The 'Texas Revolution' or 'Texas War of Independence' was fought from
October 2,
1835 to
April 21,
1836 between
Mexico and the Texas (Tejas) portion of the Mexican state of
Coahuila y Tejas.
Animosity between the Mexican government and the
American settlers in
Texas (who were called
Texians) began with the
Siete Leyes of 1835, when
Mexican President and General
Antonio López de Santa Anna Pérez de Lebrón abolished the
Constitution of 1824 and proclaimed a new
anti-federalist constitution in its place. Unrest soon followed throughout all of Mexico, and war began in Texas on
October 1,
1835, with the
Battle of Gonzales. Early Texian success at
La Bahia and
San Antonio were soon met with crushing defeat at the same locations a few months later. Soon after, a Texian fort was overrun, and all save a few of the defenders were killed in the
Battle of the Alamo.
The war ended at the
Battle of San Jacinto (about 20 miles (32 km) east of modern day downtown
Houston) where General
Sam Houston led the Texas Army to victory in 18 minutes over a portion of the Mexican Army under Santa Anna, who was captured shortly after the battle. The conclusion of the war resulted in the creation of the
Republic of Texas. The Republic was never recognized by the government of Mexico, and during its brief existence, it teetered between collapse and invasion from Mexico. Texas was annexed by the United States of America in 1845, and it was not until the
Mexican-American War that the "Texan Question" was resolved.
Background
The
Panic of 1819 plunged the United States into a major depression. An American businessman and former Spanish subject named
Moses Austin lost his
lead manufacturing business during this time. After a trip to Texas, he developed a plan to bring American settlers into the region, which would help Spain develop the area and help him jump-start his business career. In 1820, he applied for a Spanish grant to settle 300 families in Texas. His son,
Stephen F. Austin, helped his father secure loans in the U.S. to back this venture. In late 1820, Moses Austin received his grant from Spain, but he died in June 1821. Stephen F. Austin inherited his father’s Spanish grant and formed an agreement with Governor Martinez that settlers could receive 640 acres (259 ha) for the head of a family, 320 acres (129 ha) for his wife, 160 acres (65 ha) for each child, and 80 acres (32 ha) for each slave
[1]. Because of the economic hardships in the U.S., when Austin published the terms in
New Orleans, he had no problem finding the 300 families stipulated in the grant.
Mexican independence and Texas settlement
Austin’s plans for settlement were being worked on amid ongoing political turmoil in Mexico. The Declaration of Independence from Spain, by the priest
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, in 1810, initiated eleven years of brutal warfare. Fortune seemed to favor the Spanish forces until 1821 when Spanish generals, notably
Agustín de Iturbide and Santa Anna, switched allegiance in favor of the Mexican rebellion. This resulted in Mexican victory, and the
Mexican War of Independence ended in 1821.
In December 1821, Austin’s settlers arrived by land and sea to settle around
San Felipe. To Austin’s disappointment, the government of newly independent Mexico refused to approve the original Spanish grant. Austin traveled to and from
Mexico City for three years to settle the issue, and the grants were eventually accepted by the new government. During this time, Austin learned to speak Spanish and became close friends with Mexican revolutionary
José Antonio Navarro. In the coming years, they would work together to bring more settlers to Texas.
Under the rules of the grant, each new settler had to convert to
Roman Catholicism, meet high standards of moral character, become a Mexican citizen, and change their names to Spanish equivalents. Each were given over 4,000 acres (16 km²) of land. The Anglo settlers were called Texians, and the Hispanic settlers were called Tejanos. The colony flourished and, three years after it was started, its population had grown to 18,000. Navarro found himself to be the owner of more than 25,000 acres (101 km²) of land by 1830.
Formation of Texas
In 1822,
Agustín de Iturbide was crowned Emperor of the newly formed
Mexican Empire and, in 1823, Emperor Iturbide finally approved Austin’s grant. Under his
Plan de Iguala, slavery was formally abolished for the first time, but it still continued throughout the nation. Iturbide’s regime soon became unstable, and in the same year
Guadalupe Victoria and
Antonio López de Santa Anna issued the
Plan de Casa Mata. It called for the overthrow of the Emperor in order to establish a republic. Iturbide abdicated, went into forced exile, returned and was executed the next year. Austin had to restart negotiations to maintain his grant with the new government but was eventually successful. His success was attributed to a deal he made with Santa Anna agreeing that the settlers would sell their goods first to Mexico before offering them to other markets.
Mexico became a republic under the new
Constitution of 1824, and Texas was merged with
Coahuila to form the state of Coahuila y Tejas. The borders of the Texas part of this state were considerably different than those today. The lower border only extended to the
Nueces River (where
Corpus Christi lies today). South of that was the state of
Tamaulipas. The western border of Texas ended about 200 miles (320 km) west of San Antonio where the state of
Chihuahua began, and a 200-mile wide strip of land extended between Tamaulipas and Chihuahua, 100 miles (160 km) southwest across the
Rio Grande to connect Texas to Coahuila.
Mexico formally abolished slavery for a third time under the Constitution of 1824, although it continued throughout the entire nation. Austin gained three more grants from the newly formed Mexican Republic to settle 900 additional families in 1825, 1827, and 1828, under the new
empresario system of immigration, which Mexico instituted. As an empresario, Austin was given the duties of both bringing in qualified families and then governing them when they arrived. Many others were made empresarios such as
Dr. Lorenzo de Zavala,
Haden Edwards, and the old
filibuster Ben Milam. During all of this, however, other citizens from the U.S. trickled in alongside the colonists that had been accepted.
Descent into revolution
The Fredonian Rebellion
By 1826, the empresario Haden Edwards had been in several land and political disputes with various leaders and settlers, including attempts to legalistically dispossess land owners with preexisting land grants and claims over a century old. These culminated in a final dispute that resulted in his expulsion and a massive financial loss to Edwards. This inspired him to instigate and organize a minor uprising in Nacogdoches. He proclaimed the area an independent republic called
Fredonia. Lieutenant Colonel
Mateo Ahumada was ordered to Texas. Austin gathered the Texian militia and joined Ahumada’s forces. Together they marched on Nacogdoches. Edwards and his followers immediately fled Texas without a shot fired.
Mexico becomes concerned
In 1827, U.S. President
John Quincy Adams offered Mexico US$1 million to buy Texas, which was rejected. Two years later, in 1829, President
Andrew Jackson tried again with an offer of US$5 million, which Mexico also rejected. The same year, Spain attempted to re-conquer their former colony. Santa Anna swiftly defeated the invading Spanish army at
Tampico and was hailed as a national hero. In 1830, Mexico became alarmed by the number of immigrants crossing the border from the U.S. into Mexico. With the recent Fredonian Rebellion and the U.S. so obviously hungry for Texas, there was concern about who was entering the state. Mexico passed the "April 6 law". These would annul prospective or incomplete settlements previously approved in various grants given to various empresarios. The decree allowed taxes to be collected, provided a larger military presence in Texas, and ended immigration into Texas. Austin eventually got the law repealed after three years of working with the Mexican government, but in the meantime military measures were enacted to enforce this law, which triggered an uprising in
Anahuac, Texas. This was the first of what would be called the
Anahuac Disturbances.
Texian disillusionment
Texians were becoming increasingly disillusioned with the Mexican government. Many of the Mexican soldiers
garrisoned in Texas were convicted criminals who were given the choice of prison or serving in the army in Texas. Many Texians were also unhappy with the location of their state capital, which moved periodically between
Saltillo and
Monclova, both of which were in southern
Coahuila, some 500 miles (800 km) away; they wanted Texas to be a separate state from Coahuila (but not independent from Mexico) and to have its own capital. They believed a closer location for the capital would help to stem
corruption and facilitate other matters of government. Some citizens were accustomed to the rights they had in the U.S. that they did not have in Mexico. For example, Mexico did not protect
Freedom of Religion, instead requiring colonists to pledge their acceptance of Roman Catholicism. Also, there was discontent with the deal Stephen Austin made with Santa Anna where they had to offer their products first to Mexico before other markets. Cotton was in high demand throughout Europe and most settlers wanted to raise cotton. But Mexico demanded that the settlers produce corn, grain, and beef and dictated which crops each settler would plant and harvest. Unlike in the states of the
Southern United States where
slavery was legal, the status of slaves in Mexico was ambiguous. Although Mexico had officially outlawed slavery, the government was widely tolerant of the holding of slaves, but not their sale. Slave traders were thus unhappy with the limitations imposed upon them. Although these many issues caused friction, they were not sufficient to incite the settlers to revolt as a whole.
Santa Anna
Between 1829 and 1832, a series of Mexican presidents were killed in a series of coups. Santa Anna had a hand in each of these events. The Mexican Republic became heavily divided between two factions known as Conservatives, who were for a centralized monarchical government, and Liberals, who were for a democratic federal government. In the presidential elections of 1833, Santa Anna ran as a liberal and won. Soon after, Santa Anna retired to his hacienda, allowing Vice President
Valentín Gómez Farías to run the country. The government initiated drastic liberal reforms, angering the Conservatives. Returning from his hacienda, Santa Anna renounced the government's policies and overthrew the presidency, forcing Gomez Farías and many of his supporters to flee Mexico for the United States. Santa Anna declared that Mexico was not ready for
democracy, became an openly Conservative Catholic
centralist, and appointed himself
dictator.
Though disturbed by Santa Anna’s turn, Austin and the settlers had backed Santa Anna in his bid for power and now wanted to capitalize on it. Austin therefore traveled to Mexico City with a petition asking for separate statehood from Coahuila, a better judicial system, and the repeal of the April 6 law that had caused the First Anuhuac and Velasco Disturbances (1832), among other things. They were all approved except for separate statehood. Despondent over not getting Texas separated from Coahuila, he wrote an angry letter to a friend, which seemed to encourage rebellion. Mexican officials intercepted the letter, and Austin was arrested for sedition. He spent 18 months in prison.
The number of immigrants entering Texas quickly escalated. Santa Anna believed that the influx of immigrants to Texas was part of a plot by the U.S. to take over the region. In 1834, because of perceived troubles within the Mexican government, Santa Anna went through a process of dissolving state legislatures, disarming state militias, and abolishing the Constitution of 1824. To make matters worse, he imprisoned some cotton plantation owners who refused to raise their assigned crops. These actions triggered outrage throughout the nation of Mexico. The country then became divided between Centralists, who backed Santa Anna’s dictatorship, and Federalists, who wanted the Constitution of 1824 re-instituted. Santa Anna then ordered all unauthorized settlers out of Texas.
Revolution begins
Much of Mexico led by the states of
Yucatan,
Zacatecas, and Coahuila, promptly rose in revolt of Santa Anna's actions. Santa Anna spent two years suppressing the revolts. Under the Liberal banner, the Mexican state of Zacatecas revolted against Santa Anna. The revolt was brutally crushed in May 1835. As a reward, Santa Anna allowed his soldiers two days of rape and pillage in the capital city of Zacatecas; civilians were massacred by the thousands. Santa Anna also looted the rich Zacatecan
silver mines at Fresnillo, and as further punishment, he split Zacatecas into a smaller state, separating an independent agricultural territory,
Aguascalientes. This was to become a disturbing tendency Santa Anna would employ on those he regarded as traitors. He then ordered his brother-in law, General
Martin Perfecto de Cos, to march into Texas and put an end to disturbances against the state.
Revolution in Texas
Throughout 1835, as a few tried to incite discontent, Texians informally debated the issues. Incidents between locals and the Mexican revenue forts at Anahuac and Velasco caused minor confrontations between Texian militia and Mexican troops. In late June, a
second Anahuac Disturbance ejected Mexican troops.
[1] After the expulsion of troops from Anahuac, an enraged Santa Anna ordered more troops into Texas and began preparations for the subjugation of Texas. The Texians as a whole were relatively loyal to a constitutional Mexico into August, despite their disgust over what had happened to Austin, the horrific events in Zacatecas, the call to disarm militias, the order to expel all illegal immigrants, and particularly the dissolution of the Constitution of 1824. In August, the continued increasing presence of Mexican troops, their unrelenting demand for individual radical Texian leaders to be delivered for military trial, and major legislative land scandals began to erode the Texians' support for the Peace party and attachment to Mexico, and to build support for the War Party and independence.
In the DeWitt Colony, a centralista Mexican soldier bludgeoned Texian settler Jesse McCoy with a musket in an altercation. At Gonzalez, Mexican military authorities demanded the recall of a small cannon from local militia.
[2][3] On
September 20, General Cos landed at Copano
[4] with an advance force of about 300 soldiers bound for Goliad, San Antonio and San Felipe de Austin.
Austin was released in July, having never been formally charged with sedition, and was in Texas by August. Austin saw little choice but revolution. A consultation was scheduled for October to discuss possible formal plans to revolt, and Austin sanctioned it.
Texan victories
Main articles: Battle of Gonzales,
Battle of Concepcion
Before the consultation could happen, however, in accordance with Santa Anna’s nationwide call to disarm state militias, Colonel
Domingo Ugartechea, who was stationed in San Antonio, ordered the Texians to return a cannon given to them by Mexico that was stationed in Gonzales. The Texians refused. Ugartechea sent Lieutenant
Francisco Castañeda and 100
dragoons to retrieve it. When he arrived at the rain-swollen banks of the
Guadalupe River near Gonzales, there were just eighteen Texians to oppose him. Unable to cross, Castañeda established a camp, and the Texians buried the cannon and called for volunteers. Two Texian militias answered the call. Colonel John Henry Moore was elected head of the combined rebels/militias, and they dug up the cannon and mounted it on a pair of cartwheels. A
Coushatta Native American entered Castañeda’s camp and informed him that the Texians had 140 men.
On
October 1,
1835, at 7 p.m., the Texians headed out slowly and quietly to attack Castañeda’s dragoons. At 3 a.m. they reached the camp, and gunfire was exchanged. There were no casualties except for a Texian who had bloodied his nose when he fell off his horse during the skirmish. The next morning, negotiations were held, and the Texians urged Castañeda to join them in their revolt. Despite claiming sympathy for the Texian cause, he was shocked by the invitation to mutiny, and negotiations fell through. The Texians created a banner with a crude drawing of the disputed cannon and the words "
Come and take it" written on it. Since they had no cannon balls, they filled it with scrap metal and fired it at the dragoons. They charged and fired their muskets and rifles, but Castañeda decided not to engage them and led the dragoons back to San Antonio. Thus the war had begun. And, as at Gonzales, most of the early engagements favored the Texians because the sudden upheaval had not given Mexican garrisons time to prepare for war.
Next, the Texans captured Bexar, under the defence of General Cos. When General Austin gave his army of volunteers the boring task of waiting for General Cos’ army to starve, many of the volunteers simply left. Throughout November 1835, the Texian army dwindled from 800 to 600 men, and the officers began to bicker about strategy and why they were fighting against the Mexicans. Several officers resigned, including
Jim Bowie, who went to Gonzales. The
siege of Bexar, which began on
October 12,
1835, would demonstrate how little leadership the Texan "Army" had. Austin had been appointed Commander of all the Texan forces, but his talents were not well suited for military life.
The siege ended on
December 11 with the capture of General Cos and his starving army, despite Austin's leadership. The Mexican prisoners were paroled and sent back to Mexico after being made to promise not to fight again.
The early victories of the Texans were greatly attributed to their effective hunting rifles, which could fire at distant targets and with more accuracy than the smooth bore muskets of the Mexican infantry.
The remaining Texan army, poorly led, and with no collective motivation, prepared to advance towards
Matamoros, hoping to sack the town. Although the
Matamoros Expedition, as it came to be known, was but one of many schemes to bring the war to Mexico, nothing came of it. On
November 6,
1835, the
Tampico Expedition under
José Antonio Mexía left
New Orleans, intending to capture the town from the Centralists. The expedition failed. These independent missions drained the Texan movement of supplies and men, bringing only disaster for months to come.
Provisional government
In Gonzales, the consultation scheduled for the month before finally got underway after enough delegates from the colonies arrived to signify a quorum. After bitter debate, they finally created a provisional government that was not to be separate from Mexico but only to oppose the Centralists. They elected
Henry Smith as governor and
Sam Houston was appointed commander-in-chief of the regular Army of Texas. There was no regular army yet; Austin’s army was all volunteers, so Houston would have to build one. They had more land than money so land was chosen as an incentive to join the army; extra land would be given to those who enlisted as regulars and not as volunteers. The provisional government commissioned privateers and established a postal system. A merchant was sent to the U.S. to borrow $100,000. They ordered hundreds of copies of various military textbooks. They gave Austin the option to step down as commander of the army in Béxar and go to the U.S. as a commissioner. Austin stayed for the time being. On
November 24,
1835, Austin stepped down as general. Elections were held, and Colonel
Edward Burleson became Austin’s successor.
Santa Anna's offensive
Army of Operations
With the successes gained at Bexar and at the
Battle of Goliad and the victorious skirmish of the
Grass Fight by the rebels, Santa Anna decided to take the counter-offensive. General Cos informed Santa Anna of the situation in Texas, and the dictator proceeded to advance north with his
Army of Operations, a force of about 6,000. The army had gathered in
San Luis Potosí and soon marched across the deserts of Mexico during the worst winter recorded in that region. The army suffered hundreds of casualties, but it marched forward, arriving in Texas months before it was expected. Taking Bexar, the political and military center of Texas, was Santa Anna's initial objective.
Alamo
Santa Anna's arrival at Bexar on
February 23 would mark the second time he had occupied the town, the first being in 1813 after the
Battle of the Medina River, in which Santa Anna was engaged as a junior officer in the Spanish Army. In 1813, the anti-Royalist prisoners at San Antonio were massacred. Like at Zacatecas in 1835, ultimately, Santa Anna would give "no quarter" to those Texans barricaded inside the
Alamo mission.
The defenders inside the Alamo awaited reinforcement. "At dawn on the first of March, Capt. Albert Martin, with 32 men (himself included) from
Gonzales and DeWitt's Colony, passed the lines of Santa Anna and entered the walls of the Alamo, never more to leave them. These men, chiefly husbands and fathers, owning their own homes, voluntarily organized and passed through the lines of an enemy four to six thousand strong, to join 150 of their countrymen and neighbors, in a fortress doomed to destruction."
[5] No further reinforcement arrived.
The Alamo was defended by about 183-189 men under the command of
William Barret Travis and Jim Bowie. Numerous sick and wounded from the siege of Bexar, perhaps raising the Texan military total to around 250, as well as non-combatants were also reported present afterwards. The
Battle of the Alamo ended on
March 6 after a 13 day siege in which all Texan combatants were killed. The
alcalde of San Antonio reported cremation of 182 defenders' bodies; one defender's burial by a Mexican army relative was allowed. Santa Anna's army casualties have been estimated as about 600 - 1000 troops—the quoted number of Mexican soldiers killed varies greatly. The defense of the Alamo proved to be of no military consequence for the Texan cause, but its martyrs were soon hailed as heroes. The most important result during this time was the 1836 Convention signing of the
Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico, on
March 2.
Soon, Santa Anna divided his army and sent
flying columns across Texas. The objective was to force a decisive battle over the Texan Army, now led by General Sam Houston.
Goliad and Urrea's victories
General
José Urrea marched into Texas from
Matamoros, making his way north following the coast of Texas, thus preventing any foreign aid by sea and opening up an opportunity for the
Mexican Navy to land much needed provisions. Urrea's forces were engaged at the
Battle of Agua Dulce on
March 2, 1836, which would soon lead to the
Goliad Campaign. General Urrea was never defeated in any engagement his forces conducted in Texas.
At Goliad, Urrea's flying column caught Colonel
James Fannin's force of about 300 men on the open prairie at a slight depression near
Coleto Creek and made three charges at a heavy cost in Mexican casualties. Overnight, Urrea's forces surrounded the Texans, brought up cannon and reinforcements, and induced Fannin's surrender under terms the next day,
March 20. About 342 of the Texan troops captured during the Goliad Campaign were executed a week later on
Palm Sunday,
March 27,
1836, under Santa Anna's direct orders, widely known as the
Goliad Massacre.
:''"The impact of the Goliad Massacre was crucial. Until this episode Santa Anna's reputation had been that of a cunning and crafty man, rather than a cruel one...together with the fall of the Alamo, branded both Santa Anna and the Mexican people with a reputation for cruelty and aroused the fury of the people of Texas, the United States, and even Great Britain and France, thus considerably promoting the success of the Texas Revolution."''
[6]
Meeting of two armies
Texan retreat: "The Runaway Scrape"
Houston immediately understood that his small army was not prepared to fight Santa Anna out in the open. The Mexican cavalry, experienced and feared, was something the Texans could not easily defeat. Seeing that his only choice was to keep the army together enough to be able to fight on favorable grounds, Houston ordered a retreat towards the U.S. border, and many
settlers also fled in the same direction. A
scorched earth policy was implemented, denying much-needed food for the Mexican army. Soon, the rains made the roads impassable, and the cold season made the list of casualties grow in both armies.
Santa Anna's army, always on the heels of Houston, gave unrelenting chase. The town of Gonzales could not be defended by the rebels, so it was put to the torch. The same fate awaited Austin's colony of San Felipe. Despair grew among the ranks of Houston's men, and much animosity was aimed towards him. All that impeded Santa Anna's advance were the swollen rivers, which gave Houston a chance to rest and drill his army.
Santa Anna defeated
Main articles: Battle of San Jacinto
Events moved at a quick pace after Santa Anna decided to divide his own flying column and race quickly towards
Galveston, where members of the Provisional Government had fled. Santa Anna hoped to capture the rebel leaders, and put an end to the war, which had proven costly and prolonged. Santa Anna, as dictator of Mexico, felt the need to return to Mexico City as soon as possible. Houston was informed of Santa Anna's unexpected move. Numbering about 700, Santa Anna's column marched east from
Harrisburg, Texas. Without Houston's consent, and tired of running away, the Texan army of 900 moved to meet the enemy. Houston could do nothing but follow. Accounts of Houston's thinking during these moves is subject to speculation as Houston held no councils of war.
The painting "Surrender of Santa Anna" by William Huddle shows the Mexican strong-man wounded surrendering to Sam Houston
On
April 20, both armies met at the
San Jacinto River. Separating them was a large sloping ground with tall grass, which the Texans used as cover. Santa Anna, elated at finally having the rebel army in front of him, waited for reinforcements, which were led by General Cos. On that same day, a skirmish was fought between the enemies, mostly cavalry, but nothing came of it.
To the dismay of the rebels, Cos arrived sooner than expected with 540 more troops, swelling Santa Anna's army to over 1,200 men. Angered by the loss of opportunity and by Houston's indeciseveness, the rebel army demanded to make an attack. About 3:30 in the afternonn on
April 21, after burning
Vince's Bridge, the Texans surged forward, catching the Mexican army by surprise. Hours before the attack, Santa Anna had ordered his men to stand down, noting that the Texans would not attack his superior force. Also, his army had been stretched to the limit of endurance by the ongoing forced marches. His force was overwhelmed by Texians pushing into the Mexican camp. An 18-minute-long battle ensued, but soon the defenses crumbled and a massacre ensued.
Popular folk songs and legends hold that during the battle, Santa Anna was busy with and was distracted by a comely mixed race indentured servant, immortalized as
The Yellow Rose of Texas.
Santa Anna's entire force of men was killed or captured by Sam Houston's heavily outnumbered army of Texans; only nine Texans died. This decisive battle resulted in Texas's independence from Mexico.
Santa Anna was captured when he could not cross the burned Vince's Bridge, and he was brought before Houston, who had been wounded in the ankle. Santa Anna agreed to end the campaign. General
Vicente Filisola, noting the state of his tired and hungry army, marched back to Mexico, but not without protests from Urrea. Only Santa Anna had been defeated, not the Army of Operations, and Urrea felt that the campaign should continue, but Filisola disagreed.
Aftermath
With Santa Anna a prisoner, his captors forced him to sign the
Treaties of Velasco on
May 14. The treaty recognized Texas's independence and guaranteed Santa Anna's life. The initial plan was to send him back to Mexico to help smooth relations between the two states. His departure was delayed by a mob who wanted him dead. Declaring himself as the only person who could bring about peace, Santa Anna was sent to
Washington, D.C., by the Texan government to meet President Jackson in order to guarantee independence of the new republic. But unknown to Santa Anna, the Mexican government deposed him ''in absentia''; thus, he no longer had any authority to represent Mexico.
Texas became a republic after a long and bloody fight, but it was never recognized as such by Mexico. The war continued as a standoff.
Santa Anna re-emerged as a hero during the
Pastry War in 1838. He was re-elected President, and soon after, he ordered an expedition led by General
Adrian Woll into Texas, occupying San Antonio, but briefly. There were small clashes between the two states for several years afterward.
The war with Texas did not truly come to an end until the
Mexican-American War of 1846.
Sam Houston's victory at San Jacinto would earn him the presidency of Republic of Texas. He later became a
U.S. senator and
governor of Texas. Stephen F. Austin, after a lost bid for Texas's presidency in 1836, was appointed Secretary of State but died shortly thereafter. Sam Houston eulogized Austin as the "Father of Texas". Later during the
American Civil War, most Texans considered Houston the "Traitor to the Republic" for his efforts to keep Texas from seceding from the Union and his refusal to take an oath of allegiance to the confederacy.
Historical context of the Revolution
At the same time Texas declared independence, other Mexican states also decided to secede from Mexico and form their own republics. The state of Yucatán formed the
Republic of Yucatán, which was recognized by
Great Britain, and the states of
Coahuila,
Nuevo León, and
Tamaulipas joined together to form the
Republic of the Rio Grande. Several other states also went into open rebellion, including
San Luis Potosí,
Querétaro,
Durango,
Guanajuato,
Michoacán,
Jalisco and
Zacatecas. All were upset with Santa Anna abolishing the 1824 Constitution, disbanding Congress, and changing the structure of government from a federal structure to a centralized one. Texas, however, was the only territory to be successful in detaching itself from Mexico.
See also
★
History of Texas
★
Timeline of the Texas Revolution
★
Horace Arlington Alsbury
★
Jewish Texans
★
Juana Navarro Alsbury
★
Alijo Perez Jr.
★
John T. Garner
★
Moses Lapham
★
Edwin R. Rainwater
★
Denmore W. Reaves
★
Young Perry Alsbury
★
John Coker
★
Micajah Autry
★
Dr. Albert Levy
References
★ Dingus, Anne, ''The Truth About Texas,'' Houston: Gulf Publishing Company (1995) ISBN 0-87719-282-0
★ Nofi, Albert A., ''The Alamo and The Texas War for Independence,'' Da Capo Press (1992) ISBN 0-306-81040-9
★ Hardin, Stephen L., ''Texian Iliad,'' Austin: University of Texas Press (1994) ISBN 0-292-73086-1
★ Lord, Walter, ''A Time to Stand,''; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (1961) ISBN 0-8032-7902-7
★ Davis, William C., ''Lone Star Rising: The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic,'' Free Press (2004) ISBN 0-684-86510-6
External links
★ Texas War of Independence http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/independcon.htm
★
''History of the revolution in Texas, particularly of the war of 1835 & '36; together with the latest geographical, topographical, and statistical accounts of the country, from the most authentic sources.'' by the Rev. C. Newell, published 1838, hosted by the
Portal to Texas History
★
Military Maps of the Texas revolution hosted by the
Portal to Texas History
★
''Evacuation of Texas : translation of the Representation addressed to the supreme government / by Vicente Filisola, in defence of his honor, and explanation of his operations as commander-in-chief of the army against Texas.'' hosted by the
Portal to Texas History
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