'''The Hobbit''' is a children's story
[1]
[2][3] written by
J. R. R. Tolkien in the tradition of the
fairy tale. It was first published on
September 21,
1937. While it also stands in its own right, it is often seen as a prelude to Tolkien's monumental
fantasy novel ''
The Lord of the Rings'' (published in 1954 and 1955) and a small part in the history of
Middle-earth in ''
The Silmarillion''.
Writing the Book
In a
1955 letter to
W. H. Auden, Tolkien recollects in the late 1920s, when he was Professor of Anglo-Saxon at
Pembroke College, he began ''The Hobbit'' when he was marking School Certificate papers. He found one blank piece of paper. Suddenly inspired he wrote the words "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit." He did not go any further than that at the time, although in the following years he drew up
Thror's map, outlining the geography of the tale. It was eventually published when a family friend named Elaine Griffiths was shown a typescript of the story in the early 1930s. When she later went to work for George Allen & Unwin, she revealed the existence of the story to a staffmember named Susan Dagnall, who in turn asked Tolkien if she could look at the (still incomplete) manuscript. He complied and Ms. Dagnall, impressed by it, urged him to complete the book. Once this was done in late 1936, she then showed the book to
Stanley Unwin, who then asked his 10-year-old son
Rayner to review it. Rayner wrote such an enthusiastic review of the book that it was published by
Allen & Unwin.
Tolkien introduced or mentioned characters and places that figured prominently in his
legendarium, specifically
Elrond and
Gondolin, along with elements from Germanic legend. But the decision that the events of ''The Hobbit'' could belong to the same universe as ''
The Silmarillion'' was made only after publication, when the publisher asked for a sequel and Tolkien began work on what would become ''
The Lord of the Rings''.
The novel draws on Tolkien's knowledge of historical languages and early European texts — many names and words derived from
Norse mythology, it makes use of
Anglo-Saxon runes, and is filled with information on calendars and moon phases, detailed geographical descriptions that fit well with the accompanying maps — attention to detail that would also be seen in Tolkien's later work.
Plot summary
A
hobbit named
Bilbo Baggins is smoking outside his comfortable hole when
Gandalf the Wizard passes by, seeking an adventurer. The mere thought of an adventure flusters Bilbo into inviting Gandalf to tea the next day, and escaping into his hole. An amused Gandalf scratches a mark on Bilbo's door, indicating 'Burglar seeks employment'. The next day,
Thorin Oakenshield and twelve other
dwarves show up at the hole, along with Gandalf, and begin discussing their planned treasure hunt: A map is produced which shows the
Lonely Mountain (Erebor); once ruled by Thorin's grandfather, it was seized by the
dragon Smaug. The map shows a
secret door into the mountain, which the dwarves hope to use to reclaim their home and is why the expedition needs a burglar. At first Bilbo wants nothing to do with the scheme, but in a moment of anger commits to joining.
Bilbo goes off with the dwarves and the wizard. They are nearly eaten by three
trolls, but Gandalf tricks the trolls into staying up all night arguing, whereupon they are turned into stone by the light of dawn. In the trolls' cave they find stolen treasure, including
Elvish weapons. Bilbo acquires the dagger
Sting, which glows blue in the presence of
Goblins.
The party travels to Elven
Rivendell where they receive useful advice from Rivendell's master
Elrond. Proceeding eastwards into the
Misty Mountains, they are ambushed by Goblins and carried down underground. Gandalf manages to free them, but Bilbo becomes separated from the others. Wandering alone in the dark, he finds a
ring and puts it in his pocket.
Continuing on, he arrives at an underground lake. The wretched creature
Gollum paddles up, and the two enact a game of
riddles: if Bilbo wins, Gollum will show him the way out, but if he loses, Gollum will eat Bilbo. After several turns, Bilbo asks himself aloud "What have I got in my pocket?", which Gollum both accepts as the next riddle and fails to correctly answer. Bilbo demands his reward, but Gollum refuses and paddles off to collect his most precious possession, a magic ring which turns its wearer invisible. His search unsuccessful, he realizes the answer to Bilbo's riddle, and goes storming back. Bilbo in turn attempts to flee, and when Gollum gives chase, the ring slips onto the hobbit's finger. Quickly deducing the object's power, he follows Gollum to the exit, jumps over him, and escapes. Bypassing the Goblins, Bilbo returns to the surface and rejoins the dwarves and Gandalf.
Descending from the mountains, they are carried away from a deadly encounter with
Wargs (wild wolf creatures) and
Goblins by
Giant Eagles. They recuperate with
Beorn, a solitary giant who can transform into a bear, then travel to the edge of the black forest
Mirkwood. After Gandalf departs on a private errand, the others enter the forest, slogging on for days and running out of supplies. Warned not to leave the path, the group nevertheless glimpses
Wood-elves feasting, and goes to beg food. They are promptly captured by giant spiders, but Bilbo fights off the spiders using the ring and Sting. The Elves then capture the dwarves, but an invisible Bilbo manages to sneak into the
Elvenking's palace, and helps the imprisoned dwarves escape in provision-barrels floated down the river under the palace.
After spending more recovery-time at
Laketown, the treasure-seekers proceed on to the Lonely Mountain. While they locate the secret entrance, they are unable to open it until, as foretold by the map, a
thrush knocks at snails on a nearby stone and the last rays of the Sun of
Durin's Day magically reveal the door's lockhole. Bilbo twice goes down to meet Smaug, who sleeps deep in the mountain on an enormous pile of treasure. The hobbit makes off with a large metal cup and learns that the dragon has a bare patch on his left chest. The enraged dragon correctly deduces that the Company received help from the people of Laketown and sets out to destroy the community. However, the thrush is one of a race with whom the men of the lake could communicate, and it overhears Bilbo's report about Smaug's weak point. As the dragon ravages Laketown, the thrush conveys this information to one
Bard the Bowman, who dispatches the dragon with a dwarf-made arrow. When Smaug does not return, the dwarves take possession of the Mountain. Bilbo finds the prized
Arkenstone and hides it away.
The citizens of Laketown and the Wood-elves arrive at the Mountain, demanding compensation for the help they had rendered, as well as reparations for the dragon attack. Thorin refuses all negotiations and summons his kin from the north. Bilbo attempts to use the Arkenstone as ransom to head off a war, but the various parties are intransigent, Thorin expels Bilbo from the Mountain, and a fight seems inevitable.
But suddenly Gandalf is on the battlefield, warning the various leaders that a new more dire threat approaches: a revenging army of Goblins and Wargs. The dwarves, humans and elves immediately put aside their differences, and a bitter battle ensues. Losses are heavy on all sides, but with the timely arrival of the Giant Eagles and Beorn, the anti-Goblin forces win the
Battle of Five Armies. Thorin is among the casualties, but he lives long enough to part from Bilbo as friends. The treasure is apportioned fairly, but, having no need or desire for it, Bilbo refuses most of his share of the riches. He nevertheless returns home with enough to make himself a wealthy hobbit and live happily ever after.
Joining ''The Hobbit'' to ''The Lord of the Rings''
In the first edition, Gollum willingly bets his magic ring on the outcome of the riddle game. During the writing of ''The Lord of the Rings'' Tolkien saw the need to revise this passage, in order to reflect his new concept of the
One Ring and its powerful hold on Gollum. Tolkien tried many different passages in the chapter that would become chapter 2 of ''The Lord of the Rings'', "The Shadow of the Past". Eventually Tolkien decided a rewrite of ''The Hobbit'' was in order, and he sent a sample chapter of this rewrite ("Riddles in the Dark") to his publishers. Initially he heard nothing further, but when he was sent
galley proofs of a new edition he learned to his surprise the new chapter had been incorporated as the result of a misunderstanding.
In the introduction of ''The Lord of the Rings'', as well as inside "The Shadow of the Past", the differences of the first edition are explained as a "lie" that Bilbo made up because of the One Ring's influence on him, and which he originally wrote down in his book. Inside ''The Lord of the Rings'', Bilbo finally confesses the true story at the Council of
Elrond, although Gandalf had deduced the truth earlier. As Tolkien presented himself as the translator of the supposedly historic ''
Red Book of Westmarch'', where Bilbo and Frodo's stories were recorded, he further explained the two differing stories in ''The Hobbit'' by stating he had originally used Bilbo's original story, but later retranslated the work with the "true story" recorded by Frodo.
This first edition also uses the word "
gnome", which Tolkien in his earlier writing had used to refer to the second kindred of the
High Elves – the
Noldor (or "Deep Elves"). Tolkien thought that "gnome", being derived from the Greek ''gnosis'' (knowledge), was a good name for the Noldor he created to be the wisest of the other Elves. But with its English connotations of a small, secretive, and unattractive creature (see
garden gnome) Tolkien removed it from later editions.
He made other minor changes in order to conform the narrative to events in ''The Lord of the Rings'' and in the ideas he was continually developing for the ''
Quenta Silmarillion''.
Differences and inconsistencies
When finally revised, ''The Hobbit'' still has many differences from ''The Lord of the Rings''. Examples include the following:
★ Matches are only featured in ''The Hobbit''. Flints are used in ''The Lord of the Rings''
★ The trolls have English first names (Tom, Bert and Bill), and Bill has the English last name Huggins.
★ The elves in Rivendell appear very happy, active and playful, contrasting highly with their noble, sombre portrayal in the rest of the Legendarium.
★ There is lighthearted use of "magic"; Gandalf is said to have given the
Old Took a pair of diamond studs that "fastened themselves and never came undone till ordered", and when Bilbo tries to steal a purse from the trolls, the purse shouts. Magic is not used so in ''The Lord of the Rings'', and is more often an enhancement or corruption of natural phenomena.
★ The narrative style features many asides where the narrator addresses the reader directly.
★ The hobbits' "
pipe-weed" which is also featured in ''The Lord of the Rings'' is explicitly referred to as "tobacco".
★ Orcs are called Goblins in ''The Hobbit'', but more often referred to as Orcs in ''The Lord of the Rings'' (particularly when the speaker is not a Hobbit).
Many of these inconsistencies occur because Tolkien originally wrote the book as a children's story separate from (but connected to) his mythological work,
[4] and his concept of Middle-earth was to change and evolve throughout his life and writings.
[5]
As told in "
The Quest of Erebor" in ''
Unfinished Tales'', Tolkien later had Gandalf say that Bilbo's account would have been very different, if ''he'' had written it instead.
[6] Humphrey Carpenter's biography of Tolkien also claims that when he had to revise the book, he had to restrain himself from rewriting it entirely.
4
Publications of early drafts
In May and June 2007, HarperCollins and Houghton Mifflin published in two parts ''
The History of The Hobbit''. Much like ''
The History of Middle-earth'', ''The History of The Hobbit'' examines previously unpublished original drafts of ''The Hobbit'' with extensive commentary by John Rateliff.
Editions
Dustcover of the first edition of ''The Hobbit''. This cover was designed by Tolkien himself, as was the binding illustrated at the top of this article.
George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. of London published the first edition of ''The Hobbit'' in September 1937. It was illustrated with many black-and-white drawings by Tolkien himself. The original printing numbered a mere 1,500 copies and sold out by December due to enthusiastic reviews. Houghton Mifflin of Boston and New York prepared an American edition to be released early in 1938 in which four of the illustrations would be colour plates. Allen & Unwin decided to incorporate the colour illustrations into their second printing, released at the end of 1937. Despite the book's popularity, wartime conditions forced the London publisher to print small runs of the remaining two printings of the first edition.
As remarked above, Tolkien substantially revised ''The Hobbit's text describing Bilbo's dealings with Gollum in order to blend the story better into what ''
The Lord of the Rings'' had become. This revision became the second edition, published in 1951 in both UK and American editions. Slight corrections to the text have appeared in the third (1966) and fourth editions (1978).
New
English-language editions of ''The Hobbit'' spring up often, despite the book's age, with at least fifty editions having been published to date. Each comes from a different publisher or bears distinctive cover art, internal art, or substantial changes in format. The text of each generally adheres to the Allen & Unwin edition extant at the time it is published.
The remarkable and enduring popularity of ''The Hobbit'' expresses itself in the collectors' market. The first printing of the first English language edition rarely sells for under $10,000 US dollars in any whole condition, and clean copies in original dust jackets signed by the author are routinely advertised for over $100,000. Online auction site
eBay tends to define the market value for those who
collect ''The Hobbit''.
Translations
''The Hobbit'' has been translated into many languages. Known languages, with the first date of publishing, are:
★
Breton (2000): ''An Hobbit, pe eno ha distro''. Translated into Breton by Alan Dipode. Argenteuil: Éditions Arda. ISBN 2-911979-03-6. Contains both maps with place-names in Breton; the runes are translated into Breton.
★
Bulgarian (1975): ''Билбо Бегинс или дотам и обратно''. Превод Красимира Тодорова. Издателство „Народна младеж“, София.
★
Catalan (1983): Titled ''El Hòbbit'' on the cover and ''El Hòbbit o viatge d'anada i tornada'' on the title page. The runes and both maps (the one for the Wildlands and the other one for the Lonely Mountain) are in Catalan. Some names, though, remain in English (such as ''Baggins'' or ''Took'', which in the ''Lord of the Rings'' are translated as ''Saquet'' and ''Tuc'' respectively). The book was directly translated from the original English version by Francesc Parcerisas in 1983. Published by ''La Magrana'' (Edicions de la Magrana, SA. Pàdua, 83, 08006, Barcelona) in April 1983 (first edition); the last edition was in May 2001 (20th edition). ISBN 84-8264-277-4.
★
Traditional Chinese (2001)
★
Croatian (1994) [Serbo-Croatian - 1975]
★
Czech (1973) ''Hobit, aneb cesta tam a zase zpátky''
★
Danish (1969): ''Hobbitten, eller ud og hjem igen''. På dansk ved Ida Nyrop Ludvigsen. København: Gyldendal. 2002. ISBN 2-253-04941-7. Contains Thror's map in English; the runes remain in English, though "Hobbiten eller ud og hjem igen" is given in Danish in the author's preface.
★
Dutch (1960)
★
Esperanto (2000): ''La Hobito aŭ Tien kaj Reen'', translated by Christopher Gledhill, poems translated by
William Auld, Sezonoj: Kalingrad. Rereleased in 2005.
★
Estonian (1977): "''Kääbik, ehk, Sinna ja tagasi''".
★
Faroese (1990)
★
Finnish ''Hobitti, eli sinne ja takaisin'' (1973; retranslated in 1985)
★
French (1969): ''Bilbo le Hobbit''. Traduit de l'anglais par Francis Ledoux. Paris: Le Livre de Poche. 2002. ISBN 2-253-04941-7. Contains both maps with place-names in French; the runes remain in English.
★
Galician (2000)
★
German (1957): ''Der kleine Hobbit''; (1998): ''Der Hobbit''.
★
Greek (1978): ''Το Χόμπιτ''.
★
Hebrew (1976): ''ההוביט או לשם ובחזרה''. Ganei-Aviv: Zmora-Bitan (זמורה – ביתן). Contains no maps. Four
Israeli combat pilots, held as prisoners of war in Egypt between 1970 and 1973, whiled away their time of captivity by translating "The Hobbit" to
Hebrew from a book sent to one of them by family members, via the
Red Cross. The pilots' translation was published in Tel-Aviv following their return, and many Israeli critics still consider it the best of several Hebrew translations.
★
Hungarian (1975): ''A babó''.
★
Icelandic (1978)
★
Indonesian (1977)
★
Irish (expected 2007)
★
Italian (1973): ''Lo hobbit, o la Riconquista del Tesoro''. Traduzione di Elena Jeronimidis Conte. Milano: Adelphi Edizioni (''The Hobbit'', or ''Reconquest of the Treasure''. Translation by Elena Jeronimidis Conte. Milan: Adelphi Editions). ISBN 88-459-0688-4. Contains both maps with place-names in Italian; the runes are translated into Italian.
★
Japanese (1965):「ホビットの冒険」
★
Korean (1979)
★
Lithuanian (1985)
★
Luxembourgish (2002)
★
Norwegian (1972): ''Hobbiten, eller fram og tilbake igjen''. Oversatt av Nils Ivar Agøy. Trondheim: Tiden Norsk Forlag. ISBN 82-10-04300-5. Contains both maps with place-names in Norwegian; the runes are translated into Norwegian.
★
Persian (2004): ''هابيت يا آنجا و بازگشت دوباره''. Translator: رضا عليزاده (Reza Alizadeh). Tehran. 2004 (١٣٨٣). ISBN 964-334-200-X. Contains both maps with place-names in Persian; the runes remain in English.
★
Polish:
★
★ (1960) ''Hobbit, czyli tam i z powrotem''. Tr. Maria Skibniewska.
★
★ (1997) ''Hobbit albo tam i z powrotem''. Tr. Paulina Braiter.
★
★ (2002) ''Hobbit, czyli tam i z powrotem'' Tr. Andrzej Polkowski
★
Portuguese-Portugal:
★
★ (1962) ''O Gnomo''. Porto: Livraria Civilização Editora. Tr. Maria Isabel Morna Braga, Mário Braga; il. António Quadros.
★
★ (1985) ''O Hobbit''. Mem Martins: Publicações Europa-América. Tr. Fernanda Pinto Rodrigues.
★
Romanian (1975) ''O poveste cu un hobbit''
★
★
Moldavian (1987; in Cyrillic)
★
Russian (1976): ''Хоббит, или Туда и обратно''. Перевод Н. Рахмановой. Ленинград: Издательство «Детская литература» (''The Hobbit, or There and Back Again''. Translation by N. Rakhmanova. Leningrad: Publishing house "Children's literature").
★
Serbo-Croatian (1975) "''Хобит или тамо и назад''"
★
Slovak (1973)
★
Slovenian (1986): ''Hobit ali Tja in spet nazaj'' , Translator: Dušan Ogrizek , Ljubljana : Mladinska knjiga, 1986
★
Spanish: ''El hobito'', 1964, Fabril editora, Argentina. ''El hobbit''. Traducción de Manuel Figueroa. Barcelona: Ediciones Minotauro.
1983. ISBN 84-450-7141-6. Contains only Thror's map with place-names in Spanish; the runes remain in English.
★
Swedish: ''Bilbo – En hobbits äventyr''. (1947; retranslated 1962)
★
Thai (2002)
★
Turkish (1996)
★
Ukrainian (1985): ''Гобiт, або Мандрiвка за Iмлистi гори''. Переклад О. Мокровольського. Київ: «Веселка».
★
Vietnamese (2003) Vietnamese version already completed in 2002 but publishing cancelled. This version leaked onto the internet in 2003.
Adaptations
Over the years, ''The Hobbit'' has been adapted for other media multiple times.
TV
Main articles: The Hobbit (film)
''
The Hobbit'', an
animated version of the story, produced by
Rankin/Bass, debuted as a
television movie in the
United States in 1977.
The BBC children's television series ''
Jackanory'' presented an adaptation of ''The Hobbit'' in 1979.
[7] Unusually for the programme, the adaptation had multiple storytellers.
Film
Peter Jackson and his wife
Fran Walsh expressed interest in 1995 in adapting
J. R. R. Tolkien's novels. Jackson's pitch was to film ''The Hobbit'', and shoot ''
The Lord of the Rings'' back-to-back afterward. They met with
Saul Zaentz, who bought the film rights to ''The Lord of the Rings'' from
MGM in the 1970s.
[8] However, frustration arose when Jackson's producer,
Harvey Weinstein learnt Zaentz had production rights to ''The Hobbit'', but distribution rights still belonged to
United Artists. U.A. was on the market, so Weinstein's attempts to buy those rights were unsuccessful. Weinstein asked Jackson to press on with adapting ''The Lord of the Rings''.
[8]
Eight years later,
New Line Cinema had produced
''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy after
Miramax Films left when they wanted to condense the two planned ''Rings'' films into one.
[10] However, New Line has a limited time option on ''The Hobbit''.
[ Inside Move: It's hard to be a 'Hobbit' ] MGM holds the distribution rights to ''The Hobbit'', and expressed interest in teaming up with New Line and Jackson to make the film in September 2006.
[11] MGM also expressed interest in another prequel film, set between ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''.
[12]
In March 2005, Jackson launched a lawsuit against New Line, claiming he had lost revenue from merchandising, video and computer games releases associated with ''.
[13] New Line co-founder
Robert Shaye was annoyed with the lawsuit, and said in January 2007 that Jackson would never again direct a film for New Line, accusing Jackson of being greedy.
[14] MGM was disappointed with New Line's decision.
[ Sam Raimi expressed interest in taking over the project.[15] In August 2007, after a string of flops, Shaye was trying to repair his working relationship with Jackson. Shaye said, "I really respect and admire Peter and would love for him to be creatively involved in some way in ''The Hobbit''."[16]]
Spoken word
BBC Radio 4 broadcast ''The Hobbit'' radio drama, adapted by Michael Kilgarriff, in eight parts (4 hours) from September to November 1968, which starred Anthony Jackson as narrator, Paul Daneman as Bilbo and Heron Carvic as Gandalf.
Nicol Williamson's abridged reading of the book was released on four LP records in 1974 by Argo Records.
The American radio theater company The Mind's Eye produced an audio adaptation of "The Hobbit" which was released on six one-hour audio cassettes in 1979.
Robert Inglis adapted and performed a one-man theatre play of ''The Hobbit''. This performance led to him being asked to read/perform the unabridged audiobook for ''The Lord of the Rings'' for Recorded Books in 1990. In 1991 he read the unabridged version of ''The Hobbit''.
Comics
A three part comic book adaptation with script by Chuck Dixon and Sean Deming and illustrated by David Wenzel was published by Eclipse Comics in 1989. A reprint collected in one volume was released by Del Rey Books in 2001.
Games
''The Hobbit'' has been the subject of several board games, including "The Lonely Mountain" (1984), "The Battle of Five Armies" (1984), and "The Hobbit Adventure Boardgame" (1997) all published by Iron Crown Enterprises.
Games Workshop released a "Battle of Five Armies" (2005) tabletop wargame using 10mm figures, based on their Warmaster rules.
Several computer and video games, both official and unofficial, have been based on the story. One of the first was ''The Hobbit'', an award winning (Golden Joystick Award for Strategy Game of the Year 1983) computer game developed in 1982 by Beam Software and published by Melbourne House for most computers available at the time, from the more popular computers such as the ZX Spectrum, and the Commodore 64, through to the Dragon 32 and Oric computers. By arrangement with publishers, a copy of the novel was included with each game sold.
Sierra Entertainment published a platform game titled ''The Hobbit'' in 2003 for Windows PCs, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Nintendo GameCube. It was a similar version of which was also published for the Game Boy Advance.
Influences on other works
★ Led Zeppelin's song "Misty Mountain Hop" contains references to ''The Hobbit'', whilst other songs are thought to be influenced by ''The Lord of the Rings''.
★ "The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins", performed by Leonard Nimoy as part of his 1968 ''Two Sides of Leonard Nimoy'' album, is the most pertinent because it recounts the book's storyline in its two minutes. The ballad's music video became a minor Internet phenomenon in the early 2000s when ''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy was released.
★ Another well-known reference is Blind Guardian's The Bard's Song: The Hobbit.
★ A trance track was released in 1995 by Dynamix Maniax, featuring the title "Calling Middle-earth", containing a muffled sample from the 1977 animated version of ''The Hobbit''.
★ The Canadian rock trio Rush memorializes the elven refuge of Rivendell in a song of the same name on their 1975 album ''Fly by Night''.
★ In the episode of ''Courage the Cowardly Dog'' "Journey to the Center of Nowhere", Courage's master Muriel is held captive by three large eggplant monsters that roughly resemble trolls. The eggplants argue amongst themselves over how to cook Muriel, whether they should fry her, grill her, bake her, or sit on her until she becomes jelly, a scene taken directly from ''The Hobbit''.
See also
★ The Quest of Erebor
★ English-language editions of The Hobbit
★ Early American editions of The Hobbit
External links
★ The official Tolkien website.
★ collection of edition covers, 1937 – 2005
★ Every UK edition of The Hobbit
★ Every Dutch edition of The Hobbit
★ Hobbits around the globe - gallery
★ Let the Hobbit Happen
★ The Unofficial Hobbit Fan Site
★ History of the Hobbit: An essential resource book for the forthcoming movie adaptation of The Hobbit
★ The Hobbit Movie
References
1. Houghton Mifflin Website
2.
The Hero is a Hobbit, , W.H, Auden, ,
3. Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Children’s Literature
4. J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography, , Humphrey, Carpenter, George Allen & Unwin, 1977,
5. Christopher Tolkien, ''The History of Middle-earth''
6. Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth, , J. R. R., Tolkien, George Allen & Unwin, 1980,
7. Internet Movie Database: ''Jackanory'', "The Hobbit" (1979)
8. Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey, Brian Sibley, , , Harpercollins, , ISBN 0-00-717558-2
9. Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey, Brian Sibley, , , Harpercollins, , ISBN 0-00-717558-2
10.
11. MGM Eyes Hobbit, T4
12. Hobbit, Crown, Panther News
13. Director sues over Rings profits
14. Jackson ruled out of Hobbit film
15. 'Hobbit' Forming?
16. THE BIG PICTURE: New Line's midlife crisis
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