TEN LOST TRIBES

The phrase 'Ten Lost Tribes of Israel' refers to the ancient Tribes of Israel that disappeared from the Biblical account after the Kingdom of Israel was totally destroyed, enslaved and exiled by ancient Assyria. Many groups of Jews have doctrines concerning the continued hidden existence or future public return of these tribes.
This is a subject that is partially based upon authenticated and documented historical fact, partially upon written religious tradition and partially upon extreme speculation. There is a vast amount of literature on the Lost Tribes and no specific source can be relied upon for a complete answer. In addition, the contemporary use of genealogical DNA testing has facilitated the assertion that certain populations are members of the Lost Tribes.

The Twelve Tribes

According to the Hebrew Bible, Jacob (who was renamed Israel) had one daughter and twelve sons by four different women.
The twelve sons fathered the Twelve Tribes of Israel. These tribes were recorded on the vestments of the Kohen Gadol (high priest). However, when the land of Israel was apportioned among the tribes in the days of Joshua, the Tribe of Levi, being priests, did not receive land. Therefore, when the tribes are listed in reference to their receipt of land, as well as to their encampments during the 40 years of wandering in the desert, the Tribe of Joseph is replaced by the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh (the two sons of Joseph by his Egyptian wife Asenath, whom Jacob elevated to the status of full tribes).
Thus, the two divisions of the tribes are:

Traditional division:#Reuben#Simeon#Levi#Judah#Issachar#Zebulun#Dan#Naphtali#Gad#Asher#Joseph#Benjamin	Division according to apportionment of land in Israel:#Reuben#Simeon#Judah#Issachar#Zebulun#Dan#Naphtali#Gad#Asher#Benjamin#Ephraim (son of Joseph)#Manasseh (son of Joseph)

The Tribe of Judah and the Tribe of Benjamin joined together to form the Kingdom of Judah and are traditionally considered the ancestors of most of today's Jews. The Tribe of Levi, was assigned hereditary religious duties and did not receive any tribal land. (Genealogical DNA tests link Aaron, a Levite who was the founder of a caste of priests (Hebrew: Kohen, pl. Kohanim), to living males who believe they are his descendants (see Y-chromosomal Aaron)). The remaining tribes (Reuben, Simeon, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Ephraim, Manasseh) are considered lost.
The phrase "Ten Lost Tribes" does not appear in the King James version of the Bible (leading to some of the questions about the use of the number).

Inheritance

In Judaism, membership in the tribes is inherited patrilineally (father to son), as is priesthood (Kohen or Levite status) and royalty (the Davidic line). However, status as a Jew is inherited matrilineally (mother to child).

Religious beliefs

The concept of the "Ten Lost Tribes" originally began in a religious context, based on Biblical sources, not as an ethnological idea. Some scientists have researched the topic, and at various times some have made claims of empirical evidence of the Ten Lost Tribes. However, religious and scriptural sources remain the main sources of the belief that the Ten Lost Tribes have some continuing, though hidden, identity somewhere.
There are numerous references in Biblical writings. In Ezekiel 37, the prophet is told to write on one staff (quoted here in part) "For Judah..." and on the other (quoted here in part) , "For Joseph..." (the main Lost Tribe). The prophet is then told that these two groups shall be someday reunited.
There are also discussions in the Talmud as to whether the Ten Lost Tribes will eventually be reunited with the Tribe of Judah, that is, with the Jewish people.

Historical background

The Twelve Tribes were geographically divided into the:

★ Eastern Tribes: Tribe of Judah, Tribe of Issachar, Tribe of Zebulun

★ Southern Tribes: Tribe of Reuben, Tribe of Simeon, Tribe of Gad

★ Western Tribes: Tribe of Ephraim, Tribe of Manasseh, Tribe of Benjamin

★ Northern Tribes: Tribe of Dan, Tribe of Asher, Tribe of Naphtali.
After the civil war in the time of Solomon's son Rehoboam, ten tribes split off from the United Monarchy to create the northern kingdom of Israel.
These were the nine landed tribes Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben and Gad, and some members of Levi who had no land allocation. The Bible makes no reference at this point to the Tribe of Simeon, and some believe that the tribe had already disappeared due to the curse of Jacob.
Judah, the southern kingdom, had Jerusalem as its capital and was led by King Rehoboam. It was populated by the tribes of Judah and Benjamin (and also by some members of Levi and remnants of Simeon).
In 722 BCE the Assyrians under Shalmaneser V and then under Sargon II conquered the northern Kingdom of Israel, destroyed its capital Samaria and sent the Israelites into exile and captivity in Khorason, now part of eastern Iran and western Afghanistan. The Ten Lost Tribes are those who were deported. In Jewish popular culture, the ten tribes disappeared from history, leaving only the tribes of Benjamin, Judah and Levi to become the ancestors of modern day Jews.
In 586 BCE the nation of Judah was conquered by Babylon. About 50 years later, in 539 BCE, the Persians (who had recently conquered Babylon) allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple. By the end of this era, members of the tribes seem to have abandoned their individual identities in favor of a common one.

17th- to mid-20th-century theories

Since at least the 17th century (the time of Oliver Cromwell and Sabbatai Zevi) both Jews and Christians have proposed theories concerning the lost tribes, based to varying degrees on Biblical accounts. An Ashkenazi Jewish tradition speaks of the Lost Tribes as ''Die Roite Yiddelech'', "The little red Jews", cut off from the rest of Jewry by the legendary river Sambation "whose foaming waters raise high up into the sky a wall of fire and smoke that is impossible to pass through".^[1]
On December 23, 1649, after Manasseh ben Israel, a noted rabbi of Amsterdam had been told by Montezinus that some of the Lost Tribes were living among the Native Americans of South America, he wrote:
In the 1600s, Manasseh ben Israel petitioned Oliver Cromwell to allow the Jews to return to England. Since 1290, Jews had been prohibited by law from living in England. The reason why Cromwell expressed an interest in the return of the Jews to England is because several other theories abounded at that time relating to the end of the world. Many of these ideas were fixed upon the year 1666 and the Fifth Monarchy Men who were looking for the return of Jesus as the Messiah who would establish a final kingdom to rule the physical world for a thousand years. They supported Cromwell's Republic in the expectation that it was a preparation for the ''fifth monarchy'' - that is, the monarchy which should succeed the Assyrian, the Persian, the Greek, and Roman world empires.
Mixed in with all of this was a background of general belief that the 'Lost Ten Tribes' did not represent ethnic Jews who partially formed the ancient Kingdom of Judah, but tribes who maintained a separate capital at Samaria. Some have attempted to dismiss this complicated saga by stating that it is nothing but Supersessionism. However, the ideas behind these various competing theories are far more complicated, especially when Sabbatai Zevi, the "messiah" claimant and his supporters postulated that he represented groups in addition to those identified as being Jews. However, Zevi lost his credibility to all but the Donmeh when he converted to Islam and became an apostate to Judaism in 1666.
During the latter half of the 18th century, variations on this same theory were advocated by some who believed that the British Empire of nations was a manifestation of ancient prophecies recorded in the Book of Genesis predating both the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah.

Groups claiming descent from specific Lost Tribes

Many groups claim to descend from specific Lost Tribes. These include:

★ Bene Ephraim (from southern India) - claim descent from the Tribe of Ephraim

★ Bnei Menashe (from northeast India) - claim descent from the lost Tribe of Manasseh

★ Beta Israel, also known as Falashas - Ethiopian Jews some of whom claim descent from the lost Tribe of Dan

★ Persian Jews (especially the Bukharan Jews) claim descent from the Tribe of Ephraim

★ Igbo Jews of Nigeria claim descent variously from the tribes of Ephraim, Menasseh, Levi, Zebulun and Gad

Bene Ephraim

The Bene Ephraim, also called Telugu Jews, are a small community from southern India who claim descent from the Tribe of Ephraim.

Bnei Menashe

The Bnei Menashe (from northeast India) claim descent from the lost Tribe of Manasseh. Their oral traditions depict them as originally going from the Persian Empire into Afganistan. (They may have been in the Persian Empire because it occupied the lands of Assyria when it conquered Babylonia.) According to their traditions, they then went to China, where they encountered persecution, then pressed on to India and Southern Asia. ^[2]

Beta Israel

The Beta Israel (also known as Falashas) are Ethiopian Jews. Some members of the Beta Israel as well as several Jewish scholars believe they are descended from the lost Tribe of Dan, as opposed to the traditional story of their descent from the Queen of Sheba.

Persian Jews

Persian Jews (especially the Bukharan Jews) claim descent from the Tribe of Ephraim. Persian Jews (also called Iranian Jews) are members of Jewish communities living in Iran and throughout the former greatest extents of the Persian Empire.

Igbo Jews

The Igbo Jews of Nigeria claim descent variously from the tribes of Ephraim, Menasseh, Levi, Zebulun and Gad.

Samaritans

All Samaritans, in one form or another, see themselves as original Hebrew descendants. The Samaritan community in Israel numbers about 600. These people, who still struggle to keep their ancient traditions, live in what was the capital of Samaria - Nablus and the town of Holon. They claim to be authentic descendants of the Israelite tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh who were not exiled. On Passover the whole community sacrifices on Mount Gerizim. For one day the summit of Mount Gerizim is transformed into a scene from biblical times.

Groups claiming descent from a non-specific Lost Tribe

Some groups believe themselves to be descended from one of the Lost Tribes, but don't know which one. These include:

★ The Lemba tribe (from South Africa) claims to be descended from a lost tribe which fled from modern Yemen and journeyed south.

★ House of Israel claims to be one of the Lost Tribes of Israel

★ Pashtun people, ethnic Afghans traditionally claim descent from the Lost Tribes.

★ Kashmiri people, like the Pashtun people, traditionally trace their ancestry from the Lost Tribes of Israel.

★ Chiang Min people (from northwestern China) claim to be descendents of Abraham.

★ Jews of Kaifeng are the best documented Jewish community in China.

★ British Israelism (sometimes called Anglo-Israelism) claims that the British are the direct lineal descendants of the Lost Tribes of Israel.

Lemba

The Lemba people (Vhalemba) from Southern Africa claim to be descendants of a lost tribe which fled from what is now Yemen and journeyed south. DNA testing has genetically linked the Lemba with modern Jews. They have specific religious practices similar to those in Judaism and a tradition of being a migrant people with clues pointing to an origin in West Asia or North Africa. According to the oral history of the Lemba, their ancestors were Jews who came from a place called Sena several hundred years ago and settled in East Africa.

House of Israel

The House of Israel are Jews in Ghana. They claim to be one of the Lost Tribes of Israel.
http://kingdomofyah.com/our_story.htm

Pashtun

The Pashtuns are a predominantly Muslim people, native to Afghanistan and Pakistan, who adhere to their pre-Islamic indigenous religious code of honour and culture Pashtunwali. They traditionally claim descent from the Lost Tribes. The Yousafzai (Yusafzai) are a large group of Pashtun tribes. Their name means "Sons of Joseph". ^[3] There are also similar names in other areas in the region, such as the disputed land of Kashmir. ^[4] There are a variety of cultural and ethnic similarities between Jews and Pashtuns. ^[5]
The Pashtun people have many customs similar to Judaism. Some examples are: they do not shave their sidelocks (peot), in accordance with the Torah command, "Don't shave the sides of your head," (Leviticus 19). They observe Saturday as a day of rest, and light candles on Friday, which some then cover with a basket perhaps a custom originally intended to hide one's Jewishness. They wear a four-cornered garment, to which some attach fringes on the corners. Some pray facing Jerusalem. Also, the Star of David symbol is prevalent in many Pathani homes. ^[6] A visit by a Western journalist in 2007 revealed that many currently active Pashtun traditions may have parallels with Jewish traditions. ^[7]
The code of Pashtunwali is strikingly similar in content and subject matter to the Mosaic law.^[8]
A book which corresponds with Pashtun historical records, ''Taaqati-Nasiri'', states that in the 7th century a people called the Bani Israel settled in Ghor, southeast of Herat, Afghanistan, and then migrated south and east. These Bani Israel references are in line with the commonly held view by Pashtuns that when the twelve tribes of Israel were dispersed, the tribe of Joseph, among other Hebrew tribes, settled in the region.^[9] Hence the tribal name 'Yusef Zai' in Pashto translates to the 'sons of Joseph'. A similar story is told by Iranian historian Ferishta.^[10]
This account is also substantiated by the fact that the Bene Menashe of India also have traditions which trace their wanderings as going originally from the Persian Empire to Afganistan. In their case, they then went to China, where they encountered persecution, then pressed on to India and Southern Asia. ^[11]

Origin theories

The Bani-Israelite theory about the origin of Pakhtoon is based on Pakhtoon traditions; the tradition itself is documented in a source titled "Makhzan-i-Afghani", the only written source addressing Pashtun origins. It was written about A.D. 1612, by Nematullah Harvi, a scribe at the court of Mughal Emperor Jehangir of Hindustan. Nematullah compiled the book upon the instruction from Khan Jehan Lodhi of the Lodhi dynasty, a Pakhtoon noble and a courtier of the Emperor Jehangir. ^[12]
Makhzan-i-Afghani traces Pakhtoon's origin from the Abraham down to one king named King Talut or King Saul. Makhzan to this point agrees with testimony provided by Muslim sources or Hebrew Scriptures, showing King Saul around B.C. 1092 in Israel. ^[13] It is beyond this point that the description comes under serious doubt.
Makhzan-i-Afgani maintains that Saul had a son Irmia(Jeremia) who again had a son called Afghana raised by King David upon the death of King Saul and later promoted to the chief command of the Army during the reign of King Solomon. ^[13]
The description jumps to 6th century B.C. when Bakhtunnasar or Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia attacked Judah and exiled Bani-Israel, the progeny of Afghana and the forerunners of the Pashtuns people, to Ghor in Afghanistan.
This might seem contradictory, as Nebuchadnezzar attacked the Kingdom of Judah and Benjamin, ''not'' the Kingdon of Israel of the Ten Tribes. Hence, there would appear to be some contradiction here.
The main ambiguity here is whether Makhzan-i-Afghani is failing to differentiate between Judah and Bani-Israel. This may have crept in because Makhzan might have copied the tale of Jewish captivity from Muslim sources and Muslim sources weren't well acquainted with Jewish history. ^[13] Nebuchadnezzar brought Jews in captivity to Babylonia around B.C. 580 until Cyrus, the King of Persia, attacked Babylonia, freed the Jews, and allowed them to return to Jerusalem. So, Cyrus didn't send the Jewish captives to Ghor but rather to Jerusalem.
However, Babylonia did also conquer Assyria, where the Ten Tribes had been exiled to decades before. ^[16] ^[17] After that, Babylonia was conquered by Cyrus of Persia. So if Babylonia achieved jurisdiction over them that way, that would credibly explain how they were exiled originally by Assyria, yet the Pashtuns' story depicts them being ruled by Babylonia, and then by Cyrus of Persia. And since it is well-known that Cyrus did free the Jews by allowing them to return to Judea and generally was a more benevolent ruler, that also make it credible that he permitted the Ten Tribes to go forth to new lands somewhere in the Persian Empire. After so many years, their cultural identity might have diverged greatly from that of the Tribes of the Kingdom of Judah.
This is also substantiated by the fact that the Beni Menashe of India also have traditions which trace their wanderings as going originally from the Persian Empire to Afganistan. In their case, they then went to China, where they encountered persecution, then pressed on to India and Southern Asia. ^[11]
Assyrian king Shalmaneser is the ruler who raided the Kingdom of Israel in B.C. 721 and sent the ten tribes in exile to Media, the North-Western part of today's Iran. The Persian Empire didn't exist at the time of first Jewish captivity (B.C. 721) and was founded later by Cyrus in B.C. 550. The ten exiled tribes might have mingled with the local population of Media or dispersed over to Russia and Eastern Europe.
Some sources state that Maghzan-e-Afghani's Bani-Israel theory has been discredited due to historical and linguistic inconsistencies. The oral tradition is believed to be a myth that grew out of a political and cultural struggle between Pashtuns and the Mughals, which explains the historical backdrop for the creation of the myth, the inconsistencies of the mythology, and the linguistic research that refutes any Semitic origins.^[13]
There are also other sources who disagree strongly with the hypothesis of the Pashtun having Israelite origins. ^[20]

Kashmiris

Some Kashmiris, like the Pashtuns, trace their origins to the Lost Tribes of Israel. This has never been officially confirmed by any scholars and the Kashmiris dispute this themselves, and recognise themselves as being ethnically indigenous to the Kashmir region. Although most Kashmiris are Muslims, they have distinct traditions and cultures. These include their habits, dress, diet, and their language which does feature plentiful Kashmiri words. Furthermore, Jewish names, although never found among Muslims, are quite common among the Kashmiris. Even the style of clothes and the type of beards that these people wear bear a strong resemblance to those of Jews who lived in Biblical times, but this does not mean that the Kashmiris are descendants of the Lost Tribes.

Chiang Min people

The Chiang Min people of northwest China claim to be descendents of Abraham. Tradition holds that their forefather had 12 descendents.

the Jews of Kaifeng

According to historical records, a Jewish community with a synagogue, built in 1163, existed at Kaifeng from at least the Southern Song Dynasty until the late nineteenth century. A stone monument in the city suggests that they were there since at least 231 BC.

British Israelism

British Israelism (sometimes called 'Anglo-Israelism') is a Christian Theology essentially based on the basic premise, that most ancient British people were direct lineal descendants of some of the Lost Tribes of Israel and in many cases also of the Tribe of Judah.
Some believers in this doctrine limit the Israelite ancestry claim to the European royal families. Others believe that most of the nations of Western Europe are also descended from the Israelites. Though most believers in this doctrine link England with the tribe of Ephraim, there is very little consensus as to which tribes correspond to which people, and there is no formal central ecclesiastic authority managing the believers and the doctrines.
Due to the Restorationist tendencies of the adherents, there has rarely been a central head, recognized leadership, or organizational structure to the movement. This has led to a diverse set of professions and beliefs ancillary to the genealogical claims. Just as in many Christian Restorationist sects such as in the Church of Christ, as well as in older religions such as Judaism, the ancillary doctrines held by some can often be contradictory to those held by others. In a similar fashion to Judaism and to a lesser degree Islam, the central theme revolves around the genetic connection of the believers with Biblical characters such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Bedul, Petra

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Bedouin tribe of “Bedul”, living in the caves of Petra, Jordan, captured the imagination of Zionist pioneers. Among them was the historian, explorer and second president of Israel, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. Ben Zvi discovered traces of ancient Hebrew customs in the lifestyles of some Palestinian villagers and Bedouin tribes. He speculated that the inhabitants on both sides of the Jordan river may be descendants of the original Hebrew population which never left the area, despite the numerous exiles. Although 100 years ago they presented themselves to British historians as the “Sons of Israel”, the Bedul of today deny the legend concerning their Hebrew origin and claim that they are descendants of the Nabateans who built Petra.

Antisemitic interpretations

There are various factions who have interpreted totally different meanings from the term ''Lost Ten Tribes'', often with antisemitic elements.
Many groups who identified themselves as Christian felt the need to identify their groups with the Lost Ten Tribes in order to set themselves apart from mainstream Christianity, which they despised for various reasons including Zionism, humanitarian ideas and for connections to Judaism.
Most of these adherents differentiated between the terms "Jew" and "Israelite" suggesting that Jews usurped the identity of the true chosen people of God. The verses of Revelation 2:9 ''I know your afflictions and your poverty—yet you are rich! I know the slander of those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan.''and 3:9 ''I will make those who are of the synagogue of Satan, who claim to be Jews though they are not, but are liars—I will make them come and fall down at your feet and acknowledge that I have loved you.'' provided for them a basis for their beliefs rooted in scripture. They also focused on Genesis chapter 38, the story of Judah, one of the original 12 sons of Jacob (Israel) and his daughter-in-law, Tamar, claiming that this story could be a cause of separation between certain seed lines of the family of Judah, since Judah intermarried with a Canaanite woman.
This interpretation created a problem for these groups since they could no longer accept Jews as being related to the same family origins and the same Biblical history which recorded the division of the united Hebrew Kingdom into two competing factions. To create this distinction it became necessary for groups mainly identified with the movement to invent a totally new history that removed Jews. Some groups, for example, cite the Khazari conversion to Judaism in the 7th century, and claim that all modern Jews come out of the Khazari: in reality, while many Khazari did become the modern Ashkenazi Jews, Jews had been emigrating to Europe since at least the 4th century BC.
Some Black groups such as the Black Hebrew Israelites make similar claims to be descended from the "real" Israelites, claiming the Jews are impostors.

Groups that others claim are descended from Lost Tribes

Ancient Greeks

There are some commentators who allege that ancient Greeks may in fact be part of the Ten Tribes.^[21] Some base this partly on a letter described in the First Book of Maccabees (an ancient book which is considered by the Protestant Christians to be apocryphal), which mentions a letter from "Arius, King of Sparta, to Onias the High Priest." In it, Arius states that it has been found that Sparta and Jews are related, and that the Spartans are descendants of Abraham. ^[22] The theory has no support in the academic mainstream.^[23]

The Kurds

Some have promoted the notion that the Kurds represent a Lost Tribe. Some claims have been made regarding a genetic relationship between the Kurds and the Jews on the basis of a similarity between Kurdish Y-DNA and a Y haplotype that is associated with the Jewish priesthood. However, in genetic testing of the Y chromosome of 95 Muslim Kurds, only one sample (1.05% of the Kurds tested) matched the so-called Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH), consisting of six specific Y-STR values. ^[24]
Various misleading statements have associated typical Kurdish Y-DNA with that of the Jews. However, these attempts are based on several sources of confusion:
(1) The Cohen Modal Haplotype in its original form includes only six Y-STR markers, which with the scientific advances since that time, are now understood to be far too few to adequately identify a unique, closely related group that shares common descent from one relatively recent paternal ancestor. The same six marker values can be found by random mutations in other populations that are only remotely related. They are thus identical by state, but not Identical by descent. The 6-marker CMH cannot be used as a clear indicator of Cohen genetic ancestry, without additional data. Thus its presence should not be used as grounds for probable Jewish ancestry in a population.
(2) It is touted as a fact of great significance that the most common (modal) 6-marker haplotype of the Kurds is only one step from the CMH, but in fact, these same six marker values that were found to be the "Kurdish modal haplotype" can be seen in the data, in numerous sources, to be the most common haplotype amongst a wide variety of J2 Y chromosomes, wherever they may be found, in ethnic groups of the Middle East or in Europe ^[25] ^[26] -- thus, it is hardly an indication of a close relationship with the Cohanim priesthood, or with the Jews.
(3) The fact that the 2001 paper by Nebel found somewhat more similarity between the Y-DNA of the Kurds and the Jews than between the Jews and Palestinians does not point to a uniquely close relationship between the Jews and Kurds. This study did not compare Jews with other non-Kurdish Iraqis, or with the people of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, or other nearby lands. The available data indicate that these peoples are all closely related, with the Jews and Kurds just two of a diverse family of Middle Eastern peoples in this region.

The Japanese

Some writers have speculated that the Japanese people themselves may be direct descendants of part of the Ten Lost Tribes. An article that has been widely circulated and published, entitled "Mystery of the Ten Lost Tribes: Japan" by Arimasa Kubo^[27] (a Japanese writer living in Japan who studied the Hebrew Bible), concludes that many traditional customs and ceremonies in Japan are very similar to the ones of ancient Israel and that perhaps these rituals came from the religion and customs of the Jews and the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel who might have come to ancient Japan. ^[28]
Joseph Eidelberg's "The Biblical Hebrew Origin of the Japanese People" makes a similar case:

The Irish

There is a theory that the Irish, or Insular Celts as a whole, are descended from the Ten Lost Tribes. Proponents of this theory state that there is evidence that the prophet Jeremiah came to Ireland with Princess Tea Tephi, a member of the Israelite royal family. ^[29] ^[30]Proponents of this theory point to various parallels between Irish and ancient Hebrew culture. For example, they note that the harp, the symbol of Ireland, also plays a role in Jewish history, as the musical instrument of King David. Some maintain that the Tribe of Dan conducted sea voyages to Ireland and colonized it as early as the period of the Judges.
Aspects of this theory are also sometimes cited by adherents of British Israelism, as one possible explanation of how the Ten Lost Tribes might have reached the British Isles. However, it should be noted that British Israelism takes many forms, and does not always use this hypothesis as its main narrative. ^[31] ^[32]

Native Americans

Several explorers claimed to have collected evidence that some of the Native American tribes might be descended from the Ten Lost Tribes. Several recent books and articles have focused on these theories. ^[33] ^[34] The Book of Mormon, one of the religious texts of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), claims that early residents of the Americas actually descend from the tribe of Joseph, and particularly through Manasseh.

General dispersions, via Media region

This theory begins with the notion that the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh are the sons of Joseph, who had been in captivity ( through 45) and bore them with the daughter of the Pharaoh's Priest of On, Asenath (). The Tribe of Levi was set apart to serve in the Holy Temple ( ). The arrangement of the Tribes were given in ''Numbers'' 2.
It is now believed by many that the exiled tribes, who were, according to the Second Book of Kings, transported to the region of Media in what is now northwestern Iran, most likely simply assimilated into the population of the area, losing any special sense of Israelite identity. There is also Biblical and Talmudic testimony that much of the population of the "lost" tribes was simply reunited with the rest of the Israelites when they, too, were exiled and, later, returned to the Land of Israel. However, many over the years, in order to hide their Jewish or Israelite identities during tribulations, crusades and continual exiles, have scattered around the whole earth and are believed to have assimilated into the mass population.
There is now genetic testing being done to representatives of at least two groups - the Lemba in Africa and the Bnei Menashe in India - in attempts to verify claims of descent from the "lost ten tribes". So far, there is nothing conclusive, though in the case of the Lemba, there is a definite link ^[35] to Levite Hebrew ancestry, specifically Kohen.

The Saka connection

For some people studying the Lost Tribes of Israel, the Behistun Inscription has provided an invaluable missing link. George Rawlinson, Sir Henry Rawlinson's younger brother, connected the Saka/Gimiri of the Behistun Inscription with deported Israelites:

Jehu kneeling at the feet of Shalmaneser III on the Black Obelisk.

The inscription connects the people known in Old Persian and Elamite as Saka, Sacae or Scythian with the people known in Babylonian as Gimirri or Cimmerian. This is important because the Assyrian's referred to the Northern Kingdom of Israel in their records as the "House of Khumri", named after Israel's King Omri of the 8th century BCE. Phonetically "Khumri", "Omri", and "Gimiri" are similar.^[36]
In the photo of the Black Obelisk to the right, compare King Jehu's pointed Saka style headdress, which is similar to the captive Saka king seen to the far right on the Behistun Inscription. King Jehu of Israel was a successor to King Omri of the Northern Kingdom of Israel.

Russians

A forgery called Book of Veles claiming to detail the actual religion of pre-christian Russia teaches that the Russians are descended of the Lost Tribes

Nathan Ausubel's list

Nathan Ausubel wrote:
In his 1953 work ''Pictorial History of the Jewish People'', Nathan Ausubel compiled the following list of peoples connected in one way or another to this legend:

★ Baghdad

★ Iran

★ Kurdistan

★ Yemen

★ Georgia

★ Bokhara

★ Hadhramaut

★ Mountain Jews

★ Afghanistan

★ Bene-Israel

★ Cochin Jews

★ China

★ Egypt

★ Algeria

★ Morocco

★ Libya

★ Tunisia

★ Djerba

★ The Sahara

★ Cave Dwellers = Atlas Mountains south of Tripolitania and Tunisia. Closely related to the Jews of the Sahara, they believe that their ancestors were brought as captives from Judea by Titus after 70 AD. They cut out tiny paper boats which decorate their synagogues where they pray: ''May a boat soon come and carry us to Jerusalem.''

★ The Falashas = Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Claim to have come with the Queen of Sheba to visit King Solomon.

★ The Samaritans = Nablus (Shechem). Claim to be from the tribes of Ephraim, Menashe, and Levi, and built a rival Temple on Mount Gerizim in the days of Ezra.

★ Karaites

In other religions

Latter-day Saints

Main articles: Mormon view of the House of Joseph

The Book of Mormon states that a number of Native Americans are descended from Joseph. According to the Book of Mormon, sons of the prophet Lehi founded the Nephite and Lamanite civilizations in the New World. Latter-day Saints also teach that a number of northern Europeans are descended from Ephraim^[37], making them natural heirs to God's covenant with the Israelites.

Radio Church of God

Main articles: Radio Church of God

In the 1920s, Herbert W. Armstrong, founder of the Radio Church of God, later renamed the Worldwide Church of God, published the belief that the 10 lost tribes, after their captivity by the Assyrians, had eventually migrated to northern and western Europe and constituted large portions of the nations that now exist in those areas. This belief also formed a basis for his understanding of Bible prophecy and its fulfillment in the "latter days".

References and notes

1. Moses Rosen. "The Recipe" (published as epilogue to ''The Face of Survival'', 1987).
2. Bnei Menashe.com History page, A Long-Lost Tribe is Ready to Come Home, by Stephen Epstein, 1997, accessed 4/23/07.
3. Mystery of the Ten Lost Tribes - Afghanistan, by Rabbi Marvin Tokayer, moshiach.com website
4. The Ten Lost Tribes: The Case for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Pakistan, freerepublic.com, 09/24/2001
5. The Israeli Source of the Pathan Tribes, from the book, Lost Tribes from Assyria, by A Avihail and A Brin, 1978, in Hebrew by Issachar Katzir, at dangoor.com, website of The Scribe Magazine.
6. Afghanistan: Home to Lost Tribes of Israel? at Ask the Rabbi page.
7. Is One of the Lost Tribes the Taliban?, by Ilene Prusher, Moment Magazine, April 2007.
8.
9. Afghanistan, ''The Virtual Jewish History Tour'' (retrieved 10 January 2007).
10. Introduction: Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah, ''History Of The Mohamedan Power In India'', The Packard Humanities Institute Persian Texts in Translation (retrieved 10 January 2007).
11.
12. Bani-Israelite Theory of Paktoons Ethnic Origin ''Afghanology.com'' (retrieved 10 January 2007).
13.
14.
15.
16. Timeline of Babylonia, sarissa.org.
17. Assyria entry, history web page at Washington State Univ website.
18.
19.
20. Afghanistan and Israel, britam.org
21. Article on Greeks and Jews' correspondence, at prophecyinthenews.com.
22. 1 Maccabees 12, at www.livius.org.
23. "Sparta" entry at Catholic Encyclopedia, newadvent.org.
24. Almut Nebel et al, The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69:1095–1112, 2001
25. Cinnioglu et al, Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Hum Genet (2004) 114 : 127–148
26. Di Giacomo et al, Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe, Hum Genet (2004) 115: 357–371
27. Israelites Came To Ancient Japan , Arimasa Kubo.
28. Israelites Came To Ancient Japan, moshiach.com, Chabad website, accessed 3/23/07.
29. bibleprobe.com/lost.htm, accessed 3/10/07
30. http://www.reluctant-messenger.com/judahs_sceptre_303.htm
31. Lost Tribes article at BritAm.org
32. United States and Britain in Prophecy article at Trumpet Magazine website
33. Nova Episode: The Ten Lost Tribes, PBS.
34. http://www.bh.org.il/Communities/Archive/TenLostTribes.asp
35. www.aish.com
36. E. Raymond Capt, ''Missing Links Discovered in Assyrian Tablets'' Artisan Pub, 1985 ISBN 0-934666-15-6
37. www.ldslastdays.com/talk_tribes.htm

★ Michael Riff. ''The Face of Survival: Jewish Life in Eastern Europe Past and Present''. Valentine Mitchell, London, 1992. ISBN 0-85303-220-3

External links

★ Biblical History The Jewish History Resource Center — Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

★ Database of Jewish communities, at website of Beit Hatefutsot, the Museum of the Jewish People, in Tel Aviv. - Excellent overview of many hypotheses about the Ten Lost Tribes.

★ The United States and Britain in Prophecy by Herbert W. Armstrong

★ Brit Am Israel

★ (DVD "Legends of the Lost Tribes")

★ Kulanu ("All of us")

★ Bnei Menashe Website

★ Brit-Am fallacy exposed

★ Shavei Yisrael ("Return of Israel")

★ Afghanistan: Home to Lost Tribes of Israel?

★ What happened to the 10 lost tribes? video feature direct from Jerusalem

★ Covering Several Claims of Lost Tribes of Israel - PBS website, re Nova episode

★ Imperial British-Israelism: Justification for an Empire. (1987) by Gregory S. Neal

★ British Israelism by Gary A. Hand

★ The Lemba People by Haruth.com

★ United Israel Lost Tribes Research

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