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The 'Smithsonian Institution' (pronounced ) is an educational and research institute and associated museum complex, administered and funded by the government of the United States and by funds from its endowment, contributions, and profits from its shops and its magazine. Most of its facilities are located in Washington, D.C., but its 19 museums, zoo, and eight research centers include sites in New York City, Virginia, Panama, and elsewhere. It has over 142 million items in its collections.
A monthly magazine published by the Smithsonian Institution is also named the ''Smithsonian''.
Smithsonian Networks is a new multiplatform network that uses Smithsonian archives and resources to create original HD programming.

Contents

History

Administration

Secretaries of the Smithsonian

Smithsonian museums

Washington, DC

New York, NY

Chantilly, VA

Smithsonian research centers

In popular culture

Criticism

Further reading

References

External links

History

The Smithsonian Institution was founded for the "increase and diffusion" of knowledge by a bequest to the United States by the British scientist James Smithson (1765–1829), who had never visited the United States himself. In Smithson's will, he stated that should his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, die without heirs, the Smithson estate would go to the United States of America for creating an "Establishment for the increase & diffusion of Knowledge among men". After the nephew died without heirs in 1835, President Andrew Jackson informed Congress of the bequest, which amounted to 104,960 gold sovereigns, or USD 500,000 ($9,235,277 in 2005 U.S. dollars after inflation).
Eight years later, Congress passed an act establishing the Smithsonian Institution, a hybrid public/private partnership, and the act was signed into law on August 10, 1846 by James Polk. (''See'' (Ch. 178, Sec. 1, 9 Stat. 102).) The bill was drafted by Indiana Democratic Congressman Robert Dale Owen, a Socialist and son of Robert Owen, the father of the cooperative movement.
The crenellated architecture of the Smithsonian Institution Building on the National Mall has made it known informally as "The Castle". It was built by architect James Renwick, Jr. and completed in 1855. Many of the Institution's other buildings are historical and architectural landmarks. Detroit philanthropist Charles Lang Freer's donation of his private collection for Freer Gallery, and funds to build the museum, was among the Smithsonian's first major donations from a private individual.
Though the Smithsonian's first secretary, Joseph Henry, wanted the Institution to be a center for scientific research, before long it became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections.
The voyage of the U.S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842. The United States Exploring Expedition amassed thousands of animal specimens, an herbarium of 50,000 examples, shells and minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater and ethnographic specimens from the South Pacific. These specimens and artifacts became part of the Smithsonian collections, as did those collected by the military and civilian surveys in the American West, such as the Mexican Boundary Survey and Pacific Railroad Surveys, which assembled many Native American artifacts as well as natural history specimens.
The Institution became a magnet for natural scientists from 1857 to 1866, who formed a group called the Megatherium Club.
The asteroid, "3773 Smithsonian" is named in honor of the Institution.

Administration

The Smithsonian Institution is established as a trust instrumentality by act of Congress, and it is functionally and legally a body of the federal government. More than two-thirds of the Smithsonian's workforce of some 6,300 persons are employees of the federal government. The Smithsonian is represented by attorneys from the United States Department of Justice in litigation, and money judgments against the Smithsonian are also paid out of the federal treasury.
The nominal head of the Institution is the Chancellor, an office which has always been held by the current Chief Justice of the United States. The affairs of the Smithsonian are conducted by its 17-member board of regents, eight members of which constitute a quorum for the conduct of business. Eight of the regents are United States officials: the Vice President (one of his few official legal duties) and the Chief Justice of the United States, three United States Senators appointed by the Vice President in his capacity as President of the Senate, and three Members of the U.S. House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House. The remaining nine regents are "persons other than Members of Congress," who are appointed by joint resolution of Congress. Regents are allowed reimbursement for their expenses in connection with attendance at meetings, but their service as regents is uncompensated. The day-to-day operations of the Smithsonian are supervised by a salaried "Secretary" chosen by the board of regents.

Secretaries of the Smithsonian

#Joseph Henry,1846–1878
#Spencer Fullerton Baird, 1878–1887
#Samuel Pierpont Langley, 1887–1906
#Charles Doolittle Walcott, 1907–1927
#Charles Greeley Abbot, 1928–1944
#Alexander Wetmore, 1944–1952
#Leonard Carmichael, 1953–1964
#Sidney Dillon Ripley, 1964–1984
#Robert McCormick Adams, 1984–1994
#Ira Michael Heyman, 1994–1999
#Lawrence M. Small, 2000–2007
#Cristián Samper (Acting Secretary), 2007–
Cristián Samper is the first Latin American to hold the position. Born in Costa Rica, he was raised in Colombia from the age of one. He received his Bachelor's degree in Biology from the Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá and his Ph.D. from Harvard University. He is one of the founders of the Von Humboldt Institute in Colombia, and since 2003 has been the director of the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
''See The Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution''

Smithsonian museums

Washington, DC

★ Anacostia Museum and Center for African American History and Culture

★ Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

★ Arts and Industries Building

★ Freer Gallery of Art

★ Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

★ National Air and Space Museum (Mall museum)

★ National Museum of African American History and Culture (not yet built)

★ National Museum of African Art

★ National Museum of American History

★ National Museum of the American Indian (Mall museum)

★ National Museum of Natural History

★ National Portrait Gallery

★ National Postal Museum

★ S. Dillon Ripley Center

★ Smithsonian American Art Museum

★ Smithsonian Institution Building

★ Smithsonian National Zoological Park (National Zoo)

★ The National Gallery of Art is affiliated with the Smithsonian, but it is run by a separate charter.

New York, NY

★ Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum

★ National Museum of the American Indian's George Gustav Heye Center

Chantilly, VA

★ National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
In addition, there are many museums that are Smithsonian affiliates.

Smithsonian research centers

The following is a list of Smithsonian research centers, with their affiliated museum in parentheses.

★ Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the associated Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

★ Carrie Bow Marine Field Station (Natural History Museum)

★ Center For Earth and Planetary Studies (Air and Space Museum)

★ Conservation and Research Center (National Zoo)

★ Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

★ Marine Station at Fort Pierce (Natural History Museum)

★ Migratory Bird Center (National Zoo)

★ Museum Conservation Institute

★ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

★ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

★ Smithsonian Institution Libraries

★ Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage

In popular culture

The Jeffersonian Institute in the television show ''Bones'' is based on the Smithsonian Institution.
It is also mentioned in the eighth Star Trek movie, '', where Captain Jean-Luc Picard says he has seen the Phoenix, humanity's first faster-than-light spaceship, in the Smithsonian (the institution presumably having survived to the twenty-fourth century).

Criticism

The Smithsonian Institution has been criticised for strong copyright restrictions^[1][2] imposed on its image collections which overwhelmingly consist of public domain content dating to the 19th century. An image without a Smithsonian watermark and at a resolution suitable for publication requires an expensive licensing fee, manual approval by the Smithsonian staff, and the restriction of any further use without permission. This conflicts with the institution's own policy in a 2005 memo, in which it asserted, "The Smithsonian cannot own copyright in works prepared by Smithsonian employees paid from federal funds",^[3] as well as the institution's own charter by the U.S. Congress to "increase and diffuse knowledge."

Further reading

★ Nina Burleigh, ''Stranger and the Statesman: James Smithson, John Quincy Adams, and the Making of America's Greatest Museum, The Smithsonian'', HarperCollins, September 2003, hardcover, 288 pages, ISBN 0-06-000241-7

★ The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian, Heather Ewing, , , Bloomsbury, 2007, ISBN 9780747576532

References

1. Smithsonian Images-Copyright
2. Use of Content from Smithsonian Website
3. Smithsonian Institution-Office of General Counsel

External links

★ Smithsonian Institution webpage

★ Smithsonian Education webpage

★
★ Map of the museums from the Smithsonian Institution

★ The University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center presents The Smithsonian Scientific Series, a publicly accessible digital resource intended to enlighten and interest the general reader. It does not represent an attempt to summarize all science, or even all branches of science on which the Smithsonian can speak with authority. It will, however, acquaint the reader with the organization, history, and activities of the scientific institution which has grown up with the nation and fostered the nation's scientific activities. It is an introduction to the workings and achievements of the scientific method over a large field, and may open doors to some branches of science.

★ Smithsonian Networks webpage

★ Smithsonian Student Travel, an educational travel partnership.

★ The Yale Scientific Magazine's view on Smithsonian Institution's misrepresentation of the important historical facts

★ Smithsonian Gem & Mineral Collection