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:''This article is about the buccaneer. For the comedian, see Henry Morgan. For the rum brand, see Captain Morgan''
'Sir Henry Morgan' (Hari Morgan in Welsh), (ca. 1635 – August 25, 1688) was a Welsh privateer, who made a name in the Caribbean as a leader of buccaneers. He was among England's most notorious and successful privateers.

Contents

Early life

Governor's commission, privateering career

Burning of Panama and loss of English support

Retirement

Appearances in popular culture

Film

Literature

Music

Other products

References

External links

Early life

Henry Morgan was the eldest son of Robert Morgan, a squire of Llanrhymny in Glamorgan, Wales; there is no record of Morgan himself before 1665. He said later that he left school early, and was "more used to the pike than the book." Exquemelin says that he was indentured in Barbados but he was forced to retract and subsequent editions were amended after Morgan sued the publishers for libel and was awarded £200 against the publishers ^[1]; Richard Browne, his surgeon at Panama, said that Morgan came to Jamaica in 1658, as a young man, and raised himself to "fame and fortune by his valor".^[2] Jamaica had been conquered by the English Commonwealth in May, 1655.
His uncle Edward Morgan was Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica after the Restoration of Charles II of England in 1660, and Henry Morgan married his uncle's daughter Mary. Therefore it is more likely that he was the "Captain Morgan" who joined the fleet of Christopher Myngs in 1663 and accompanied the expedition of John Morris and Jackman when the Spanish settlements at Vildemos, Trujillo and Granada were taken.
In the autumn of 1665, Morgan commanded a ship in the old privateer Edward Mansfield's^[3] expedition sent by Sir Thomas Modyford, the governor of Jamaica, which seized the island of Providence Island and Santa Catalina. When Mansfield was captured and killed by the Spanish shortly afterwards, Morgan was chosen by the buccaneers as their admiral.

Governor's commission, privateering career

In 1667, he was commissioned by Modyford to capture some Spanish prisoners in Cuba in order to discover details of the threatened attack on Jamaica. Collecting ten ships with five hundred men, Morgan landed on the island and captured and sacked Puerto Principe, then went on to take the fortified and well-garrisoned town of Portobelo, Panama. It is said that Morgan's men used captured Jesuits as human shields in taking the third, most difficult fortress.
The governor of Panama, astonished at this daring adventure, attempted in vain to drive out the invaders, and finally Morgan consented to evacuate the place on the payment of a large ransom. These exploits had considerably exceeded the terms of Morgan's commission and had been accompanied by frightful cruelties and excesses, but the governor of Jamaica endeavoured to cover the whole under the necessity of allowing the English a free hand to attack the Spanish whenever possible. In London the Admiralty publicly claimed ignorance about this, whilst Morgan and his crew returned to their base at Port Royal, Jamaica, to celebrate.
Modyford almost immediately entrusted Morgan with another expedition against the Spaniards, and he proceeded to ravage the coast of Cuba. In January 1669, the largest of his ships was blown up accidentally in the course of a carousal on board, with Morgan and his officers narrowly escaping death. In March he sacked Maracaibo, Venezuela which had emptied out when his fleet was first spied, and afterwards spent a few weeks at the Venezuelan settlement of Gibraltar on Lake Maracaibo, torturing the wealthy residents to discover hidden treasure.
Returning to Maracaibo, Morgan found three Spanish ships waiting at the inlet to the Caribbean; these he destroyed or captured, recovered a considerable amount of treasure from one which had run aground and exacted a heavy ransom as the price of his evacuating the place. Finally, by an ingenious stratagem, he faked a landward attack on the fort which convinced the governor to shift his cannon. In doing so, he eluded the enemy's guns altogether and escaped in safety. On his return to Jamaica he was again reproved, but not punished by Modyford.
The Spaniards on their side were moreover acting in the same way, and a new commission was given to Morgan as commander-in-chief of all the ships of war in Jamaica, to levy war on the Spaniards and destroy their ships and stores - the booty gained in the expedition being the only pay. Thus Morgan and his crew were privateers, not pirates. Accordingly, after ravaging the coasts of Cuba and the mainland, Morgan determined on an expedition to Panama.
He recaptured the island of Santa Catalina on December 15, 1670, and on December 27, he gained possession of the castle of Chagres, killing three hundred of the garrison. Then with one thousand four hundred men he ascended the Chagres River, some of the worst swampland in the area. When his force finally appeared outside of Panama they were very weakened and tired.

Burning of Panama and loss of English support

On January 18, 1671, Morgan discovered that Panama had roughly fifteen hundred infantry and cavalry. He split his forces in two, using one to march through the forest and flank the enemy. The Spaniards were untrained and rushed Morgan's line where he cut them down with gunfire, only to have his flankers emerge and finish off the rest of the Spanish soldiers. After looting and taking booty that exceeded a hundred thousand pounds, Morgan had his men burn the city and massacre all its inhabitants, an action considered, to this date, the most barbarous atrocity ever perpretated by a British pirate against Spanish colonies in America.
However, because the sack of Panama violated a peace treaty between England and Spain, Morgan was arrested and conducted to England in 1672. He was able to prove he had no knowledge of the treaty, and in 1674 Morgan was knighted before returning to Jamaica the following year to take up the post of Lieutenant Governor.
By 1681, then acting governor Morgan had fallen out of favor with the British king, who was intent on weakening the semi-autonomous Jamaican Council, and was replaced by long-time political rival Thomas Lynch. He gained considerable weight and gained a reputation for rowdy drunkenness.

Retirement

In 1683, Morgan was suspended from the Jamaican Council by the machinations of Governor Lynch. Also during this time, an account of Morgan's disreputable exploits was published by Alexandre Exquemelin, who once had been his confidante, probably as a barber-surgeon, in a Dutch volume entitled ''De Americaensche Zee-Roovers'' (''History of the Bouccaneers of America''). Morgan took steps to discredit the book and successfully brought a libel suit against the book's publisher, securing a retraction and damages of two hundred English pounds (Campbell, 2003). The book nonetheless contributed much to Morgan's ill-reputed fame as a bloodthirsty pirate over time.
When Thomas Lynch died in 1684, his friend Christopher Monck was appointed to the governorship and arranged the dismissal of Morgan's suspension from the Jamaican Council in 1688. Morgan's health had steadily declined since 1681. He was diagnosed with "dropsie", but may have contracted tuberculosis in London, and died August 25, 1688. It is also possible that he may have had liver failure due to his heavy drinking.
Morgan had lived in an opportune time for pirates. He was successfully able to use the conflicts between England and her enemies both to support England and to enrich himself and his crews. With his death, the pirates that would follow would also use this same ploy, but with less successful results. He also was one of the few pirates who was able to ''retire'' from his piracy, having had great success, and with little legal retribution.

Appearances in popular culture

Film

★ The 1935 film ''Captain Blood'', starring Errol Flynn, based on Sabatini's novel (see below), is loosely based on Morgan's life. This film was Flynn's star-making role.

★ The 1942 film, ''The Black Swan'', based on the novel of the same name by Rafael Sabatini, contains a fictionalized account of Henry Morgan after becoming the governor of Jamaica. Morgan is portrayed by Laird Cregar in the film.

★ Andre de Toth's 1961 movie ''Morgan the Pirate'', featuring Steve Reeves and Chelo Alonso, is a highly fictionalized version of Morgan's piratical exploits.

★ In '', the competing tribes were named ''Morgan'' and ''Drake'' (after Sir Francis Drake.)

★ Robert Stephens plays Henry Morgan in the 1961 film release Pirates of Tortuga, also starring Ken Scott and Leticia Roman. In this version, Morgan defies King Charles's order to return to England after sacking Panama, and instead founds a pirate kingdom on Tortuga, requiring Scott's Captain Bart to hunt him down without provoking France to war.

★ The pirate code from the movie trilogy ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' was said to be created by the pirates Morgan and Bartholomew. "Morgan" clearly refers to Henry Morgan. However, Morgan's actual articles as reported by Exquemelin bear not the slightest resemblance to this code. Furthermore, Barthlomew Roberts (the only person to whom 'Bartholomew' could refer to) was only born 6 years before Morgan died.

★ In 2006, The History Channel premiered the documentary ''True Caribbean Pirates'', which retells the known facts of Henry Morgan's life and death through re-enactments. The Morgan segment takes place in the first half hour of this two hour special that highlights the true exploits of the most famous pirates from the golden age of piracy. Morgan is portrayed by Lance J. Holt.

Literature

★ John Steinbeck's first novel, ''Cup of Gold'', written in 1926, is about Henry Morgan's life. It is a historical fiction with Henry Morgan as the main character.

★ In the third episode of Book 1 of Nicholas Monsarrat's ''The Master Mariner'' anti-hero Matthew Lawe sails with Morgan as Mate.

★ ''Captain Blood'', a novel about piracy by Rafael Sabatini, features a character, Peter Blood, whose adventures are reportedly based on the piratical exploits of Henry Morgan. Blood's attack on Maracaibo duplicates Morgan's in all essentials.

★ In the manga/anime ''One Piece'', there is a villain called Axe-Hand Morgan, that Eiichiro Oda admitted was based on a real-life pirate. Although Axe-Hand Morgan was never a pirate and was originally a Captain from the Navy, now that he is an outlaw he may become a pirate.

★ Josephine Tey's 1952 novel ''The Privateer'' dramatizes Morgan's life.

★ Ian Fleming's 1954 novel ''Live and Let Die'' centres round events which follow from the discovery of treasure hidden by Morgan.

★ Kage Baker's short novel "The Maid on the Shore," published in the short story collection ''Dark Mondays'', features Henry Morgan during his expedition to Panama.

★ Berton Braley's 1934 poem:
''This is the ballad of Henry Morgan /
''Who troubled the sleep of the King of Spain /
''With a frowsy, blowsy, lousy pack /
''Of the water rats of the Spanish Main, /
''Rakes and rogues and mad rapscallions /
''Broken gentlemen, tattermedallions /
''Scum and scourge of the hemisphere, /
''Who looted the loot of the stately galleons, /
''Led by Morgan, the Buccaneer.''

★ Albert Marrin's explanatory history for children ''Terror of the Spanish Main'' 1999. ISBN 0-525-45942-1

★ Stephan Talty's ''Empire of Blue Water'', written in 2007 is a biography and history of Morgan and the conflict between the buccaneers and the Spanish Empire.

Music

★ Bob Marley and the Wailers have included Morgan in the song "You Can't Blame The Youth." Peter Tosh states, "You teach the kids about the pirate Morgan, and you say he was a very good man."

★ Jimmy Cliff mentioned "Henry Morgan" in his song "Oh, Jamaica".

★ Amadan, an Oregon-based Irish music band told of the night of Sir Henry Morgan's death in a song titled "August 24th, 1688" on their album "Hell-Bent 4 Victory."

★ Celtic rock band Tempest immortalized Henry Morgan in their song "Captain Morgan" which is featured on their albums ''Bootleg'' and ''The 10th Anniversary Compilation''.

★ The song 'El Capitan' on OPM's album Menace to Sobriety mentions Captain Morgan

Other products

★ Sir Henry is immortalised now by Captain Morgan's Spiced Rum, though it is produced in both Puerto Rico and Jamaica, and he is also preserved as a World Stars action figure.

★ In the video game ''Sid Meier's Pirates!'', Henry Morgan is the most notorious pirate with whom the player competes.

★ ''Morgan's Revenge'' is the name of a popular game of chance manufactured in the USA by Channel Craft based on Sir Henry Morgan's travels and exploits.

★ The Hotel Henry Morgan, located in Roatan, the largest of Honduras' Bay Islands, bears the name of the notorious pirate.

★ In ''Legends of the Hidden Temple'', one of the artifacts was the Golden Earring of Henry Morgan.

References

1. Cordingley, David (1995). Life Among the Pirates. London: Abacus. ISBN-10:0-349-11314-9
2. ''ODNB'': "Sir Henry Morgan"; mentions a third undocumented conjecture that he came as one of Oliver Cromwell's soldiers. Exquemelin from p.62, online reproduction of 1984 English edition.
3. Mansfield was disguised as "Mansvelt" in Exquemelin's account, according to Clarence Henry Haring, ''The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the
XVII Century,'' (London: Methuen) 1910, note 242, noting Beeston's journal.


★

★ Campbell, Russ. "Sir Henry Morgan". 2003. [1]

External links

★ Pirate Treasure on Roatan Island

★ Dr Rebecca Tortello, "Henry Morgan, the pirate king"

★ Henry Morgan entry at Piratesinfo.com

★ Henry Morgan entry at www.global-travel.co.uk

★ Henry Morgan entry at www.data-wales.co.uk