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'''The Sun Also Rises''' is considered the first significant novel by Ernest Hemingway. Published in 1926, the plot centers on a group of expatriate Americans in Europe during the 1920s. The book's title, selected by Hemingway (at the recommendation of his publisher) is taken from Ecclesiastes 1:5: "." Hemingway's original title for the work was '''Fiesta: A Novel''', which was used in the UK and Spanish edition of the novel.
| Contents |
| Plot summary |
| Main Characters |
| Major themes |
| Allusions/references to actual history, geography |
| Criticism |
| See also |
| References |
Plot summary
The novel is a powerful insight into the lives and values of the so-called "Lost Generation", chronicling the experiences of Jake Barnes and several acquaintances on their pilgrimage to Pamplona for the annual ''fiesta'' and bull fights. Barnes suffered an injury during World War I which makes him unable to consummate a sexual relationship with Brett Ashley. The story follows Jake and his various companions across France and Spain. Initially, Jake seeks peace away from Brett by taking a fishing trip to Burguete, deep within the Spanish hills, with companion Bill Gorton, another veteran of the war. The ''fiesta'' in Pamplona is the setting for the eventual meeting of all the characters, who play out their various desires and anxieties, alongside a great deal of drinking. The novel ends ambiguously, with the characters going their separate ways, Jake going off to pursue an uncertain relationship with Brett.
Main Characters
'Jake Barnes:' The narrator of the story, Barnes is an American veteran of World War I who suffered physical injuries that have made him impotent, and resultingly unable to pursue a sexual relationship with Brett. Having lost direction of his life as a result of his experiences during the war, Barnes attempts to content himself through heavy drinking and bull fights.
'Brett Ashley:' An extremely attractive woman who was divorced her husband after World War I, Brett is the object of lust for most of the male characters of the book. Portrayed as strongly independent and promiscuous, Brett, like Barnes, also lacks direction in life and finds emptiness in activities that she would have normally enjoyed during pre-war times.
'Robert Cohn:' His status as an outsider as a result of being Jewish has caused Cohn to develop an inferiority complex. Despite attempts to be civil and courteous, Cohn is often mocked and ridiculed by his male peers due to his obesquity.
'Michael Campbell:' A Scottish veteran of the war, Michael is close friends with Jake and Bill has contempt for Cohn; his fiery temper usually manifesting itself during periods of heavy drinking.
'Bill Gorton:' An old friend of Barnes, Bill is also a veteran of the war and is less cruel than Michael in his attitudes towards Cohn. Despite also being a heavy drinker, Bill is often more light-hearted than the rest of his peers.
Major themes
The novel has heavy undercurrents of suppressed emotions and buried values. Its weary and aimless expatriates serve as metaphors for society's lost optimism and innocence after the war. The topic of war is rarely discussed explicitly by any of the characters, but its effects are alluded to through the sexual impotence of Jake and his war wound, and the behaviour of the other characters, whom Carlos Baker described as "floundering in an emulsion of ennui and alcohol." [1] The war is also present as the tragedy that affects the way characters are able to deal with themselves, and post-war society. The themes of the novel are portrayed by the quotation at the opening of the book: "One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh; but the earth abideth forever."
Allusions/references to actual history, geography
Hemingway's depiction of the running of the bulls at Pamplona is largely credited with introducing this ritual to the English-speaking world.[2][3]
Criticism
In "The Sun Also Rises," gender issues are dealt with very seriously by critics, though there is little consensus among them. Some critics charge that the depiction of Brett as a 'liberated woman' is intrinsic to her divisiveness in relationships throughout the novel, and therefore that Hemingway saw strong women as causing trouble, particularly for the men who otherwise dominate the novel.[4][5] Others have argued that Brett signifies the castration of Jake, meanwhile defenders suggest that Brett actually becomes the main character by being the only person Jake is truly interested in.[6] Although the reasons vary significantly from critic to critic, the majority of critical opinion still labels Brett's character as an expression of misogyny.
Another point of criticism is Hemingway's depiction of character Robert Cohn, a Jewish man who is often the subject of mockery by his peers. Though some critics have interpreted this as anti-Semitism on the part of Hemingway, defenders of the book argue that Cohn is depicted in a sympathetic manner, mocked not due to his religion but due to his failure to serve during World War I.
See also
★ ''The Moderns''
★ The Sun Also Rises (Song) by Brave Saint Saturn from the album The Light of Things Hoped For written by Reese Roper of Five Iron Frenzy and Roper.
★ Sun Also Rises Post Hardcore/Indie Band from Oklahoma City.
References
1. Carlos Baker ''Hemingway: The Writer as Artist'' Princeton University Press, 1973
2. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19695355/
3. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/07/0707_040707_runningbulls.html
4. http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/sun/canalysis.html
5. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9831(199503)67%3A1%3C77%3APAJBA%22%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q
6. http://www.answers.com/topic/the-sun-also-rises-novel-7
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