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'Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton' CVO, OBE (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Irish explorer who was knighted for the success of the 1907-09 "British Antarctic Expedition" under his command. He is best remembered today for his Antarctic expedition of 1914–1916 in the ship ''Endurance'', the latter having become known colloquially as "''Shackleton's Expedition''" or "''The Shackleton Expedition"''.
He was a key figure in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration alongside the likes of Roald Amundsen, Douglas Mawson, and Robert Falcon Scott, each of whom became widely famed for their exploits, which captivated the imagination of the public.

Contents

Early life

Expeditions

1901 - 1902 Discovery Expedition

1907 - 1909 Nimrod Expedition

1914 - 1916 Endurance Expedition

1917 Ross Sea Party

1917 - 1920

1921 - 1922 Shackleton-Rowett Expedition

Personal life

Legacy

Bibliography

External links

References

Early life

Shackleton was of English-Irish ancestry and was born in Ballitore, County Kildare, Ireland. He attended Dulwich College where ironically, he was far from an exemplary student, however, his time at the College provided him with the confidence and determination to pursue his ambitions as an explorer. Shackleton has since served as inspiration to many young boys at the College, and well recognised as an Old Alleynian. He left the College in 1890 to Join the Merchant Navy and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve.He had a brother Francis Shackleton-see Irish Crown Jewels case.

Expeditions

1901 - 1902 Discovery Expedition

Main articles: Discovery Expedition


Shackleton participated in the National Antarctic Expedition, which was organized by the Royal Geographical Society in 1901, and led by Robert Falcon Scott. This expedition is also called the "Discovery Expedition", as its ship was called ''Discovery''. Associated with this expedition is the myth that he may have placed the following advertisement in The Times in December 1901: "''Men wanted for hazardous journey. Small wages. Bitter cold. Long months of winter. Constant danger. Safe return doubtful. Honour and recognition in case of success''." (Historians, however, have not been able to trace this in the original, while it remains a delightful story; see [1] for a full discussion.)
Shackleton with Scott and Dr Edward Wilson trekked south towards the South Pole in 1902. The journey proceeded under difficult conditions, partially the result of their own inexperience with the Antarctic environment, poor choices and preparation and the pervading assumption that all obstacles could be overcome with personal fortitude. They used dogs, but failed to understand how to handle them. As with most of the early British expeditions, food was in short supply; the personnel on long treks were usually underfed by any measure and were essentially starving. Scott, Wilson and Shackleton made their "furthest south" of 82°17'S on December 31, 1902. They were 857 km (463 nautical miles) from the Pole. Shackleton developed scurvy on the return trip and Dr. Wilson suffered from snow blindness at intervals.
When ''Morning'' relieved the expedition in early 1903, Scott had Shackleton returned to England, though he had nearly fully recovered. There have been recent suggestions that Scott disliked Shackleton's popularity in the expedition and used his health as an excuse to remove him, however both Shackleton and Scott continued to be on friendly terms in their subsequent correspondence and meetings; he was Merchant Marine and Scott was Royal Navy—which was also part of the contention with whether Albert Armitage was to remain for the second winter. In part, Scott exhibited unusual stamina and may not have recognized differing abilities of others.

1907 - 1909 Nimrod Expedition

Main articles: Nimrod Expedition


Shackleton organized and led the "British Antarctic Expedition" (1907–1909) to Antarctica. The primary and stated goal was to reach the South Pole. The expedition is also called the Nimrod Expedition after its ship, and the "Farthest South" expedition. Shackleton's base camp was built on Ross Island at Cape Royds, approximately 20 miles (40 km) north of the Scott's Hut of the 1901–1904 expedition; the hut built at this camp in 1908 is on the list of the World Monuments Watch's 100 most endangered sites [2]. Because of poor success with dogs during Scott's 1901–1904 expedition, Shackleton used Manchurian ponies for transport, which did not prove successful.
Accomplishments of the expedition included the first ascent of Mount Erebus, the active volcano of Ross Island; the location of the Magnetic South Pole by Douglas Mawson, Edgeworth David and MacKay (16 January 1909); and locating the Beardmore Glacier passage. Shackleton, with Wild, Marshall, and Adams, reached 88°23'S: a point only 97 nautical miles (180 km) from the South Pole. While the expedition did not make it to the pole, Shackleton, Adams, Marshall, and Wild were the first humans to not only cross the Trans-Antarctic mountain range, but also the first humans to set foot on the South Polar Plateau.
Shackleton returned to the United Kingdom a hero and was immediately knighted. For three years he was able to bask in the glory of being "the man who reached furthest to the south." Of his failure to reach the South Pole, Shackleton remarked: "''Better a live donkey than a dead lion.''" It should, however, be pointed out that Shackleton and his group were exceedingly fortunate to return from the Antarctic interior. They had cut rations severely, such that there was no margin of safety. They had very good weather throughout their return, in contrast to Scott's experience three years later.

1914 - 1916 Endurance Expedition

Main articles: Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition


Shackleton's most famous expedition was planned to be an attempt to cross Antarctica from the Weddell Sea south of the Atlantic, to the Ross Sea south of the Pacific, by way of the Pole. It set out from London on 1 August 1914, and reached the Weddell Sea on January 10, 1915, where the pack ice closed in on the Endurance. The ship was broken by the ice on 27 October 1915. The 28 crew members managed to flee to Elephant Island, bringing three small boats with them. Shackleton and five other men managed to reach the southern coast of South Georgia in one of the small boats (in a real epic journey). Shackleton managed to rescue all of the stranded crew from Elephant Island without loss in the Chilean's navy seagoing steam tug ''Yelcho'', on August 30, 1916, in the middle of the Antarctic winter.

1917 Ross Sea Party

Main articles: Ross Sea Party

After his legendary ordeal in the Weddell Sea sector, Ernest Shackleton arrived in New Zealand during December 1916. He was advised that his supply team the Ross Sea Party was stranded in Antarctica. By that time the Aurora had been repaired and after discussion with the Aurora's captain, Shackleton immediately sailed to Ross Island to bring his men home. On 10 January 1917, the ship pulled alongside the pack ice near Cape Royds and worked its way to Cape Evans. One week later, Shackleton and the ''Ross Sea Party'' survivors were headed back to Wellington, New Zealand.

1917 - 1920

Shackleton returned to England in May 1917 with a serious heart condition and as a heavy drinker. He was too old to be conscripted but nevertheless he volunteered for the army. He was instead sent to Buenos Aires to boost British propaganda in South America. Unqualified as a diplomat, he unsuccessfully tried to persuade Argentina and Chile to enter the war on the side of the Allies. He returned home in 1918.
Shackleton was then asked to be the leader of an undercover mission to Spitzbergen to establish a British presence in a territory administered by Norway, which was a neutral country, under the pretence of mining. However in Tromsø Shackleton suffered a heart attack and had to return. In spite of his condition, he then joined a military expedition to Murmansk in the autumn of 1918 and although the war ended soon after British forces were soon fighting the Bolsheviks. Shackleton's role was "staff officer in charge of Arctic equipment" and played little part except running the stores. He returned to London in 1919, by which time his finances were poor. His wife was supporting the family.
While attempting to make a living through lecturing, he wrote his book 'South.' His health continued to deteriorate through drinking, smoking and over-eating, but nevertheless he began planning another expedition.

1921 - 1922 Shackleton-Rowett Expedition

Main articles: Shackleton-Rowett Expedition


In 1921, Shackleton set out on another Antarctic expedition. Its purpose was to circumnavigate the Antarctic continent by sea, but it was derailed when Shackleton died of a heart attack on board his ship, the Quest, while anchored off South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands on 5 January 1922. His body was being returned to England when his widow requested that the burial take place on Grytviken, South Georgia instead. Shackleton was buried there on 5 March 1922.

Personal life

Shackleton married Emily Dorman at Christchurch, Westminster on 9 April 1904. They had two sons Raymond and Edward and a daughter Cecily. However Shackleton had numerous affairs, including one with the American born actress, Rosalind Chetwynd (Rosa Lynd), which began in 1910 and continued intermittently until his death.^[1]
Politically Shackleton supported the Liberal Unionist Party, unsuccessfully standing for the party in the 1906 general election in Dundee. ^[2]

Legacy

In 1994, the James Caird Society was set up to preserve the memory of Shackleton's achievements. Its first Life President was Shackleton's younger son, Edward Shackleton, and his granddaughter, Alexandra Shackleton, has been Life President since 1995.
Sir Ernest Shackleton is the subject of ''Shackleton'', a two-part Channel 4 drama directed by Charles Sturridge and starring Kenneth Branagh as the explorer. The same story is related in greater detail in the book '', by Alfred Lansing.
Shackleton's grave, near the former whaling station at Grytviken on South Georgia is frequently visited by tourists from passing cruise ships. The British Antarctic Survey's logistics vessel RRS ''Ernest Shackleton'' (the replacement for RRS ''Bransfield'') is named in his honour.
There is a Shackleton Memorial Library at the Scott Polar Research Institute at the University of Cambridge.
The boat that he sailed to South Georgia is in the entry foyer at Dulwich College, South London.
Shackleton Crater lies at the south pole of the Moon.
In recent years there has been a revival of interest in Shackleton and he has become an icon of successful leadership for some modern business writers with several books extolling his leadership style.

Bibliography

★ 'Works by Shackleton'

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★ ''The Heart of the Antarctic: The Story of the British Antarctic Expedition 1907 -1909'' by Sir Ernest Shackleton (Collins) ISBN 1-903464-28-5

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★ ''Shackleton: The Polar Journeys: Incorporating the "Heart of the Antarctic" and "South"'' by Sir Ernest Shackleton (Collins, 2002) ISBN 1-903464-26-9

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★ ''South: Journals of His Last Expedition to Antarctica'' by Sir Ernest Shackleton (Robson Books, 1999) ISBN 1-86105-279-0

★
★ ''South: The Story of Shackleton's Last Expedition, 1914-17'' by Sir Ernest Shackleton (Ebury Press, 1991) ISBN 0-7126-3927-6. Ebook in Project Gutenberg

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★ ''Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage'' by Ernest Henry, Sir Shackleton, Christopher Ralling (Peter Bedrick Books, 1986) ISBN 0-87226-082-8

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★ ''Aurora Australis'' by Sir Ernest Shackleton (Paradigm Press, 1986) ISBN 0-948285-07-9

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★ ''South: The Story of Shackleton's Last Expedition, 1914-17'' by Sir Ernest Shackleton (Heinemann, 1970) ISBN 0-434-69500-9

★ 'Biographies and histories'

★
★ ''Polar Castaways: The Ross Sea Party Of Sir Ernest Shackleton, 1914-17'' by Richard McElrea (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004) ISBN 0-7735-2825-3

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★ ''Shackleton'' by Roland Huntford. 2nd edition 1996, Abacus History, London. 774pp ISBN 0-349-10744-0

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★ ''Shackleton's Forgotten Expedition: The Voyage of the Nimrod'' by Beau Riffenburgh (Bloomsbury USA, 2004) ISBN 1-58234-488-4

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★ ''South with Endurance: Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition, 1914-1917'' by Frank Hurley (Simon & Schuster, 2001) ISBN 0-7432-2292-X

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★ ''Shackleton's Forgotten Men: The Untold Tale of an Antarctic Tragedy'' by Lennard Bickel, Rt. Hon. Lord Shackleton (Thunder's Mouth Press, 2000) ISBN 1-56025-256-1

★
★ ''Leading at the Edge: Leadership Lessons from the Extraordinary Saga of Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition'' by Dennis N. T. Perkins, Margaret P. Holtman, Paul R. Kessler, Catherine McCarthy (American Management Association, 2000) ISBN 0-8144-0543-6

★
★ ''The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition'' by Caroline Alexander (Knopf, 1998) ISBN 0-375-40403-1

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★ ''Shackleton's Boat Journey'' by Frank Worsley (the captain of the ''Endurance'')

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★ ''Endurance'' by Alfred Lansing (McGraw Hill, 1969) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-59666

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★ ''Shackleton's Voyage'' by Donald Barr Chidsey (Award Books/Tandem Books, 1967)

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★ ''The Long White Road; Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic adventures'' by Marvin Hubert Albert (D. McKay Co, 1957) ASIN B0006AV0J4

★ 'DVDs'

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★ ''Shackleton - The Greatest Survival Story of All Time'' Kenneth Branagh (A&E Home Video, 2002) ISBN B000063TON

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★ ''The Endurance - Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition'' Liam Neeson (Columbia Tristar, 2000) ISBN B0000A7W16

External links

★ Site dedicated to Ernest Shackleton run by the family

★ Detailed biography

★ Shackleton page at Dulwich College

★ The James Caird Society

★ Speech in 2001 by former Boeing executive Harry Stonecipher- Argues that Shackleton's extraordinary grace under pressure teaches secrets to making the right decisions in hard times.

★ PBS:Nova - Shackleton's Voyage of Endurance

★ e-text of Shackleton's book South, recounting the expedition of 1914-1916

★ Did Shackleton ever place the famous ad?

★ Ernest Shackleton's cylinder recording, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.

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★
★ by Sir Ernest Shackleton

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★ by Sir Ernest Shackleton

★ Biography resources dedicated to Ernest Shackleton

References

1. Affairs
2. Shackleton's Way, , Margot, Morrell, Nicholas Brealey, ,



★ The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration from Franklin to Scott, E C Coleman 2006 (Tempus Publishing)

★ The Pilotdrift song "Elephant Island" is about Ernest Shackleton and his journey to rescue his crew.