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The 'City and Borough of Sitka' is a unified city-borough located on the west side of Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean (part of the Alaska Panhandle), in the U.S. state of Alaska. Sitka is the state's fourth-largest city in terms of population and the nation's largest city in terms of area.
The name 'Sitka' (derived from ''Sheet’ká'', a contraction of the Tlingit name '''Shee At'iká''') means "People on the Outside of Shee," ''Sheet’-ká X'áat'l'' (often expressed simply as ''Shee'') being the Tlingit name for Baranof Island. The town is sometimes referred to as "'Sitka-by-the-Sea'."

Contents

History

Geography

Adjacent boroughs and census areas

Demographics

Transportation

Education

Colleges and universities

Schools

Libraries

Other

Attractions

Outdoor opportunities

Media

Notable residents

Sister cities

Trivia

In books and films

Notes

General references

See also

External links

History

The area was originally settled by the native Tlingit (Kolosh) Indians. Old Sitka was founded in 1799 by Alexandr Baranov, the governor of Russian America. Baranov arrived under the auspices of the Russian-American Company, a "semi-official" colonial trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I. In 1802 a group of Tlingit destroyed the original establishment (an area today called the "Old Harbor") and massacred most of the Russian inhabitants. Baranov was forced to levy 10,000 rubles in ransom for the safe return of the surviving settlers.

Baranov returned to Sitka in 1804 with a large contingent of Russians and Aleuts aboard the Russian warship ''Neva''. The ship bombarded the natives' village, forcing the Tlingits to retreat into the surrounding forest. Following their victory at the Battle of Sitka the Russians established a permanent settlement in the form of a fort, named "Novo-Arkhangelsk" (or "'New Archangel'," a reference to the largest city in the region where Baranov was born). In 1808, with Baranov still governor, Sitka was designated the capital of Russian America.
Bishop Innokentii of the Russian Orthodox Church lived in Sitka after 1840. The Russian Bishop's House has since been restored by the National Park Service. The steady influx of American settlers eventually caused the predominant religious influence to sway from Russian to Western European.
The Sitka Lutheran Church, built in 1840, was the first Protestant church on the Pacific Coast. The Russian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Michael was founded in 1848, and St. Peter's by-the-Sea Episcopal Church was consecrated as "The Cathedral of Alaska" in 1900. There are twenty two buildings and sites in Sitka that appear in the National Register of Historic Places.^[1]
Sitka was the site of the ceremony in which the Russian flag was lowered and the United States flag raised after Alaska was purchased by the United States in 1867 after the sea otter pelt trade died out. The flag lowering and raising event is re-enacted in Sitka every October 18 (Alaska Day). After the original ceremony, the entire U.S. government presence in Alaska until the Klondike Gold Rush consisted of a single customs inspector on the island. Sitka would serve as the capital of the Alaska Territory until 1906, when the seat of government was relocated north to Juneau. The state's first newspaper, The ''Sitka Times'', was published by Barney O. Ragan on September 19, 1868.
While gold mining and fish canning paved the way for the town's initial growth, it wasn't until World War II, when the Navy constructed an air base on Japonski Island, (with its 30,000 service personnel) that Sitka finally came into its own. Today Sitka encompasses portions of Baranof Island and the smaller Japonski Island (across the Sitka Channel from the town), which is connected to Baranof Island by the O'Connell Bridge. Japonski Island is home to Sitka Rocky Gutierrez Airport (IATA:SIT, ICAO:PASI), the Sitka branch campus of the University of Alaska Southeast, the Mt. Edgecumbe High School — a state-run boarding school for rural Alaskans, the Indian Health Service regional hospital SEARHC (SouthEast Alaska Regional Healthcare Center), a U.S. Coast Guard air station, and the port and facilities for the USCGC ''Maple''.
The Home Rule Charter of the City and Borough of Sitka was adopted on the 2nd of December, 1971^[2] for the region of the Greater Sitka Borough, which was incorporated on the 24th of September, 1963.^[3]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough is the largest incorporated area in the U.S, with a total area of 12,461.8 km² (4,811.5 mi²). 7,443.6 km² (2,874.0 mi²) of it is land and 5,018.2 km² (1,937.6 mi²) of it, or 40.27%, is water.
Sitka displaced Juneau, Alaska as the largest city upon the 2000 incorporation with 2,874 square miles of incorporated area. Juneau is 2,717 square miles and was formed through incorporation of the borough and city in 1970. Jacksonville, Florida is the largest city in area in the contiguous 48 states at 758 square miles.

★ Average annual rainfall is 86 inches; annual average snowfall is 39 inches.

★ The average high temperature in August is 62 degrees Fahrenheit, and the average low temperature in January is 30 degrees Fahrenheit.
Mount Edgecumbe, a 3,200-foot-tall dormant stratovolcano, is located on southern Kruzof Island. It can be seen on a clear day from Sitka.

Adjacent boroughs and census areas

★ Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Alaska - northeast

★ Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area, Alaska - southeast

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,835 people, 3,278 households, and 2,219 families residing in the borough. The population density was 1.2/km² (3.1/mi²). There were 3,650 housing units at an average density of 0.5/km² (1.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the borough was 68.50% White, 0.32% Black or African American, 18.57% Native American, 3.79% Asian, 0.35% Pacific Islander, 0.94% from other races, and 7.53% from two or more races. 3.28% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 1.87% reported speaking Tlingit at home, while 1.62% speak Tagalog, 1.05% Spanish, and 1.00% Ilokano.^[4]

There were 3,278 households out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.15. In the borough the population was spread out with 27.2% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $51,901, and the median income for a family was $62,361. Males had a median income of $40,037 versus $30,319 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $23,622. About 4.2% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.2% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation

Its location on an island makes transportation to and from Sitka inherently difficult, expensive, and inconvenient. By air, Sitka Rocky Gutierrez Airport offers service from jet and regional carrier Alaska Airlines and charter and bush community carrier Harris Aircraft Services. However, delays due to Sitka's weather are frequent. The much more reliable, but also dramatically slower option for travel is the Alaska Marine Highway System (ferry). The ferry terminal is located seven miles north of downtown but receives very infrequent service due what some consider mismanagement of the schedule system. Sitka's location on the outer coast of Alaskan Panhandle and thus far off mainline routes, and the tides of Peril Strait that allow mainline vessels through only at slack tide compound for no designated service by a vessel and minimal service overall. However, the AMHS is often the mode of transportation of choice when the schedule proves convenient especially for lower income groups because of its much cheaper cost. Alaska Marine Lines, a barge and freight company, also has the ability to move cars to other communities connected to the mainland by road systems. The Sitka Tribe of Alaska (STA) offers public transit in conjunction with the Alaska Department of Transportation.

Education

Colleges and universities

Sitka hosts two post-secondary institutions. Sheldon Jackson College is a small Presbyterian-affiliated private college and University of Alaska Southeast-Sitka Campus is located on Japonski Island in an old World War II hangar. Sheldon Jackson College is currently dormant.

Schools

The Sitka School District runs several schools in Sitka, including a principal (Sitka High School) and alternative (Pacific High School) high school as well as the town's only middle school, Blatchley Middle School.
Mt. Edgecumbe High School, a State of Alaska-run boarding high school, is located on Japonski Island adjacent to University of Alaska Southeast.

Libraries

Sitka has two primary libraries, the public library, Kettleson Memorial Library, as well as Sheldon Jackson College's academic library, Stratton Library.

Other

The Alaska State Trooper Academy — the academy for all Alaska State Troopers — is located in Sitka.
The Island Institute sponsors an annual symposium that focuses on current social and ethical topics.

Attractions

Sitka's many attractions include:

★ Alaska Day

★ Alaska Raptor Center

★ Baranof Castle Hill

★ Isabel Miller Museum

★ Naa Kahídi Dancers who perform in the Sheet'ká Kwáan Naa Kahídi

★ Russian Bishop's House

★ Saint Lazaria National Wildlife Refuge

★ Archangel Michael Russian Orthodox Cathedral

★ Saint Peter's-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church

★ Sheldon Jackson Museum

★ Sitka Fine Arts Camp

★ Sitka Jazz Festival

★ Sitka Lutheran Church

★ Sitka National Historical Park

★ Sitka Pioneer Home

★ Sitka Summer Music Festival

★ Swan Lake

★ Tongass National Forest

★ Whale Fest

★ HomeSkillet Fest
The flora and fauna of Sitka and its surrounding area are also a notable attraction. Day cruises and guided day trips (hiking) are large enterprises in Sitka. Floatplane "flightseeing" excursions are a breathtaking way to view the area's many sights from high above.

Outdoor opportunities

Sitka's unique position of being straddled between the Pacific Ocean and the most mountainous island in the Alexander Archipelago creates an abundant variety of outdoor opportunities:


★ The Baranof Cross-Island Trail, which leads to the small community of Baranof Warm Springs on the eastern side of the island, is a popular summer hike. Only serious and experienced backpackers, or those with an experienced guide should undertake such a trip due to volatile weather conditions in the mountains and the required crossings of icefields, with crevasses.

★ The dormant volcano Mount Edgecumbe is also a popular mountain to summit and features a seven-mile trail up to the top. Guided day-trips are available, but the trip does not require much knowledge to undertake.

★ The officially unnamed, but informally named Peak 5390 (the name is derived from its height in feet) is the highest point on Baranof Island, a demanding but rewarding excursion. Few people undertake this hike; those interested should consult with one who has "summitted" previously.

★ Kayaking is a popular activity and small guided day excursions are offered locally. For longer trips, popular destinations include the Baranof Island-located outposts of Goddard hot springs, Baranof Warm Springs, Port Alexander, Port Armstrong, or Port Walter. White Sulphur Hot Springs (on the western side of Chichagof Island) is also a destination for ocean kayakers. For locations closer to Sitka, Forest Service cabins are popular.

★ For more experienced kayakers, there are many tidewater bays/lakes that offer exhilarating and dangerous whitewater tidal currents.

★ There are a number of maintained trails in the Sitka area, many of which are accessible from Sitka's road system. Some popular trails include the Indian River Trail, Beaver Lake Trail, Mosquito Cove Trail, Harbor Mountain/Gavin Hill Trail, Redoubt Lake Trail, Mount Verstovia Trail, and Shelikof Trail.

Media

Sitka is served by one of the remaining few independently owned daily newspapers in the state in the ''Sitka Sentinel''. The public radio station KCAW and commercial radio stations KIFW and KSBZ fill the airwaves. Sitka also receives circulation of the ''Capital City Weekly'' — a weekly regional newspaper based out of Juneau. KTNL-TV (CBS) broadcasts out of Sitka on Channel 13 (Cable 6) serving Southeast Alaska. Additionally, KSCT-LP (NBC) Channel 5, KTOO (PBS) Channel 10[1], and KJUD (cable-only ABC/CW) serve the region.

Notable residents

★ Richard Nelson

★ Steve Reifenstuhl

★ John Straley

Sister cities

Sitka has the following sister city:^[5]

★ Nemuro, Japan

Trivia

★ The town served as the capital of Russian America until 1867, and was the busiest seaport on the west coast of North America, as evidenced by Dana in his popular account of a 1834 sailing voyage.

★ Sitka has the largest incorporated city limits in the United States, four times the size of the state of Rhode Island.

★ According to the National Marine Fisheries Service,^[6] Sitka is the ninth most valuable commercial fisheries port in the nation and fourth in Alaska with $43.3 million dollars passing through its port in 2004.

★ Sitka has the largest harbor system in the State of Alaska.

★ "Sitka, Alaska" transliterates into the Russian language's Cyrillic alphabet as 'Ситка, Аляска'.

In books and films

★ Louis L'Amour penned ''Sitka'', his fictional account of the events surrounding the United States' purchase of the Alaska Territory from the Russians for $7.2 million in 1867.

★ Novelist James Michener resided at Sitka's Sheldon Jackson College while doing research for his epic work, ''Alaska''.

★ Sitka is the opening setting in Ivan Doig's 1982 historical fiction ''The Sea Runners''.

★ Mystery author John Straley described Sitka as "...''an island town where people feel crowded by the land and spread out on the sea''."

★ Part of the action in the novel ''César Cascabel'' by Jules Verne takes place in Sitka in May–June, 1867 during the transfer of ownership to the United States.

★ A fictionalized Sitka, with a population in the millions and host of a fictional 1977 World's Fair, is the setting of the alternate history detective story ''The Yiddish Policemen's Union'', by Michael Chabon.

★ ''Sitka'' is a character in the 2003 Disney animated feature ''Brother Bear''.

Notes

1. National Register of Historic Places, Sitka, Alaska
2. Home Rule Charter of the City and Borough of Sitka
3. Community/Borough Map: State of Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development
4. Modern Language Association: &ea=&order=r "Modern Data Center Results." Retrieved May 3, 2007.
5. Alaska sister cities index
6. NMFS "top ports" list for 2004

General references

★ The Story of Alaska, Andrews, C.L., , , The Caxton Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, OH, 1944,

★ The Russian Population in Alaska and California: Late 18th Century - 1867, Fedorova, Svetlana G., trans. & ed. by Richard A. Pierce and Alton S. Donnelly, , , Limestone Press, Kingston, Ontario, 1973, ISBN 0-919642-53-5

★ Hope, Herb (2000) "The Kiks.ádi Survival March of 1804." In: ''Will the Time Ever Come? A Tlingit Source Book,'' ed. by Andrew Hope III and Thomas F. Thornton, pp. 48-79. Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Knowledge Network.

★ Alaska: A History of the 49th State, Naske, Claus-M and Herman E. Slotnick, , , University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, 2003, ISBN 0-8061-2099-1

★ For God & Tsar: A Brief History of Russian America 1741 - 1867, Nordlander, David J., , , Alaska Natural History Association, Anchorage, AK, 1994, ISBN 0-930931-15-7

★ They Don't Speak Russian in Sitka: A New Look at the History of Southern Alaska, Wharton, David, , , Markgraf Publications Group, Menlo Park, CA, 1991, ISBN 0-944109-08-X

★ The Sitka Story: Crown Jewel of Baranof Island, Wilber, Glenn, , , "Land of Destiny"—Alaska Publications, Sitka, AK, 1993,

★ Tlingit Geographical Place Names for the Sheet'ká Kwáan — Sitka Tribe of Alaska, an interactive map of Sitka Area native place names.

See also

★ USS ''Sitka'' (APA-113)

★ Sitka Tribe of Alaska

★ Russian Alaska

★ List of United States cities by area

External links

★ Sitka, Alaska

★ Sitka Economic Development Association

★ Sitka Webcam

★ Visit Sitka

★ Virtual Reality Panorama of "Castle Hill" and other points-of-interest in Sitka

★ A diorama of New Archangel (Sitka) as it looked in 1867 — display at the Isabel Miller Museum.

★ Sitka Tribe of Alaska official website

★ HomeSkillet Fest Official Website