:''Tacoma redirects here. For other uses, see Tacoma (disambiguation).
'Tacoma' (IPA: ) is a mid-sized urban port city in Washington, USA. The city is situated on a peninsula on the southern end of Washington's Puget Sound, in an area 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Seattle, 31 miles (50 km) northeast of the State capital, Olympia, and 58 miles (93 km) northwest of Mount Rainier National Park. According to 2007 Washington State OFM estimates, Tacoma has an estimated population of 201,700.[1] Tacoma stands as the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area, the third-largest in the state, and the seat of government of Pierce County.
Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, which was originally called Mount Tacoma or Mount Tahoma. It is known as the "City of Destiny" because the area was chosen to be the site of the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 1800s. The decision of the railroad was influenced in part because of Tacoma's neighboring Commencement Bay. By connecting the bay with the railroad Tacoma’s motto became “When rails meet sails.†Today Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a major player in international trade on the Pacific Coast.
Like most central cities, Tacoma suffered a prolonged decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization, divestment, and federal urban renewal programs. Recently the city has been undergoing a ''Renaissance'' of sorts (see below); investing great sums of money in the downtown core to establish the University of Washington, Tacoma; Tacoma Link, the first modern electric light rail service in the state; various art and history museums; and a restored inlet, the Thea Foss Waterway.
The city has a long history of blue-collar labor politics owing to the relationship between the people and the railroad.
Tacoma-Pierce County has been named as one of the most livable areas in the country. [2] Tacoma was also recently listed as one of the most walkable cities in the country (19th).[3] In contrast, the city is also ranked as the most stressed-out city in the country in a 2004 survey.[4] However, in 2006, women's magazine Self named Tacoma the "Most Sexually Healthy City" in the United States.
Tacoma was inhabited for thousands of years by American Indians, predominantly the Puyallup people, who lived in several settlements on the delta of the Puyallup River and called the area where Tacoma would be built "Squa-szucks". It was visited by European and American explorers, including George Vancouver and Charles Wilkes, who named many of the coastal landmarks.
19th Century
In 1852 a Swede named Nicolas Delin constructed a sawmill powered by water on a creek near the head of Commencement Bay, but the small settlement that grew up around it was abandoned during the Indian War of 1855-1856. In 1864, pioneer and postmaster Job Carr, a Civil War veteran and land speculator who hoped to profit from the selection of Commencement Bay as the terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad, built a cabin (a replica of Job Carr's cabin, which also served as Tacoma's first post office, was erected in "Old Town" in 2000 near the original site), and later sold most of his claim to developer Morton McCarver (1807-1875), who named his project Tacoma City. The name derived from the indigenous name for Mount Rainier, deriving from the Puyallup ''tacobet'', "mother of waters".
Tacoma was officially incorporated on November 12, 1875. Its early hopes to be the "City of Destiny" were stimulated by its selection in 1873 as the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad, thanks to lobbying by McCarver and others. The transcontinental link was effected in 1887, but the railroad built its depot on "New Tacoma", two miles south of the Carr-McCarver development. The two communities subsequently grew together and joined. The population grew from 1,098 in 1880 to 36,006 in 1890. Rudyard Kipling visited Tacoma in 1889 and said Tacoma was "literally staggering under a boom of the boomiest".[5] George Francis Train was a resident of Tacoma for a few years in the late 1800s, and was an early civic booster. In 1880, he staged a global circumnavigation starting and ending in Tacoma to promote the city's centrality. A plaque in downtown Tacoma marks the start/finish line.
What came to be known as "Tacoma method" was used in November 1885 to expel several thousand Chinese peaceably living in the city. As described by the account prepared by the Chinese Reconciliation Project, on the morning of November 3, 1885, "several hundred men, led by the mayor and other city officials, evicted the Chinese from their homes, corralled them at 7th Street and Pacific Avenue, marched them to the railway station at Lakeview and forced them aboard the morning train to Portland, Oregon. The next day two Chinese settlements were burned to the ground."
The discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1898 led Tacoma's prominence in the region to be eclipsed by the booming development of Seattle.
Downtown looking west from the Tacoma Sheraton
20th Century
During a thirty day power shortage in the winter of 1929/1930, Tacoma was provided with electricity from the engines of the aircraft carrier USS Lexington.
Downtown Tacoma from McKinley Hill.
In 1935 Tacoma received national attention when George Weyerhaeuser, the nine-year-old son of prominent lumber industry executive J.P. Weyerhaeuser, was kidnapped[6] while walking home from school. FBI agents from Portland handled the case, in which payment of a demanded ransom of $200,000 secured the release of the victim. Four persons were later apprehended and convicted in connection with the crime. The last to be released was paroled from McNeil Island in 1963; George Weyerhaeuser went on to become Chairman of the Board of the Weyerhaeuser Company.
In 1951, an investigation by a state legislative committee revealed widespread corruption in Tacoma's government, which had been organized commission-style since 1910. Voters approved a mayor/city-manager system in 1952.
The first local referendums in the U.S. on computerized voting occurred in Tacoma in 1982 and 1987. On both occasions, voters rejected by a 3-1 margin the computer voting systems that local officials sought to purchase. The campaigns, organized by Eleanora Ballasiotes, a conservative Republican, focused on the vulnerabilities of computers to fraud.[7]
In 1998, the city of Tacoma installed a high-speed fiber optic network throughout the community. The municipally owned power company wired the city of 187,000 people, thus making Tacoma America's #1 wired city.
Tacoma struggled with crime in its Hilltop neighborhood in the 1980s and early 1990s.[8] The problems have declined significantly in recent years as many neighborhoods have enacted community policing and other policies. Mayor Bill Baarsma is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition[9], a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." The Coalition is co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
21st Century
On April 26, 2003, Tacoma's chief of police David Brame shot and killed his wife and then himself in Gig Harbor, Washington.[10]
In 2004, Tacoma was ranked among the top 30 in America's Most Livable Communities in 2004, in an annual survey conducted by the Partners for Livable Communities.
Downtown Renaissance
Beginning in the early 1990s, Tacoma has taken a number of steps to revitalize itself and its image, especially downtown.
The University of Washington established a branch campus in Tacoma in 1990. The same year, the historic Union Station was restored.
The Museum of Glass opened in downtown Tacoma in 2002, showcasing glass art from the region and around the world. It includes a functional glassblowing studio.
Tacoma's downtown Cultural District is also the site of the Washington State History Museum (1996) and the Tacoma Art Museum (2003). America's Car Museum is currently breaking ground in Tacoma.
The grand glass and steel Tacoma Convention and Trade Center opened in June 2004.[11]
Downtown Tacoma is also host to a thriving theatre district, which is anchored by the 89 year old Pantages Theater. The Broadway Center for the Performing Arts manages the Pantages, as well as the historic Rialto Theater and the Theatre on the Square. Other cultural attractions include the Grand Cinema and the Temple Theatre.
The area around the theatre district has also become the center of Tacoma's lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender culture. Two of the city's gay bars are located here as well as the Rainbow Center.[12]
Interest in living downtown has flourished and downtown Tacoma has seen a significant number of people living downtown.
Geography
Location of Tacoma, Washington: This map is inaccurately drawn. The shape and size of Puget Sound is incorrect, placing Tacoma further South than it actually is. A better image should be found...
Tacoma is located at 47°14'29" North, 122°27'34" West (47.241371, -122.459389). Its elevation is 116 meters (380 feet).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62.6 square miles (162.2 km²). 50.1 square miles (129.7 km²) of it is land and 12.5 square miles (32.5 km²) of it is water. The total area is 20.01% water.
Tacoma has its feet in Commencement Bay, with several cities surrounding it. Most of Tacoma has an excellent view of Mt. Rainier.
The city is situated in proximity to several military installations: Fort Lewis (an army base), Madigan Army Medical Center, Fox Island naval center and McChord Air Force Base.
The census of 2000 indicated that 193,556 persons, 76,152 households, and 45,919 families resided in Tacoma. Four years later, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that Tacoma's population had increased by 1.7%, to 196,800 (''Trends'', No. D3 [September 2004]).
In 2000, Tacoma's population density was 1,492.3/km² (3,864.9/mi²). There were 81,102 housing units at an average density of 625.3/km² (1,619.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 60.25% White, 12.17% African American, 2.01% Native American, 8.23% Asian, 0.93% Pacific Islander, 3.02% from other races, and 6.28% from two or more races. 7.11% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 76,152 households in Tacoma in 2000; 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. Almost one third of households (31.7%) were made up of individuals living alone; 10.4% of these were 65 years of age or older. The average household size in 2000 was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.10.
In 2000, the population's demographics were evenly distributed: 25.8% under 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34. For every 100 females there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,879, and the median income for a family was $45,567. Males had a median income of $35,820, versus $27,697 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,130. 15.9% of the population and 11.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 20.6% of those under the age of 18 and 10.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Average rents in Tacoma in 2005 were $577 for a one bedroom apartment, and $844 for a two bedroom apartment.
Government
City of Tacoma
The government of the City of Tacoma operates under a council-manager system. The city council consists of an elected Mayor (Bill Baarsma) and eight elected councilmembers, five from individual city council districts and three others from the city at-large. All serve four-year terms and are elected in odd-numbered years. The council adopts and amends city laws, approves a two-year budget, establishes city policy, appoints citizens to boards and commissions, and performs other actions. The council also meets in "standing committees", which break down the council's work into more defined areas, such as "Environment & Public Works", "Neighborhoods & Housing", and "Public Safety & Human Services". The council meets as a whole most Tuesdays at 5:30pm in the Council Chambers at 747 Market St. Most meetings are open to the public and provide for public input.
Normal day-to-day operations of the city government are administered by the city manager, who is appointed by the city council. [14]
Tacoma is the home of several international companies, such as Labor Ready, Inc. and the Russell Investment Group.
Beginning in the 1930s, Tacoma became known for the "Tacoma Aroma", a distinctive, acrid odor produced by paper manufacturing on the industrial tide flats. In the late 1990s, Simpson Tacoma Kraft reduced total sulfur emissions by 90%. This largely eliminated the problem; where once the aroma was ever-present, it is now only noticeable occasionally, primarily when the wind is coming from the west. U.S. Oil and Refining operates an oil refinery on the tideflats in the Port of Tacoma. Built in Tacoma in 1952, it currently refines 39,000 barrels of petroleum per day.
The Tacoma Mall is the largest shopping center in Tacoma. It is owned by Simon Property Group. Anchor tenants include JC Penney, Sears, Macy's, and Nordstrom.
Urban form and transport
Tacoma's system of transportation is based primarily on the automobile. The majority of the city has a system of gridded streets oriented in relation to A Street (one block east of Pacific Avenue) and Sixth Avenue, both beginning in downtown Tacoma. Within the city, numbered streets run east to west and are labeled "North" or "South" according to their relationship with Sixth Avenue or Division Street. (West of Division, Sixth Avenue is the lowest-numbered street.) North- and south-running streets are given a name or a letter, and are also labeled "North" or "South" in relation to Sixth Avenue. This can lead to confusion, as many named streets intersect streets of the same number in both North and South Tacoma. For example, the intersection of South 11th Street and Union Avenue is just ten blocks south of North 11th Street and Union Avenue. To the east of the Thea Foss waterway and A Street, streets are similarly divided into "East" and "Northeast", with 0 Street East being equivalent to the Pierce-King line. "Northeast" covers a small wedge of Tacoma and unincorporated Pierce County lying across the tideflats from downtown. This numeric system extends to the furthest reaches of Pierce County, except for the Key Peninsula, which retains the same basis for north-south streets but chooses the Pierce-Kitsap line as the zero point for east-west streets.
In portions of the city dating back to the Tacoma Streetcar Period (1888-1938), denser mixed use business districts exist alongside single family homes. Twelve such districts have active, city-recognized business associations and hold "small town"-style parades and other festivals. The Proctor, Old Town, Dome, Sixth Avenue, Stadium and Lincoln Business Districts are some of the more prominent and popular of these and coordinate their efforts to redevelop urban villages through the Cross District Association of Tacoma. In newer portions of the city to the west and south, residential cul-de-sacs, four-lane collector roads and indoor shopping centers are more commonplace.
Tacoma's alternative transportation services include buses, commuter rail, light rail, and ferries. Public bus service is provided by Pierce Transit, which serves Tacoma and Pierce County. Pierce Transit operates a total of 55 bus routes on buses powered by natural gas. Most bus service operates at 30 minute frequencies on weekdays, some routes once an hour, while three heavily-ridden "trunk" routes are served every 15 minutes on weekdays and every half hour on weekends.
Sound Transit, the regional transit authority, provides daily Sounder Commuter Rail service and express bus service to and from Seattle seven days a week. (Service to and from Olympia is serviced by Pierce and Intercity Transit.) Sound Transit has also established Tacoma Linklight rail, a 2.5 km (1.6-mile) free electric streetcar line linking Tacoma Dome Station with the University of Washington, Tacoma, Tacoma's Museum District, and the Theater District. Expansion of the city's rail transit system (either in the form of electric streetcars or light rail) is under consideration by the city of Tacoma and Pierce Transit, and is supported by a local grassroots organization, Tacoma Streetcar.
The Washington State Ferries system, which has a dock at Point Defiance, provides ferry access to Tahlequah at the southern tip of Vashon Island, typically on the ferry ''M/V Rhododendron''. Greyhound service is also accessible via Tacoma Dome Station. An Amtrak station one block east on Puyallup Avenue serves the Cascades and Coast Starlight routes.
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Tacoma. Amtrak train 11, the southbound Coast Starlight, is scheduled to depart Tacoma at 10:31am with service to Olympia-Lacey, Portland, Sacramento, Emeryville, California (with bus connection to San Francisco), and Los Angeles. Amtrak train 14, the northbound Coast Starlight, is scheduled to depart Tacoma at 7:11pm daily with service to Seattle. Amtrak Cascades trains, operating as far north as Vancouver and as far south as Eugene, Oregon, serve Tacoma several times daily in both directions.
Public utilities
Tacoma’s relationship with public utilities extends back to 1893. At that time the city was undergoing a boom in population, causing it to exceed the available amount of fresh water supplied by Charles Wright’s Tacoma Light & Water Company. In response to both this demand and a growing desire to have local public control over the utility system, the city council put up a public vote to acquire and expand the private utility. The measure passed on July 1, 1893, with 3,195 in favor of acquiring the utility system and 1,956 voting against. Since then, Tacoma Public Utilities (TPU) has grown from a small water and light utility to be the largest department in the city’s government, employing about 1,200 people. Tacoma Power, a division of TPU, provides residents of Tacoma and several bordering municipalities with electrical power generated by eight hydroelectric dams located on the Skokomish River and elsewhere. Environmentalists, fishermen, and the Skokomish Indian Tribe have criticized TPU's operation of Cushman Dam on the North Fork of the Skokomish River; the tribe's $6 billion claim[15] was denied by the U.S. Supreme court[16] in January 2006. The capacity of Tacoma’s hydroelectric system as of 2004 was 713,000 kilowatts, or about 50% of the demand made up by TPU’s customers (the rest is purchased from other utilities). According to TPU, hydroelectricity provides about 87% of Tacoma’s power; coal 3%; natural gas 1%; nuclear 9%; and biomass and wind at less than 1%. Tacoma Power also operates the Click! Network, a municipally-owned cable television and internet service. The residential cost per kilowatt hour of electricity is just over 6 cents.
Tacoma Water provides customers in its service area with water from the Green River Watershed. As of 2004, Tacoma Water provided water services to 93,903 customers. The average annual cost for residential supply was $257.84. Tacoma Rail, initially a municipally owned street railway line running to the tideflats, was converted to a common-carrier rail switching utility. Tacoma Rail is self-supporting and employs over 90 people.
In addition to municipal garbage collection, Tacoma offers commingled recycling services for paper, cardboard, plastics, and metals.
Parks
Point Defiance Park, one of the largest urban parks in the country, is located in Tacoma. Scenic Five Mile Drive allows access to many of the park's attractions, such as Owen Beach, Camp Six, Fort Nisqually, and the Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium. There are many historic structures within the park, such as the pagoda near the park's entrance.
Another large park in Tacoma is Wapato Park, which has a lake and walking trails that circle the lake. Wapato is located in the south end of Tacoma, at Sheridan and 72nd St. Titlow Beach, located at the end of 6th Avenue, is a popular scuba diving area. Wright Park, located near downtown, is a large, English-style park designed in the late 1800s by E.O. Schwagerl and Ebenezer Rhys Roberts. It contains Wright Park Arboretum and the W. W. Seymour Botanical Conservatory.
Historical landmarks
Fireboat No. 1
'Engine House No. 9' is a fire station built in 1907. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Currently, the building houses a pub which brews its own beer. Fireboat No. 1 was built in 1929 for the Port of Tacoma by the Coastline Shipbuilding Company. After 54 years of service in waterfront fire protection, harbor security patrols, search and rescue missions, and water pollution control, ''Fireboat No. 1'' was put up on on a permanent dry berth at a public beach near Tacoma’s Old Town neighborhood. She is one of only five fireboats designated as a National Historic Landmark. Visitors are able to walk around her exterior, but her interior is closed to the public.
★ William Ross Rust House - Colonial / Classic Revival (1905) - Ambrose J. Russell (Architect), Charles Miller (Contractor)
Tacoma hosts part of the annual four-part Daffodil Parade, which takes place every April in Tacoma, Puyallup, Sumner, and Orting.
The Tacoma farmers' market runs every May through September, every Thursday, in the Theatre District.
The city has struggled to keep a minor league hockey franchise. The Tacoma Rockets of the WHL were lost to relocation, and the Tacoma Sabercats of the former West Coast Hockey League closed due to financial woes. The Tacoma Dome still hosts traveling sports and other events, such as pro wrestling, figure skating tours, and the Harlem Globetrotters. At one point, the Tacoma Dome was home to a professional indoor soccer team, the Tacoma Stars. For the 1994-1995 season, the Seattle SuperSonics played in the Tacoma Dome while the Seattle Center Coliseum was renovated (and renamed Key Arena). The Tacoma Dome also hosted the 1988 and 1989 Women's NCAA Final Four. In 2007, the Tacoma Dome will host four home games of the Tacoma Jazz, who recently replaced the Tacoma Jets on the IBL schedule.
★ Chef-author Jeff Smith learned to cook and began his career in Tacoma at the Chaplain's Pantry, later known as the Gourmet Pantry (now closed), on Tacoma Avenue.
Frank Zappa referenced Tacoma in the song "Jewish Princess", in the line "with a garlic aroma that could level Tacoma", a reference to sulfur smell often associated with the city. Neko Case's "Thrice All American" is an ode to Tacoma, which she considers her hometown. ''Furnace Room Lullaby'', the album on which it appears, also includes a song called "South Tacoma Way". Nirvana's "Polly" was written about a girl who was raped while returning from a punk rock show in Tacoma.[19]
Tacoma is mentioned in the Steve Miller Band's "Rock 'N Me" ("I went from Phoenix, Arizona, all the way to Tacoma, Philadelphia, Atlanta, L.A.").
Tacoma is mentioned in Sir Mix-a-Lot's "My Hooptie" ("Rollin' in Tacoma, I could get burned, (sound of automatic gunfire) Betta make a u-turn") and in "Jump on It" ("What's up, Tacoma, what's up? What's up, Tacoma, what's up? Tacoma, jump on it, jump on it, jump on it.")
Tacoma is mentioned in Luna's "Rhythm King" ("Headed for Tacoma, driving too fast, Nixon's in a coma, and I hope it's gonna last.")
Tacoma is mentioned in Norwegianpunk rock band Turbonegro's "He's a Grungewhore."[20]
The Norwegian band Euroboys referenced the city in their instrumental "Girlfriend in Tacoma".
Tacoma is mentioned in folk singer David Rovics's "After the Revolution.".
"Tacoma Trailer" is the name of an instrumental song by Leonard Cohen.
Tacoma is mentioned in the E-40/The Click song "Out my Body" ("Ran up on her, from Tacoma. Damn that hooch had miles on her.")
Tacoma is the prime subject of the Jason Webley song, "How Big Is Tacoma?"
★ The classic comic strip Motley's Crew has a character named after the city called ''Tacoma Motley'', who was Mike Motley's daughter-in-law. The comic strip ran from 1976 to 2000 and was featured in local and national newspapers.
★ Richard Brautigan wrote of his Tacoma childhood in his autobiographical short stories "Corporal," "The Armoured Car," "The Auction," and "The Ghost Children of Tacoma," as well as his last finished novel So the Wind Won't Blow it All Away.
★ Tacoma was named America's most stressed city in 2004 by Best Places Magazine.[22]
★ Tacoma was 36th in “50 Smart Places to Live,†a ranking by Kiplinger’s Personal Finance Magazine (2006)
★ Tacoma was featured on the popular video website YouTube after postings of a riot in which police used tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse a PMR protest against sending Strykers to Iraq. [23]
★ David Eddings mentions Tacoma numerous times in his 1st novel "High Hunt" (Putnam, Published 1973)
★ WashingtonHistory.org, provides finding aid to article subject from the Special Collections, Washington State Historical Society (WSHS)
★ Maritime Heritage Network, an online directory of maritime history resources in the Puget Sound region, including Tacoma and the south Sound area.
References
1. http://www.ofm.wa.gov 2. http://www.mostlivable.org/cities/tacoma/home.html 3. http://www.prevention.com/article/0,5778,s1-2-171-749-6707-1,00.html 4. http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/West/01/10/life.stress.reut/ 5. Caroline Denyer Gallacci, ''The City of Destiny and the South Sound: An Illustrated History of Tacoma and Pierce County'' [Carlsbad, CA: Heritage Media Corp., 2001], p. 49 6. http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/famcases/weyer/weyer.htm 7. Ronnie Dugger, "Counting Votes," ''New Yorker'', November 7, 1988 8. "Off-Duty Soldiers Trade Gunfire At a House Linked to Drug Sales", ''The New York Times'', September 27, 1989, p. A23 9.Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members 10. The (Tacoma) ''News Tribune's'' coverage of the Brame tragedy, including audio of 911 calls and dozens of news articles 11. http://www.tacomaconventioncenter.com 12. http://www.rainbowcntr.org 13. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html 14. http://www.cityoftacoma.org/Page.aspx?nid=54 15."Court Ends Fight Over Dams", Foundation for Water and Engergy Education, quoting the Tacoma ''News Tribune'' 16.Docket for 05-434 17."History intact at renovated Lincoln High", ''The News Tribune, March 22, 2007. 18."Prosecutors expect grand jury to reach Duncan decision soon", KOMOTV.com, January 9, 2007 19. Azerrad, M. (1993). ''. Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-863-69746-1 20. http://www.nomorelyrics.net/song/189553.html 21. http://www.filminamerica.com/Movies/GetCarter/ 22. http://www.bestplaces.net/docs/studies/stress1.aspx 23.Enzinna, Wes, The Revolution Will Be You-Tubed, 21 March 2007
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