''This article is about the golf tournament. For the novel by
Georges Duhamel, see
Les Maîtres.''
'The Masters Tournament', which is commonly referred to as 'The Masters' or 'The US Masters' (outside the United States), is one of four
major championships in men's professional
golf and the first of the four to be played each year. The final round of the Masters is always scheduled for the second Sunday in April. Unlike the other major championships, the Masters is held every year at the same location,
Augusta National Golf Club, a private golf club in the city of
Augusta, Georgia,
USA. The Masters was started by
Clifford Roberts and
Bobby Jones,
[1] who designed Augusta National with legendary course architect
Alister MacKenzie.
The Masters is an official money event on the
PGA Tour, the
PGA European Tour and the
Japan Golf Tour. In line with the other majors, winning the Masters gives a golfer several privileges which make his career more secure. Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors (the
U.S. Open,
the Open Championship (British Open), and the
PGA Championship) for the next five years, and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters. They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to
the Players Championship for five years. In
2007, the prize fund was
US$7.25 million.
History
Early years
The first Masters Tournament was held on
22 March,
1934, and was won by
Horton Smith.
Bobby Jones saw his involvement in founding the tournament as a service to golf, but demurred at calling it the Masters Tournament, preferring the more modest 'Augusta National Invitation Tournament'. That name was used for five years before Jones relented and the present name was adopted in
1939. The first tournament was played with current holes 10 through 18 played as the first nine, and 1 through 9 as the second nine (although front and back are more commonly used, the Masters is well known for insisting on referring to the "first" and "second" nines), then reversed permanently to its famous layout for the 1935 tournament.
Gene Sarazen hit "the shot heard 'round the world," holing a shot from the
fairway on the
par 5 15th for a
double eagle to force a 36 hole playoff which he subsequently won by 5 strokes to win the 1935 Masters. The tournament was not played from
1943-
45, due to
World War II. To assist the war effort, cattle and turkeys were raised on the Augusta National grounds.
[2] The now traditional Par 3 contest, which takes place on the Wednesday before the tournament begins, was first played in
1960.
[3]
1960s
In
1961,
Gary Player became the first non-American Masters champion. In 1975,
Lee Elder became the first
African-American to qualify for the Masters.
Arnold Palmer
Arnold Palmer dominated the Masters from
1958 to
1964, winning the event four times during that span. His second Masters was the stuff of a legend. Trailing
Ken Venturi by one shot in the
1960 event, Palmer drilled his drive down the fairway on the 400-yard downwind 17th, pitched with an eight-iron to the green, where the ball sat down too quickly, leaving him a 25-foot putt. Twice Palmer lined up the putt, then struck it boldly for a
birdie. At the 18th, he took out a six-iron and drilled the ball into the teeth of the wind onto the green. Palmer made a 3-foot birdie and he instantly became not only a golf legend, but a legend at the Masters.
Jack Nicklaus
While Palmer was in his prime, a young
Ohio State golfer emerged who would make the Masters his playground:
Jack Nicklaus. Nicklaus won his first
Green Jacket in
1963, with a key birdie on the par-3 16th hole. Two years later, he shot a then-course record of 271 (17 under par) for his second Masters win, leading Bobby Jones to say that Nicklaus played "a game with which I am not familiar." The next year, Nicklaus won his third green jacket in a grueling 18-hole playoff. He won again in
1972, but his fifth win in
1975 was one of the best. Locked in a duel with
Tom Weiskopf on the 16th hole on the final day, Nicklaus hit a nice shot to the green, then before a worldwide television audience, made an incredible 40-foot birdie en route to his fifth Masters victory.
Gary Player
Gary Player became the first non-American to win the Masters in
1961, after
Arnold Palmer, the defending champion, scored a double bogey on the final hole. Player won again in
1974, but by
1978 many golf writers considered him a has-been, but that brought out the best in him. At age 42, Gary Player fired a final round 64, including a six-under-par 30 on the second nine to capture his third Masters victory.
1968
The most controversial ending to a Masters event happened in
1968.
Roberto DeVicenzo signed a scorecard (scored by playing partner
Tommy Aaron) which incorrectly listed a 4 instead of a 3 on the 17th hole. This extra stroke cost him a chance to be in an 18-hole playoff with
Bob Goalby, who won the green jacket. DeVicenzo's mistake led to the famous quote, "I am such a stupid."
1980s-1990s
Non-Americans collected eleven victories in twenty years in the
1980s and
1990s, by far the strongest streak they have had in any of the three majors played in the United States since the early days of the U.S Open.
Jack Nicklaus became the oldest player to win the Masters in 1986 when he won for the sixth time at age 46. In 1997, headlines were made around the world when
Tiger Woods won the Masters by twelve shots at age 21, in the process breaking the tournament four-day scoring record that had stood for 32 years.
[4].
Greg Norman
During this era, no golfer suffered the slings and arrows of
Augusta more than
Greg Norman, with two episodes standing out in particular. In
1987, Norman lost a sudden-death playoff to an unlikely local hero named
Larry Mize. Mize holed out a remarkable 45-yard pitch shot to birdie the second playoff hole (#11) and win the Masters. In
1996, Norman tied the course record with an opening round 63, and had a six stroke lead over
Nick Faldo entering the final round, but folded under the pressure. Norman shot a 78 while Faldo scored a 67 to win by five shots.
[5]
2000s
More recently, the club was targeted by
Martha Burk, who organized a failed protest at the
2003 Masters to pressure the club into accepting female members. The 2003 tournament was won by
Mike Weir, who became the first
Canadian to win a
major championship, and the first left-hander to win the Masters. The following year, another left-hander,
Phil Mickelson, won his first major championship by sinking a 15 foot putt on the 72nd hole to beat
Ernie Els by a stroke.
Course measurement adjustments
As with many other courses, Augusta National's championship setup has been lengthened in recent years. In
1998, the course measured approximately 6925 yards from the Masters tees. It was lengthened to 7270 yards for
2002, and again in
2006 to 7445 yards; 520 yards longer than the 1998 course. The changes attracted many critics, including the three most successful players in Masters history,
Jack Nicklaus,
Arnold Palmer and
Tiger Woods. Woods claimed that the "shorter hitters are going to struggle." Augusta National chairman
Hootie Johnson was unperturbed, stating, "We are comfortable with what we are doing with the golf course". After a practice round
Gary Player defended the changes saying, "There have been a lot of criticisms, but I think unjustly so, now I've played it.... The guys are basically having to hit the same second shots that Jack Nicklaus had to hit [in his prime]".
[6]
Grass
Originally, the grass on the putting greens was the wide-bladed
Bermuda. The greens lost speed, especially during the late
1970s, ironically after the introduction of a healthier strain of narrow-bladed Bermuda, which thrived and grew thicker, slowing the speed of the greens. In
1978, the greens on the Par-3 course were reconstructed with
bentgrass, a narrow-bladed species that could be mowed shorter, eliminating grain. After this test run, the greens on the main course were replaced with bentgrass in time for the
1981 Masters. The bentgrass resulted in significantly faster putting surfaces, which has required a reduction in some of the contours of the greens over time.
[7]
Just before the
1975 tournament, the common beige sand in the bunkers was replaced with the now-signature white feldspar. It is a
quartz derivative of the mining of
feldspar and is shipped in from
North Carolina.
Field
The Masters has the smallest field out of the major championships at around ninety players. It is an invitational event, but nowadays invitations are largely issued on an automatic basis to players who meet published criteria and as the top fifty players in the
Official World Golf Rankings are all invited, none of the leading current players in the world miss out. Past champions are eligible to play in any edition, but in recent years the
Augusta National Golf Club has discouraged them from continuing to participate at an advanced age.
Invitation categories (as of 2008):
#Masters Tournament Champions (Lifetime)
#
U.S. Open Champions (Honorary, non-competing after five years)
#
The Open Champions (Honorary, non-competing after five years)
#
PGA Champions (Honorary, non-competing after five years)
#Winners of
the Players Championship (Three years)
#Current
U.S. Amateur Champion (6-A) (Honorary, non-competing after one year); Runner-up (6-B) to the current US Amateur Champion
#Current
Amateur Champion (Honorary, non-competing after one year)
#Current
U.S. Amateur Public Links Champion
#Current
U.S. Mid-Amateur Champion
#The first 16 players, including ties, in the previous year’s Masters Tournament
#The first 8 players, including ties, in the previous year’s U.S. Open
#The first 4 players, including ties, in the previous year’s British Open
#The first 4 players, including ties, in the previous year’s PGA Championship
#The 30 leaders on the Final Official
PGA Tour Money List for the previous calendar year
#Winners of PGA Tour Regular Season and Playoff events that award at least a full-point allocation for the season-ending Tour Championship, from previous Masters to current Masters
#Those qualifying for the previous year’s season-ending
Tour Championship
#The 50 leaders on the Final
Official World Golf Ranking for the previous calendar year
#The 50 leaders on the Official World Golf Ranking published during the week prior to the current Masters Tournament
:Most of the top current players will meet the criteria of multiple categories for invitation. The Masters Committee, at its discretion, can also invite any golfer(s) not otherwise qualified, although in practice these invitations are currently reserved for international players.
Changes from the 2007 invitation categories:
★ Category 14 was reduced from Top 40 to Top 30
★ Category 15 and 16 were added
★ A category inviting the current Top 10 on the PGA Tour money list was dropped
Format
In accordance with typical golf tournament formatting, the Masters Tournament is a 72-hole tournament held over four days. It is held under the rules of golf, as defined by the
United States Golf Association and is also be subject to special rulings and regulations set by the Masters Tournament Committee.
Because the Masters has a relatively smaller field compared to other golf tournaments, groups are set to a size of three players for the first 36 holes (typically Thursday and Friday). After 36 holes have been played by all players, a cut is made. Players who 'make the cut' are in one or both of the following two categories: (1) Lowest 44 scores plus ties, or (2) Within 10 strokes of the lowest 36-hole score (set by the leader).
[2] From 1957 to 1960, it was the low 40 plus ties and those within 10 strokes of the leader. Before 1957, there was no 36-hole cut.
Tradition
In some years, an honorary opening tee shot is made at the first hole. This honorary tee shot has typically been hit by some of golf's most legendary players. The original honorary starters were
Jock Hutchison and
Fred McLeod; this twosome led off every tournament until 1973, when bad health prevented Hutchison from swinging a club. McLeod continued on until his death in 1976.
Sam Snead made the opening tee shot from 1984 to 2002. Until 1999, he was joined by
Gene Sarazen and until 2001 by
Byron Nelson. In 2007,
Arnold Palmer took over as the honorary starter.
Before 1983, all players were required to use the services of an Augusta National Club
caddie. Since then, players have been allowed the option of bringing their own caddie. However, the Masters maintains the standardizing of a full caddie uniform. The complete uniform consists of a white jumpsuit, a green Masters cap, and white tennis shoes. The surname, and sometimes first initial, of each player is found on the back of his caddie's uniform. While the caddie uniform is original to the Masters Tournament, it has also been instituted into the
Memorial Golf Tournament. The defending champion always receives caddie number "1": other golfers get their caddie numbers in the order in which they arrive at Augusta National and register for the tournament.
Because the tournament was fathered by the great amateur golfer
Bobby Jones, the Masters has a strong tradition of honoring amateur golf. Firstly, the Masters invites winners of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world (see Field above). Also, the defending Masters champion is always paired with the current U.S. Amateur champion for the first two days of the tournament. In 1952, the Masters began presenting the low amateur award. This award is known as the Silver Cup and is presented to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut. In 1954, the Masters began presenting an amateur Silver Medal to the low amateur runner-up.
In addition to the green jacket (see below), winners of the tournament receive a Gold Medal and have their names engraved on the silver Masters Trophy. This trophy, which depicts the clubhouse, was introduced in 1961, and remains at Augusta National. Starting in 1993, a sterling replica of the Masters Trophy has been presented to the champion. The runner-up receives a Silver Medal, introduced in 1951. Beginning in 1978, a Silver Salver was added as an award for the runner-up.
Green jacket
In addition to a cash award, the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket, awarded since 1949, and highly coveted among professional golfers. The green sport coat is actually the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club. Winners keep their jacket for the first year after their first victory, then return it to the club to wear whenever they visit. The tradition began in
1949, when
Sam Snead won his first of three Masters titles. The green jacket is only allowed to be removed from Augusta National by the reigning champion, after which it must remain at the club. (The only exception to this rule is
Gary Player, who failed to return his jacket after his
1961 victory, despite the club's insistence that he do so.)
By tradition, the winner of the previous year's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament. In 1966,
Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself. When
Nick Faldo (in 1990) and
Tiger Woods (in 2002) repeated as champions, the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them.
Champions' dinner
The Champions' dinner is held each year on the Tuesday evening preceding Thursday's first round. The dinner was first held in
1952, hosted by defending champion
Ben Hogan, to honor the past champions of the tournament. At that time fifteen tournaments had been played, and the number of past champions was eleven (including Hogan).
Officially known as the "Masters Club," it includes only past winners of the Masters, although selected members of the Augusta National Golf Club have been included as honorary members, usually the chairman. The defending champion, as host, selects the menu for the dinner. Over the years, one of the most notable
entrées was
haggis, served by
Scotsman Sandy Lyle in
1989.
[3]
Broadcasting
CBS has televised the Masters in every year since 1956, when it used six cameras and covered only the final four holes. Tournament coverage of the first 8 holes did not begin until 1993 because of resistance from the tournament organizers, but by 2006, over 50 cameras were used.
USA Network added first- and second-round coverage in 1982, which is also produced by the CBS production team. The Masters is broadcast each year in
high-definition television, one of the first golf tournaments to ever hold that distinction, and the first/second round coverage on Thursday and Friday airs in that format on USA's sister network,
Universal HD.
In 2005, CBS broadcast the tournament with high-definition fixed and handheld wired cameras, as well as standard-definition wireless handheld cameras. In 2006 and 2007, a webstream called "Amen Corner Live" provided coverage of all players passing through holes 11, 12 and 13 through all four rounds. This was the first full tournament multi-hole webcast from a major championship. In 2007 CBS added "Masters Extra," an hour's extra full-field bonus coverage daily on the internet, preceding the television broadcasts.
CBS's Masters broadcasts use the song "Augusta" by
Dave Loggins as the main theme music.
While Augusta National Golf Club has consistently chosen CBS and USA as its U.S. broadcast partners, it has done so on successive one-year contracts. Due to the lack of long-term contractual security, as well as the club's limited dependence on broadcast rights fees (owing to its affluent membership), it is widely held that CBS and USA allow Augusta National greater control over the content of the broadcast, or at least perform some form of
self-censorship, in order to maintain future rights. The club, however, has insisted it does not make any demands with respect to the content of the broadcast.
[8][9]
Some of the more controversial aspects of this relationship include:
★ Referring to the gallery as "patrons" rather than spectators or fans, and using the term "second cut" instead of "
rough".
★ The removal of announcers (notably
Gary McCord) deemed not to have acted with the decorum expected by the club.
★ The lack of discussion of any controversy involving Augusta National, such as the 2003
Martha Burk protests.
As well, the club is known to mandate:
★ Minimal commercial interruption, currently limited to four minutes per hour (as opposed to the usual 12 or more). In the immediate aftermath of the Martha Burk controversy, there were no commercials during the 2003 and 2004 broadcasts, although international commercial broadcasters continued to insert their own commercials into the coverage.
★ Prohibitions on promotions for other network programs (with the sole exception of a single on-screen mention of ''
60 Minutes'' should the final round run long), sponsored graphics,
blimps, on-course announcers, or the regular CBS sports graphics template. CBS instead uses an older graphic package, colored green and white and relegating the CBS logo to a small corner shadow, allowing the Masters logo to take precedence.
★ Significant restrictions on the tournament's broadcast hours compared to other major championships, perhaps to increase the tournament's
Nielsen ratings. Only in the 21st century did the tournament allow CBS to air 18-hole coverage of the leaders, a standard at the other three majors. Only three hours of coverage is scheduled for the early rounds on
USA Network, although the networks always stay past the allotted times until the end of live golf action on all four days. On American television, coverage of the other three majors (and
The Players Championship) continues only until the end of golf action on Saturday and Sunday. 2006 was the first year that standard definition television viewers were able to watch early morning action from Augusta, as the third round's conclusion was televised at 8am
EDT Sunday on USA Network.
Westwood One has provided live radio play-by-play coverage in the U.S. since 1956. This coverage can also be heard on the official Masters website. The
BBC has had the UK television rights since 1986, and it also provides live radio commentary on the closing stages on
Radio Five Live. In Ireland the Masters is shown live on
RTÉbut in 2007 the first and second rounds were shown live on
Setanta Sports.
Ticketing
Although tickets for the Masters are not expensive, they are incredibly hard to come by. Even the practice rounds can be difficult to get into. Applications for practice round tickets have to be made nearly a year in advance and the successful applicants are chosen by random ballot. Tickets to the actual tournament are sold only to members of a patrons list, which is closed. A waiting list for the patrons list was opened in 1972 and closed in 1978. It was reopened in 2000 and subsequently closed once again.
Winners
Numbers in brackets after "Playoff" indicate the number of players involved.
National summary
| Rank | Nation | Wins | Winners |
|---|
| 1 | | 55 | 33 |
| 2 | | 4 | 2 |
| 3 | | 3 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 |
| 5 | | 2 | 1 |
| 6 | | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1 |
Multiple winners
Sixteen men have won the Masters Tournament more than once through 2007.
★ 6 wins
★
★
Jack Nicklaus: 1963, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1975, 1986
★ 4 wins
★
★
Arnold Palmer: 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964
★
★
Tiger Woods: 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005
★ 3 wins
★
★
Jimmy Demaret: 1940, 1947, 1950
★
★
Sam Snead: 1949, 1952, 1954
★
★
Gary Player: 1961, 1974, 1978
★
★
Nick Faldo: 1989, 1990, 1996
★ 2 wins
★
★
Horton Smith: 1934, 1936
★
★
Byron Nelson: 1937, 1942
★
★
Ben Hogan: 1951, 1953
★
★
Tom Watson: 1977, 1981
★
★
Seve Ballesteros: 1980, 1983
★
★
Bernhard Langer: 1985, 1993
★
★
Ben Crenshaw: 1984, 1995
★
★
José MarÃa Olazábal: 1994, 1999
★
★
Phil Mickelson: 2004, 2006
Records
Key records through the 2007 Masters:
★ Youngest winner:
Tiger Woods (1997) at 21 years 104 days.
★ Oldest winner:
Jack Nicklaus (1986) at 46 years 82 days.
★ Widest margin of victory: 12 strokes,
Tiger Woods in 1997.
★ Most under par, second nine: 16,
Tiger Woods (30-32-33-33) in 1997.
★ Low middle 36 holes: 131,
Tiger Woods (66-65) in 1997;
Tiger Woods (66-65) in 2005.
★ Highest winning score: 289,
Sam Snead in 1954;
Jack Burke, Jr in 1956;
Zach Johnson in 2007
★ Most cuts made: 37 by
Jack Nicklaus. (The cut was introduced in 1957.)
★ Most consecutive cuts made: 23,
Gary Player from 1959-1982 (did not compete in 1973);
Fred Couples from 1983-2007 (did not compete in 1987 or 1994).
★ Most appearances: 50,
Arnold Palmer from 1955-2004;
Gary Player from 1957-2007 (did not compete in 1973).
★ Most top tens: 22,
Jack Nicklaus
★ Lowest individual round: 63,
Nick Price (1986),
Greg Norman (1996)
★ Most birdies in a tournament: 25,
Phil Mickelson (2001)
★ Longest span in between victories: 13 years,
Gary Player 1961-1974
Par 3 Contest
The Par 3 Contest was first introduced in
1960, and was won that year by
Sam Snead. Since then it has been played traditionally on the Wednesday before the tournament starts. The par 3 course was built in
1958, it is a nine-hole course, with a par of 27, and measures 1,060 yards in length. There have been 63 holes-in-one in the history of the contest, with a record five of them in
2002. No Par 3 Contest winner has also won the Masters in the same year.
Winners
Notes and references
1. masters beginnings
2. aiding the war effort
3. par 3 contest introduced
4. tiger breaks the tournament record
5. Masters.org - 1996
6. [1]
7. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/augusta/news/2001/03/28/greens_bentgrass/ Sports Illustrated.com - Bentgrass]
8. "Why coverage of US Masters is so polite", Richard Hinds, ''The Age'', April 5, 2007
9. CBS managed to get Masters right despite silence on protests, Rudy Martzke, ''USA Today'', April 13, 2003
External links
★
Masters.org - official site
★
Augustagolf.com - coverage by ''
The Augusta Chronicle''
★
GCSSA.org - superintendent's fact sheet - 2007
★
Sports Illustrated - 28-March-2001 - 20th yr for bentgrass greens
★
Aerial View - Google Maps
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