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'Synthetic geometry' is the branch of geometry which makes use of theorems and synthetic observations to draw conclusions, as opposed to analytic geometry which uses algebra to perform geometric computations and solve problems.
The geometry of Euclid was indeed synthetic, though not all of the books covered topics of ''pure geometry''. The heyday of synthetic geometry can be considered to have been the 19th century; when methods based on coordinates and calculus were ignored by some geometer such as Jakob Steiner, in favour of a synthetic development of projective geometry.
For example, the treatment of the projective plane starting from axioms of incidence is actually a broader theory (with more models) than is found by starting with a vector space of dimension three. The close axiomatic study of Euclidean geometry led to the discovery of non-Euclidean geometry.
If the axiom set is not categorical (so that there is more than one model) one has the geometry/geometries debate to settle. That's not a serious issue for a modern axiomatic mathematician, since the implication of axiom is now ''starting point for theory'' rather than ''self-evident plank in platform based on intuition''. And since the Erlangen program of Klein the geometrical nature of ''a'' geometry has been seen as the connection of symmetry and the content of propositions, rather than the style of development.
In relation with computational geometry, a 'computational synthetic geometry' has been founded, having close connection, for example, with matroid theory. Synthetic differential geometry is an application of topos theory to the foundations of differentiable manifold theory.