early life

The elder Hindman frequently made business trips to Alabama, and even moved the family to Jacksonville after buying several lots of land there. Hindman took advantage of the many business opportunities in the area, and he was able to provide his family with whatever they needed. Hindman, Sr. gained a reputation for honesty with his business associates, which included Cherokee Indian tribes in the area.^[13] He became trusted by the Cherokee Nation and was appointed a sub-agent to the Cherokees by President James Monroe. When President Andrew Jackson was in office, Hindman, Sr. was appointed to the post of United States Agent for the Cherokee Nation.^[14] The elder Hindman frequently traveled to Washington D.C. to discuss the interests of the Cherokee Nation, and in 1841, he was assigned by Acting Secretary of War Albert M. Lea to determine why the Cherokees in North Carolina had rejected the government's suggestion to join other parts of the tribe in Indian Territory. Hindman spent almost two months unsuccessfully trying to persuade the North Carolina Cherokees to "rejoin the nation in the West".^[15]
That year, Hindman's father purchased a new plantation in Ripley, Mississippi. Hindman went to local schools, before going to study at the Lawrenceville Classical Institute in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, which was the third oldest boarding school in the country.^[16][17] Hindman received a classical education there and graduated with honors on September 25, 1843,^[18] as the class salutatorian.^[19] After spending some time visiting relatives and studying in New York, Hindman went back to Ripley and began to study law under Orlando Davis, a notable local attorney and Whig Party politician.
Hindman's father became an active participant in Mississippi politics. He led the state's Whig Party, and served as a member of the executive committee of the local Henry Clay club. In 1845, he was selected as a delegate to attend a convention in Memphis, Tennessee that promoted transportation and infrastructural projects in the South and West.^[20]

Participation in the Mexican-American War

Soon, the United States Army engaged in fighting at the US-Mexico border. After skirmishes along the Rio Grande between Mexican forces and American forces led by General Zachary Taylor, Congress approved a declaration of war and President James K. Polk called upon the states to draw up 50,000 volunteers to be alongside the army. Mississippi newspapers encouraged state residents to join the action. As the Holly Springs ''Guard'' proclaimed, "To arms! To arms! Ye brave! Th' avenging sword unsheathe: March on, march on, all hearts resolved, on [to] victory or death."^[21][22]
Hindman was eager to have the chance of serving his country in war. He enlisted as a Second Lieutenant in company E of the Second Mississippi Infantry.^[23] His older brother, Robert, also joined the same unit as a private.^[24] Hindman and his fellow infantrymen spent the winter training for battle in Camp McClung. Many soldiers were unprepared for the cold temperatures in January 1847, and as a result, many died of influenza, pneumonia and "the cold plague."^[25] The Second Mississippi Infantry headed off towards the United States–Mexico border in February. They reached the mouth of the Rio Grande on February 24, 1847, just a day after the Battle of Buena Vista. They continued marching, and the number of dead soldiers escalated. By June 1847, 167 men had died, 134 had been discharged and 38 had been deserted.^[26] The infantry later moved to Buena Vista, seven miles south of Saltillo, Coahuila, for guard duty. The anticipation of glory for the regiment evaporated amongst the ravages of disease, guerilla raids, and camp duties. In March 1847, Colonel Charles Clark assigned Hindman the position of appointment as the acting regiment’s adjutant, due to his educational background and writing skills.^[27] Hindman's brother, Robert, who was now a sergeant, suffered from smallpox and was medically discharged on April 23. Hindman rose to the rank of lieutenant and Post Adjutant by the end of the war in 1848, but did not see any major action during the remainder of his time with the infantry.^[28]

Back in Mississippi

After returning back to Ripley, Hindman continued his law studies under Orlando Davis. A year after the war ended, Hindman's brother, Robert, engaged in a fight with William Falkner because he had thought Falkner tried to block his membership into the Ripley section of the Sons of Temperance. Robert Hindman tried to defend himself, but his gun failed to fire, and Falkner then fatally stabbed him. Falkner was tried for murder, but was acquitted by the jury ruling that he was acting in self-defense.^[29] Afterwards, Falkner killed a family friend of the Hindmans, and he again was acquitted in the murder trial.^[30] Thomas Hindman and Falkner engaged in a gun fight, but neither man was injured. The tense relationship between Falkner and Hindman culminated in a settlement made by Matthew C. Galloway, who would later become the future editor of the Memphis, Tennessee ''Appeal''.^[31]
Hindman himself joined the Ripley chapter of the Sons of Temperance, and served as the recording secretary of the local branch. In 1853, he successfully campaigned for a seat to represent Tippah County in the Mississippi legislature. Hindman's Mississippi lawmaking career ended when the legislature adjourned in March 1854. Hindman realized that he had little room to maneuver in the crowded Mississippi political arena. Looking across the Mississippi River, Hindman observed that the young and turbulent State of Arkansas was wide open for a well educated and ambitious politician. He would leave the group and Mississippi politics when he moved to Helena, Arkansas on March 18, 1854.^[32]

Move to Arkansas

Hindman threw himself into the political and social scenes in his new home. In June 1854, he formed a law partnership with John Palmer, a young Kentucky native who was known as a "distinguished member" of the Helena, Arkansas bar. Hindman became active in civic affairs and plans for Helena's economic development.^[33] At an Independence Day festival in 1854, he gave a speech about the importance of railroad development in Arkansas.^[34] Hindman catapulted himself into the fray by taking a stand against the anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic Know-Nothings, whom he considered "pestilent fanatics."^[35] Hindman and Palmer established a Democratic association designed to stamp out the Know-Nothing threat. During this time Hindman became close friends with Patrick Cleburne, who would later parallel his course as a Confederate Major General. The two men also formed a business partnership with William Weatherly to buy the ''Democratic Star'' in December 1855.^[36] Cleburne and Hindman were both wounded by gunshots during a street fight in Helena with Know-Nothing members. After the men recovered, they appeared before a grand jury to respond to any charges brought against them. They were exonerated, and afterwards, they went to Hindman's parents' house in Mississippi.^[37] Hindman received praise for his actions and became a force in Democratic politics after the Know-Nothings were defeated.
In 1856, Hindman ran for the Congressional seat in his First District but was defeated by the incumbent, Alfred B. Greenwood, at the Democratic state convention.^[38] His gracious withdrawal at the convention to avoid Democratic infighting earned him more notice from the party hierarchy. During this time Hindman met and courted Mary "Mollie" Watkins Biscoe. Despite her parents' reluctance, the two were married on November 11, 1856, with Patrick Cleburne serving as best man.^[39]
In the summer of 1857, Hindman became editor of the ''Helena States-Rights Democrat''^[40][41] and was the unchallenged leader of the Democratic Party in eastern Arkansas.^[42] From this platform he launched his 1858 Congressional bid. He did not face a serious challenge for the Democratic nomination, and he had the backing of newspapers through the state. Editor Richard H. Johnson of the Little Rock ''True Democrat'' reminded voters of Hindman's previous run for the nomination in 1856, and praised him for being a "thorough going Democrat" of "marked abilities."^[43] At the state Democratic convention in Batesville, Hindman easily defeated A. M. Wilson and Dandridge McRae.^[44][45] Hindman defeated the Republican challenger, WIlliam M. Crosby, by a vote of 18,255 to 2,853.^[46]
During his term, Hindman tried to bring unity in the state's Democratic Party. He turned on the political hierarchy in the state and political warfare divided the Democratic Party in Arkansas with the pro-Hindman forces on one side and the forces of the political "family" that had ruled Arkansas since territorial days on the other. He labeled the actions of the "family" as "the most concentrated wrath of the small managers of the caucus and of certain outside high-priests who manage[d] them."^[47] "Family" leaders threatened to block Hindman's 1860 re-election to Congress. Hindman challenged them, and predicted the overthrow of "the fusionists" and "champions of amalgamation." The dispute between Hindman and the political family escalated after Hindman charged that the state had been overpaying the ''True Democrat'' for public printing. The ''True Democrat'' denied the allegations and claimed that Hindman's motive was out of selfishness, rather than concern. They argued that he wanted printing contracts to be awarded to the Helena ''State-Rights Democrat'' and the Little Rock ''Old Line Democrat'', both of which he controlled.^[48]
One of the "family" leaders, Elias Nelson Conway, sought to settle the state's banking situation by starting a plan that would seize the assets of people indebted to the bank, which included Hindman's father-in-law. Hindman went across the state to publicly denounce the proposition. In the 1860 race for governor, Hindman backed Henry Massey Rector,^[49] while the "family" candidate was Richard H. Johnson, the editor of the ''True Democrat''.^[50] Johnson had been nominated as the Democratic candidate, but Rector announced his candidacy as an independent Democrat.^[51] In the gubernatorial election, Rector narrowly defeated Johnson by a vote of 31,044 to 28,967.^[52] After the election, the editor of the ''Old-Line Democrat'', Thomas C. Peek, proclaimed that the end of the political dynasty of the "family" had come. New issues such as the Civil War were brought to centerstage, and the "family" never exercised their dominance over state politics again.^[53]

The Civil War

Portrait of Hindman by Aurelius O. Revenaugh, 1906.

As the American Civil War approached, Hindman was an ardent voice for secession and was essentially Arkansas's most prominent Fire-Eater. When Arkansas voted 65-5 to secede from the Union in May of 1861, Hindman was present in the gallery of the convention.^[54] With war approaching, Hindman resigned from Congress and recruited a regiment at Helena, which was mustered into Confederate service. He requested the state government for muskets, clothing and ten days of rations so that his men could "fight for our country."^[55] By June 1, 1861, Hindman had raised ten companies, six stationed at Helena and four at Pine Bluff. He lost five companies who refused to leave the state to fight. Afterwards, Hindman followed orders to report to Richmond, Virginia.^[56] He began the long journey with his regiment in June. By September 1861, Hindman was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General.
He and his regiment were soon active participants in the disastrous Kentucky Campaign, followed soon thereafter by fierce fighting at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, where he was slightly wounded.
After his recovery, Hindman was promoted to the rank of Major General and was appointed commander of the Trans-Mississippi District to prevent an invasion by the Union troops led by Samuel Curtis.^[57] Events in Arkansas had taken a terrible turn for the worst. Most units had been stripped from the state for service east of the Mississippi River. When Hindman arrived in Little Rock, Arkansas, he found that his command was "bare of soldiers, penniless, defenseless, and dreadfully exposed" to the Federal Army that was approaching dangerously from the northwest.^[58]
Hindman set to work and issued a series of harsh military edicts, instituting conscription, authorizing guerilla warfare, and requisitioning supplies for the defense of the State.^[59] Hindman also commenced a campaign of misinformation designed to mislead Federal authorities about the strength of the state's defenses. He also diverted Texas troops bound for Virginia for use in the defense of Arkansas.^[60] This series of events, combined with harassing tactics, confused the Federal authorities, causing them to fear that they did not have an adequate supply line to conquer the state and soon diverted from a course towards the capital and instead moved to Helena to reestablish a solid supply line.^[61]
Hindman's edicts, however, raised the ire of the local citizenry and they, and Hindman's political enemies, demanded that the Confederate leaders in Richmond replace him. By August of 1862, the authorities in Richmond decided to replace him with the well-meaning but incompetent Theophilus H. Holmes.^[62] Hindman convinced Holmes to give him a field command in northern Arkansas and he proceeded with a plan to drive out the invader.^[63] Hindman aggressively moved into northwest Arkansas and managed to intercept the Federal army while it was divided into two parts. But at this moment Hindman's normally aggressive style gave way to uncharacteristic doubt. Rather than attack the divided pieces of the Federal army, Hindman entrenched himself at Prairie Grove, Arkansas, allowing the Federal forces to recombine and assault him.^[64]
Hindman's position was well selected, but the better equipped and supplied Federal forces wore down the Confederate forces and Hindman was forced to withdraw back towards Little Rock, having missed his chance to destroy the Federal army. After the stalemate at Prairie Grove, Hindman was transferred back across the river and participated in the Battle of Chickamauga alongside his friend Pat Cleburne.^[65] After being wounded in the neck at Chickamauga,^[66] he continued to fight along with the Army of Tennessee against General William Tecumseh Sherman in the Atlanta Campaign, across north Georgia from the Battle of Dalton to the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, just outside Marietta, Georgia. On July 4, 1864, at Kennesaw Mountain he was struck in the eye by a tree limb and fell off his horse. Hindman suffered severe injuries that left him unfit to for service on the battlefield. He went to Atlanta and later Macon, Georgia to recuperate from his injuries.^[67] Afterwards, Hindman hoped that he would be able to fight after a full recovery. He applied for a transfer to the Trans-Mississippi Department. His request was denied by the Confederate War Department, but Jefferson Davis offered Hindman a leave of absence until he had fully recovered from his "physical disability".^[68] After his leave of absence was approved in August, Hindman set out for Texas. During their journey, Hindman's second daughter, Sallie, died of an illness near Meridian, Mississippi.^[69] Hindman arrived in San Antonio and settled there with his family for the time being. He was honored by military officials and local residents on January 26, 1865.^[70] By May 1865, Confederate generals in New Orleans signed a document with Union generals detailing the Confederate terms of surrender.^[71] Hindman refused to surrender and along with many other ex-Confederates, he crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico and sought asylum.^[72] He settled there into a life as a coffee planter.

Post-war activities

By April 1867, Hindman was confident enough in the situation at home to return to Arkansas and apply to President Andrew Johnson for a pardon. Hindman's application was one of the few denied. Nonetheless, Hindman attempted to return to his former life.
Politics still called to him and, although ineligible to run for office, he came out against the Reconstruction Constitution, which put him in direct conflict with reconstruction authorities. These authorities revived a treason indictment against him and had him arrested. This did not stop Hindman, who went on the political circuit and had some success building an unlikely coalition of newly freed slaves and Democrats.

Assassination

At around 9:30 on the night of September 27, 1868, Hindman was assassinated by one or more unknown assailants who fired through his parlor window while he was reading his newspaper with his children. The musket shots hit Hindman in the jaw, throat and hands, and he died eight hours later due to significant blood loss, ending the life of Arkansas' highest ranking Confederate military officer.^[3] Before his death, Hindman gave a farewell speech to his neighbors and political supporters, from the porch of his house.^[74] With "perfect composure", Hindman told listeners to "unite their courage and determination to bring peace to the people". Hindman hinted at the recent political debate with Powell Clayton as a possible motivation for the shooting, and said, "I do not know who killed me; but I can say, whoever it was, I forgive him."^[75][76] He asked James H. O'Connor, the husband of Mollie's stepmother, to "take care of my family and be a protector to my wife and dear little ones." After O'Connor accepted, Hindman stated, "I forgive everybody, and hope they will forgive me." Afterwards, he was too weak to continue speaking, and he sat down on a lounge. He remained there until he died early next morning.The assassination was announced in all major newspapers throughout the state. William Woodruff of the ''Gazette'' said Hindman died as an "able and distinguished man" whose "short but splendid career" had a profound impact on Arkansan state politics.^[77]
Hindman's assassins were never caught, and many theories regarding their identities have circulated throughout the years. In 1869, a white prisoner at the Phillips County jail told officials that he overheard two black inmates, Sip Cameron and Heyward Grant, discussing the crime. Grant supposedly confessed to the crime, saying the murder was part of a larger plot to seek revenge for the killing of Lee Morrison, a black individual from Helena who had been hanged on September 27, 1868. Grant's claims did not corroborate with the facts of the murder, and his statements were dismissed from the investigation.^[78] No further leads ever developed, so the case was never reopened. Hindman was buried at Evergreen Cemetery (later named Maple Hill Cemetery) in Helena, Arkansas, near the grave of his friend Patrick Cleburne.

See also

★ Battle of Fort Hindman

★ List of assassinated American politicians

Notes

1. Hindman, Thomas Carmichael - Biographical Information
2. The Lion of the South: General Thomas C. Hindman, , Diane, Neal, Mercer University Press, 1997,
3. Little Rock ''Arkansas State Gazette'', September 29, 1868.
4. Neal (1997), p1.
5. Thomas Carmichael Hindman, , Biscoe, Hindman, Confederate Veteran, 1930
6. A Short History of Scotland, , P. Hume, Brown, Oliver and Boyd, Ltd, 1951,
7. Those Who Came Before Us, , Hugh Jr., Levis Hall, A-1 Printing Company, 1982,
8. List of Officers of the Army of the United States from 1779 to 1900, , William H., Powell, L. R. Hamersly & Co, 1900,
9. Thomas C. Hindman to Andrew Jackson, March 26, 1816, Andrew Jackson Papers, Library of Congress (LC), Washington D.C.
10. Neal (1997), p2.
11. Receipt, June 21, 1818 in Andrew Jackson Papers, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
12. William Faulkner: His Tippah County Heritage, , Mildred Stanfield Hindman, Doxey, Seajay Press, 1985,
13. Neal (1997), p3.
14. Elizabeth Pack to Major General Thomas C. Hindman, December 15, 1862, Thomas C. Hindman Collection, Phillips County Museum, Helena, Arkansas.
15. The Abortive Second Cherokee Removal, 1841-1844, , John R., Finger, Journal of Southern History, 1981
16. Neal (1997), p4.
17. Thomas Carmichael Hindman (1828–1868)
18. Thomas C. Hindman's son, Biscoe, claims that his father had entered Lawrenceville Classical Institute at the age of fourteen and had graduated four years later. Schools records indicate that he was a member of the class of 1843, which means he would have been fifteen at the time of graduation.
19. Closing Exercises of the Lawrenceville Classical Commercial High School, September 25, 1843, John Dixon Library, The Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey.
20. Ripley, Mississippi ''Advertiser'', November 1, 1845.
21. Holly Springs, Mississippi ''Guard'', page 8, May 29, 1846.
22. Mississippi and the Mexican War, , Robert A., Brent, Journal of Mississippi History, 1969
23. Military Service Record of Thomas C. Hindman, Jr., National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C.
24. Military Service Record of Robert H. Hindman, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington D.C.
25. Recollections of Mississippi and Mississippians, , , , University of Mississippi Press, 1972,
26. Military History of Mississippi, 1803-1898, , Dunbar, Rowland, The Reprint Company, 1988,
27. Neal (1997), p11.
28. Neal (1997), p13.
29. ''The State of Mississippi vs. William C. Falkner'', Circuit Court, Tippah County Courthouse, Ripley, Mississippi.
30. Letter by C. J. Frederick, Falkner's law partner, to the Memphis ''Daily Appeal'', April 20, 1881.
31. Colonel William C. Falkner in the Civil War, , Victor, Hoar, Journal of Mississippi History, 1955
32. Sons of Temperance, Minutes, Term Ending March 31, 1854, Item 64.
33. Nash (1895), p57.
34. Helena ''Democratic Star'', July 5, 1854.
35. Neal (1997), p29.
36. Neal (1997), p33.
37. Neal (1997), p38.
38. Neal (1997), p35.
39. Neal (1997), p39.
40. Nash (1895), p75.
41. Helena ''Southern Shield'', July 30, 1857.
42. Neal (1997), p42.
43. Little Rock ''True Democrat'' February 16, 1858.
44. Little Rock ''True Democrat'' May 18, 1858.
45. Van Buren ''Intelligencer'', May 21, 1858.
46. Little Rock ''True Democrat'' August 18, 1858.
47. Neal (1997), p47.
48. Neal (1997), p52.
49. ''True Democrat'', June 29, 1859.
50. Rebellion and Realignment: Arkansas's Road to Secession, , James M., Woods, University of Arkansas Press, 1987,
51. Little Rock ''True Democrat'', May 17, 1860.
52. Neal (1997), p63.
53. Neal (1997), p64.
54. Secession Convention, , Jesse N., Cypert, Publications of the Arksansas Historical Association, 1906
55. ''Arkansas State Gazette'', June 1, 1861.
56. The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, , John Sheldon, Moodey, United States Government Printing Office, 1881,
57. Moodey (1881), 1st series, Vol. 3, p715-716.
58. Neal (1997), p119.
59. Neal (1997), p127.
60. Neal (1997), p125.
61. Neal (1997), p131.
62. Neal (1997), p135.
63. Neal (1997), p137.
64. Neal (1997), p150.
65. Neal (1997), pVIII.
66. Memphis ''Daily Appeal'', September 23, 1863.
67. Neal (1997), p196.
68. Neal (1997), p197.
69. Neal (1997), p198.
70. Neal (1997), p200.
71. Neal (1997), p203.
72. Neal (1997), p205.
73. Little Rock ''Arkansas State Gazette'', September 29, 1868.
74. Neal (1997), p233.
75. Biographical Sketches of Gen. Pat Cleburne and Gen. T. C. Hindman Together with Humorous Anecdotes and Reminiscences of the Late Civil War, , Charles E., Nash, Tunnah & Pittard, 1895,
76. Thomas Carmichael Hindman, , Biscoe, Hindman, Confederate Veteran, 1930
77. Neal (1997), p234.
78. Neal (1997), p237.

References

★ Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J.: ''Civil War High Commands'', Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.

External links

★

★ The Lion of the South: General Thomas C. Hindman by Diane Neal, at Google Book Search