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'Szombathely' , (approximate pronunciation, Som-but-hay), (Latin: ''Savaria/Sabaria'', German: ''Steinamanger'', Croatian: ''Sambotel'', Slovenian: ''Sombotel'', Slovak: ''Kamenec'', Serbian: ''Sombathelj'' or Сомбатхељ) is a city in Hungary. It is the administrative center of the Vas county in the west of the country, located near the border with Austria.

Contents

Location

Origins of name

History

Savaria, the Roman city

Savaria/Szombathely in the Middle Ages

Szombathely in modern times

Szombathely in the 20th and 21st centuries

History of Szombathely's Jewish communities

References

Szombathely's Twin towns

Famous People associated with Szombathely

External links

Location

Szombathely lies by the streams ''Perint'' and ''Gyöngyös'', at , where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain.

Origins of name

The name ''Szombathely'' is from Hungarian ''szombat'', "Saturday" and ''hely'', "place", referring to the fact that markets were held on Saturday every week.
The German name ''Steinamanger'' means "stones on a field" (Stein am Anger), and it refers to the ruins of the Roman city Savaria.
There is another theory for the name ''Steinamanger''. A couple of historians think the German name refers to the earthquake in 458 which destroyed the city.
The Latin name ''Savaria'' or ''Sabaria'' comes from ''Sibaris'', the Latin name for the stream Gyöngyös. The root of the word is the Proto-Indo-European word ''seu'', meaning "wet". The Austrian reach of the stream is still called ''Zöbern'', a variation of its Latin name.

History

Savaria, the Roman city

Szombathely is the oldest city in Hungary. It was founded in 45 AD by the name of ''Colonia Claudia Savariensum'' (Claudius' Colony of Savarians) and it was the capital of ''Pannonia Superior'' province of the Roman Empire. It lay close to the important trade route, the "Amber Road". The city also had an imperial residence, a public bath and an amphitheatre. Septimus Severus was a governor of this province and he was elected emperor here.
Emperor Constantine the Great visited Savaria several times. He ended the persecution of Christians, which previously claimed the lives of many people in the area, including Bishop St. Quirinus, St. Rutilus and St. Ireneus. The emperor reorganised the colonies and made Savaria the capital of the province ''Pannonia Prima''. This era was the height of prosperation for Savaria, its population grew, new buildings were erected, among them theatres and churches. Martin of Tours was born here.
After the death of Emperor Valentianus the Huns invaded Pannonia and Attila's armies occupied Savaria between 441 and 445. The city was destroyed by an earthquake in 458.

Savaria/Szombathely in the Middle Ages

The city remained inhabited in spite of all the difficulties. Its city walls were restored, many new (although less magnificent) buildings were built using the stones from the destroyed Roman buildings. The Latin population moved away, mostly to Italy, but new settlers arrived, mostly Goths and Longobards.
In the 6th–8th centuries the city was inhabited by Avar and Slavic tribes. In 795 the Franks defeated them and occupied the city. Even Charlemagne himself visited the city where St. Martin was born.
King Arnulf of the Franks gave the city to the archbishop of Salzburg in 875. It is likely that the castle was built around this time, using the stones from the Roman bath. Later Savaria was captured by Moravians, but Moravian rule was short, because around 900 the city was occupied by Hungarians.
In 1009 Stephen I gave the city to the newly founded Diocese of Győr. The city suffered a lot between 1042 and 1044 during the war between King Sámuel Aba and Holy Roman Emperor Henry III.
Szombathely was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241-1242 but was rebuilt shorty after and was granted Free Royal Town status in 1407. In 1578 it became the capital of Vas comitatus.
The city prospered until 1605 when it was occupied by the armies of István Bocskai.

Szombathely in modern times

During the Ottoman occupation of Hungary the Ottomans invaded the area twice, first in 1664, when they were defeated at the nearby town Szentgotthárd, and later in 1683, when they wanted to occupy Vienna but were defeated, and pillaged many towns on their way back; but the city walls protected Szombathely both times. After the country was freed from ottoman rule, peaceful times came, until Prince Rákóczi's revolution against the Habsburgs came in the early 18th century.
During the revolution the city supported the prince, but was occupied by the Habsburg armies in 1704. It was freed in November 1705 but was occupied again in the beginning of 1706. In the next few years it was occupied a few more times by both armies.
In June 1710 2000 people lost their lives in a plague, and on May 3, 1716 the city was destroyed by a fire. New settlers came to replace the dead population, most of the were Germans, and the city had a German majority for a long time. The city began to prosper again, with the support of Ferenc Zichy, the Bishop of Győr a gymnasium was built in 1772, and the Diocese of Szombathely was founded in 1777 by Maria Theresa. The new bishop of Szombathely, János Szily did much for the city, he had the ruins of the castle demolished and had new buildings to be built, including a cathedral, the episcopal palace complex and a school (opened in 1793.)
In 1809 Napoleon's armies occupied the city and held it for 110 days, following a short battle on the main square. In 1817 2/3 of the city was destroyed by fire. In 1813 a cholera epidemic claimed many lives.
During the revolution in 1848-49 Szombathely supported the revolution, but there were no fights in the area, because the city remained under Habsburg rule. The years after the Ausgleich (1867) brought prosperity. The railway line reached the city in 1865, and in the 1870s Szombathely became a major railway junction. In 1885 the nearby villages ''Ó-Perint'' and ''Szentmárton'' were annexed to the city.
In the 1890s, when Gyula Éhen was the mayor, the city developed a lot. Roads were paved, the city was canalized, the tram line was built between the rail station, the downtown and the Calvary Church. The City Casino, the Great Hotel and the area's first orphanage were built. The population became four times larger under four decades.
During the mayoralty of Tóbiás Brenner the prospering continued, the museum and the public bath, the monasteries and several new downtown mansions were built, a school of music was founded and the city got an orchestra.

Szombathely in the 20th and 21st centuries

After the Treaty of Trianon Hungary lost many of its western territories to Austria, and Szombathely, being only 10 kilometres from the new state border, ceased to be the centre of Western Hungary. Charles IV, when trying to get the throne of Hungary back, was greeted with enthusiasm in Szombathely, but his attempt to regain rule over Hungary failed.
Between the world wars Szombathely prospered, lots of schools were founded, and between 1926 and 1929 the Transdanubian region's most modern hospital was built.
During World War 2, as with many other towns in the region, Szombathely became a target due to the railway, junction, marshalling yards, local aerodrome, and barracks. The town therefore formed part of the logistical military infrastructure supporting Axis forces. The town and locality was attacked by day on several occasions in 1944 and 1945 by aircraft of the US 15th Air Force, which also included aircraft from the Royal Air Force 205 Group which made their attacks by night. These aircraft operated from bases in Italy.
On 28 March 1945 the German 6th SS Panzer and 6th Armies were pushed back by an assault across the Raba River by the 46th and 26th Armies of the USSR 3rd Ukrainian Front. Szombathely was occupied on 29 March 1945.
After the war the city grew, absorbing many nearby villages (''Gyöngyöshermán, Gyöngyösszőlős, Herény, Kámon, Olad, Szentkirály, Zanat'' and ''Zarkaháza''). During the revolution in 1956 it was occupied by the Soviet army who killed many people.
In the 1970s the city was industrialized, many factories were built. In the 1980s the city prospered, several new buildings were built, including the County Library, public indoor swimming pools, a gallery.
In 2006 the refurbishing of the city centre's main square was completed, with financial assistance from EU funds.

History of Szombathely's Jewish communities

In 1567 Emperor Maximilian II. granted to the town the privilege of allowing none but Catholics to dwell within its walls; and even in the 17th and 18th centuries, when the municipal authorities rented shops to Jews, the latter were permitted to remain in the town only during the day, and then only without their families. Down to the beginning of the nineteenth century but three or four Jewish families succeeded in taking up a permanent residence there. The members of the little community of Stein-am-Anger, therefore, dwelt not in the town itself, but in the outlying districts (now united into one municipality). They separated in 1830 from the community of Rechnitz (Rohonc), of which they had previously formed a part, and were henceforth known as the community of Szombathely. When the Jews of Hungary were emancipated by the law of 1840, the city was obliged to open its doors to them; but at the beginning of the revolution of 1848 they were not only attacked and plundered, but threatened with expulsion. The authorities interfered, however, and when peace was restored, the community quickly developed.
The first Jewish elementary school was founded in 1846, and was organized as a normal school in 1905, with four grades and about 230 pupils. The first synagogue was built by the former lord of the town, Duke Batthyányi, who sold it to the Jews. In 1880 a large temple was built; it is one of the handsomest edifices of its kind in Hungary. The founder of the community and its first rabbi was Ludwig Königsberger (d. 1861); he was succeeded in turn by Leopold Rockenstein, Joseph Stier ([1]), and Béla Bernstein (called in 1892; [2]). A small Orthodox congregation, numbering about 60 or 70 members, separated from the main body in 1870.

References

★ by Isidore Singer & Bela Bernstein

Szombathely's Twin towns

Twin towns of Szombathely are:

★ Ferrara (Italy)

★ Kaufbeuren (Bavaria, Germany)

★ Lappeenranta (Finland)

★ Maribor (Slovenia)

★ Ramat-Gan (Israel)

★ Joskar-Ola (Russia)

Famous People associated with Szombathely

★ Róbert Fazekas

★ Gábor Király

★ Paul László

★ Martin of Tours

★ Sándor Weöres

★ László Bárdossy

★ Leopold Bloom (''Virág'', originally ''Blum''), a fictional character in the James Joyce novel Ulysses (novel)

★ László Almásy, born in Burgenland

★ Johannes Kretz, composer

★ Adrián Annus

★ Krisztián Pars

★ Nikolett Szabó

External links

★ Official site of Szombathely - More historical and touristic information

★ Aerial photography: Szombathely

★ More relevant links from Szombathely

★ Offical site of the Savaria Historical Festival

★ Alpokalja-Online - Szombathely-based website with news, photogaleries and a lot more other info

★ The Amber Road – Colonia Savaria (Roman ruins)

★ About Szombathely

★ History of the city on the website of a twin town (switch browser to Central European encoding to properly view it)