SINGAPORE CHANGI AIRPORT

'Singapore Changi Airport' (), or simply 'Changi Airport' is a major aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian region, and is the main airport in Singapore. Located in Changi on a 13 km² (3,200 acre) site, the airport is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north-east of the commercial center of Singapore.
The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) and is the home base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, SilkAir, Tiger Airways, Jetstar Asia Airways, Valuair, and Jett8 Airlines Cargo. It is a major hub for Garuda Indonesia and Qantas. Collectively, the airlines account for about 4,054 weekly flights operated by 80 airlines to over 184 cities in 57 countries.^[3] An important contributor to the Singapore economy, 13,000 people are employed at the airport. The airport accounts for over S$4.5 billion in output.
In 2006, the airport handled a record of 35 million passengers, a 8% increase over the 2005 fiscal year. This made it the 22nd busiest airport in the world and the sixth busiest in Asia by passenger traffic. In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub, the airport is one of the busiest cargo airports in the world, handling 1,911,000 tonnes of cargo in 2006. Incentives like the Air Hub Development Fund, first introduced in 2003, have proven effective in attracting airlines here. A new S$300 million fund to strengthen Changi's hub status will start in 2007 when the S$210 million fund expires in 2006. The new S$1.75 billion Terminal 3 is scheduled to open on 9 January 2008,^[4] and Terminal 1 will be upgraded along the lines of the renovated Terminal 2, with the latter costing S$240 million. Changi has been courting both premium and budget travellers with the opening of a commercially important persons terminal by JetQuay, as well as a S$45 million Budget Terminal in 2006.
Since its opening in 1981, the airport has made its mark in the aviation industry as a benchmark for service excellence, winning over 250 awards up to 2006.^[5] Changi Airport's efforts to counter the onset of age includes periodic physical upgrades to its existing terminals, building of new facilities and taking steps to provide a high level of customer service.^[6]

History

Growth in the global aviation transport was felt in Singapore, where Singapore International Airport at Paya Lebar, Singapore's third civilian airport after Seletar Airport (from 1930 to 1937) and Kallang Airport (from 1937 to 1955), was facing congestion problems. Opened in 1955 with a single runway and a small passenger terminal, its inability to cope with the rising traffic became critical by the 1970s, when passenger numbers rose dramatically from 300,000 to 1,700,000 passengers annually in 1970, and then to 4,000,000 annually in 1975.
The government had two options available: expand the existing airport at Paya Lebar or build a completely new airport at another location. After extensive study, a decision was made in 1972 to keep the airport at Paya Lebar as recommended by a British aviation consultant. Plans were created for the building of a second runway and an extensive redevelopment and expansion to the passenger terminal building. A year later, however, the plans were reviewed again due to the 1973 oil crisis.
Concerned that the existing airport was located in an area with potential for urban growth which would physically hem it in on all sides and limit its physical growth, the government subsequently decided in 1975 to build a new airport at the eastern tip of the main island at Changi on the site of the existing Changi Airbase, where the new airport would be easily expandable by land reclamation. However, the airport still had to be expanded during that period of time as there was an increase in traffic at that time. In addition, airplanes could fly over the sea, avoiding noise pollution issues within residential areas like those at Paya Lebar and helping to avoid disastrous consequences on the ground in the event of an air mishap. The existing airport in Paya Lebar was subsequently converted for military use as the Paya Lebar Airbase.

Departure hall, located in Terminal 1

Construction

The airport was one of the largest single development projects in its history. The original master plan for Changi Airport involved constructing a dual-terminal and dual-runway configuration over two phases with provisions for another two passenger terminals in the future. Phase 1 included the construction for the first passenger terminal, the first runway, 45 aircraft parking bays, support facilities and structures, including a large maintenance hangar, the first fire station, workshops and administrative offices, an airfreight complex, two cargo agents buildings, in-flight catering kitchens and an 80 metre (262 ft) control tower. Construction for the second phase would commence immediately after the completion of Phase 1 and include the second runway, 23 new aircraft parking bays in addition to the existing 45 bays, a second fire station and a third cargo agent building.
Land reclamation works involving the use of over 52,000,000 cubic meters (68,000,000 yd³) of landfill and seafill began in Changi in June 1975, even as the airport at Paya Lebar was still in the midst of expansion works. About 2 square kilometers (494 acres) of swamp land was cleared and filled with 12,000,000 cubic meters (15,700,000 yd³) of earth from the nearby hills, while another 40,000,000 cubic meters (52,300,000 yd³) of sand from the seabed were used to reclaim land. Canals were built to drain water from three existing rivers, namely Sungei Tanah Merah Besar, Sungei Ayer Gemuroh and Sungei Mata Ikan. In total, 8.7 km² (2,2 acre) were reclaimed, raising the total site area to 13 km². Of this, landfill accounted for 2 km² (500 acre (2 km²)) while seafill represented 6.7 km² (1,700 acre).^[7] The construction also demolished 558 buildings, exhuming around 4100 graves, a 15 inch (381 mm) gun emplacement at Changi, diverting the three streams to the western side of the former Royal Air Force runway, which was to be used for the new 4,000 meter runway. All of these works were completed in May 1977. From 1977 to 1979, it was used to pile-driving the foundation of Terminal 1 and other buildings as well. The foundation stone was laid for Terminal 1 in August 1979. The 78m high control tower is built on reclaimed land, with its design becoming an icon for the airport. The original name of the control tower was "Aitropolis", but was seldom used. The column-free hangar had an area almost as large as the Padang could hold three Boeing 747s. Its roof was constructed in Batam, and was shipped to the city-state in four separate sections by barge. A special jetty was build on the coast to obtain fuel from the Western Islands by shipping it round the coast. The fuel was to be pumped a mile to the airport fuel station run by six oil companies on the north-eastern perimeter. The pipelines then leads to all the parking bays through a pipe some five meters below ground level.^[8]
The first phase costing about S$1.3 billion commenced commercial operation on July 1, 1981 with the first flight, Singapore Airlines SQ101 touching down at 0700 hours Zulu with 140 passengers from Kuala Lumpur.^[9] Officially opened with much fanfare five months later on December 29, 1981, the airport ended its first year operations with 12.1 million passengers, close to 200,000 tonnes of air freight handled and 63,100 aircraft movements. Despite the airport opening in 1981, some sections of the airport were not fully completed. The big aircraft hangar was only completed in 1982, and the first runway was fully completed only in 1983. It was then when the now defunct government deparment, the Public Works Department, Singapore then decided to focus on the construction of the second runway on the reclaimed land east of the Terminal 1. The sections of phase 2 opened progressively over the next few years with the completion of a second runway as well as other facilities. In 1985, the construction work on Terminal 2 started, south of Terminal 1. Terminal 2 was completed in 1989, and was opened in November 1990 with its official opening on June 1 1991 by the then Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. The opening of the second terminal was way ahead of passenger demand.

Expansions

The air-conditioned low-cost terminal opened in March 2006.

Singapore Changi Airport has a development policy of always building years ahead of demand to help to avoid congestion problems common in major airports and maintain high service standards. While the original master plan details plans for two passenger terminals, there have been provisions to provide for long-term expansion initiatives, including the allocation of space for a third terminal planned to have a physical configuration mirroring that of Terminal 2.
Plans for Terminal 3 were reviewed, resulting in a new design concept which departs from the largely utilitarian architecture in the first two terminals. The terminal is designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and CPG Corporation and topped by a unique roof feature, the terminal is equipped with a full-service nine-story Crowne Plaza Hotel on its premises. Officials commenced construction in 1999 after receiving the green light in December 1996. Originally planned for completion in 2006, the date was postponed by two years after global terrorism concerns delayed growth of air traffic in the airport. On 30 May 2006, a topping out ceremony for the terminal was conducted, and when opened on 9 January 2008, will increase the airport's total capacity to 70 million passengers.
Changing needs in the aviation industry led to reviews in the masterplan, resulting in the decision to cater to the high-end as well as budget sectors of the air travel industry. Although the pioneering airport to conceptualise and construct a Budget Terminal in Asia, it became operational on 26 March 2006 a few days after the opening of a similar terminal in Kuala Lumpur, and was officially opened on 31 October 2006. A dedicated stand-alone CIP terminal opened by JetQuay on 29 September 2006 is a first in Asia. ^[10] The name of the Budget Terminal was decided as a result of a naming contest open to the public. ^[11] The terminal is not included in the numbering scheme even though it is the third terminal to be opened and Terminal 3 will actually be the fourth terminal to be opened at the airport.
Even as new terminals are being built, the airport continuously upgrades and expands its existing terminals. Terminal 1 went through its first major refurbishment in 1995 at a cost of S$170 million, prior to the commencement of expansion works a year later to add 14 aerobridges at a cost of S$420 million, which was completed in 1999. Terminal 2 was similarly expanded almost immediately after its opening in 1990, with the addition of two piers of aerobridges costing S$330 million and completed in 1996. In 2002, work commenced on the new Changi Airport Skytrain as well as the Terminal 2 building, and on 13 September 2006, the airport marked the completion of an extensive upgrade costing S$240 million in Terminal 2, which included an updated glass-fronted facade, interior decor, and terminal layout modifications.
With the impending arrival of Code F aircraft such as the Airbus A380, the airport put into place modifications works costing S$60 million, which it has planned for since the late 1990s. These included the building of 19 gates capable of handling the large aircraft, eight of which are in Terminal 3. Baggage claim carousels, runways, and taxiways were expanded, and two new freighter aircraft stands and two remote aircraft parking stands built. Two taxiway bridges spanning Airport Boulevard also had shields installed on either side to shield the road from the jet blast. On 11 November 2005, the airport became the first outside Europe to receive the Airbus A380 for airport compatibility verification tests, and was the first in the world to have an operational triple-passenger loading bridge fit for trails.

Future plans

Given limited land resources, Changi Airport was first conceptualised to function as the country's sole airport for the foreseeable future without the need for relocation or the building of another airport when passenger figures increased. Long-term plans for the airport thus gave physical provisions in the form of reclaimed land nearly equal in size to that of the existing airport, with enough space for two more runways and at least two new passenger terminal buildings. In 2006, a short runway was opened for Changi Airbase (East) on the site, an interim measure in preparation for its eventual expansion for passenger flights.
Extensive upgrading works in Terminal 1 similar in scale to the recently completed works at Terminal 2 will commence in September 2007. Resurfacing works costing S$50m on its dual runways and older taxiways will also be conducted. Terminal 3 will be tested later in 2007 to prepare for its 2008 opening. Changi Airport will also continue to improve the security systems of Changi Airport such as access controls and surveillance systems to make the airport safer for travellers. Transport Minister Raymond Lim also added that the "software" of the airport had to be improved as well.^[12]

Awards and accolades

Main articles: Singapore Changi Airport awards and accolades

Changi Airport is a top airport in terms of customer service and security and has won over 250 awards and accolades as best airport since its opening in 1981, from organizations such as International Air Transport Association^[13] and Business Traveller.^[14]

'Singapore Changi Airport - Awards and Accolades in recent years'
Year	"Best airport awards" won
2000	16
2001	20
2002	23
2003	20
2004	19
2005	24
2006	25
2007 (to date)	8

Infrastructure and services

''Infrastructure''[1]
Departure Hall of Terminal 1
Taxiways
Length	25,300 meters (83,000 ft)
Width	30 m (98 ft)
Passenger terminal buildings
Totals	(current)	(Inc. Terminal 3)
Floor area	683,020 m²) (7,351,966 ft²)	1,063,020 m² (11,442,252 ft²)
Handling capacity	48 million passengers	70 million passengers
Parking bays	68 (aerobridge) 10 (contact) 30 (remote)	92 (aerobridge) 10 (contact) 42 (remote)
Terminal One
Opened	1 July 1981 (operational) 29 December 1981 (official)
Floor area	280,020 m² (3,014,110 ft²)
Handling capacity	21 million passengers
Parking bays	32 (aerobridge) 16 (remote)
Terminal Two
Opened	22 November 1990 (operational) 1 June 1991 (official)
Floor area	358,000 m² (3,853,480 ft²)
Handling capacity	23 million passengers
Parking bays	35 (aerobridge) 9 (remote)
Terminal Three
Opened	9 January 2008 (operational)
Floor area	380,000 m² (4,090,286 ft²)
Handling capacity	22 million passengers
Parking bays	28 (aerobridge) 1 (remote)
Budget Terminal
Opened	26 March 2006 (operational) 31 October 2006 (official)
Floor area	25,000 m² (269,098 ft²)
Handling capacity	4 million passengers
Parking bays	10 (contact)
JetQuay (CIP Terminal)
Opened	29 September 2006 (official)
Floor area	20,000 m² (215,278 ft²)
Handling capacity
Parking bays	0

Air traffic control tower

The ATC was constructed as part of the phase one of the Changi Airport redevelopment plan.
ATC frequencies:

★ Changi Runway Control - 118.60 MHz

★ Changi Ground - 124.30 MHz

★ Changi Tower - 118.60 MHz, 121.50 MHz

★ Changi Approach - 120.30 MHz

★ ATIS - 128.60 MHz

Runways

Changi Airport has two parallel runways, 02L/20R and 02C/20C, each 60 m wide and 4000 m (13,123 ft) long. 02L/20R was completed and opened in 1981 as part of the airport's first phase. 02C/20C, formerly 02R/20L, was built completely on reclaimed land and opened with phase 2, 1.6 kilometers (1.0 mi) apart from 02L/20R. Both runways are equipped with four sets of Instrument Landing Systems to guide landing aircraft safely under all weather conditions. Runway 20R has a displaced threshold of making it long.²
A new parallel runway 02R/20L (previously named 01/19 when opened in 2004) was built 1.8 kilometers (1.1 mi) to the east of 02C/20C, currently used only by Republic of Singapore Air Force aircraft as part of Changi Airbase (East).² The new runway is expected to be extended and eventually be turned into a third runway for the airport in future expansion plans.

Passenger terminals

Swimming pool within the transit area of Terminal 1

Singapore Changi Airport has three terminals, two of which are connected by a people mover system, with a fourth terminal (Terminal 3) under construction and due to become operational on 9 January 2008. A terminal for low-cost carriers has been completed and started operation in late March 2006. In September 2006, JetQuay was opened for the high-end spectrum of the air traveling public, bringing the total handling capacity to 48 million passengers a year spread over an area of 683,020 square metres (7,351,966 ft²).
With Changi-based Singapore Airlines being the launch customer for the Airbus A380, works to ensure full capability in handling the large aircraft was given priority in time for its planned introduction in October 2007. On August 16, 2005, Changi Airport unveiled the first of eleven specially-built gates capable of handling the giant aircraft. Costing S$15 million, the gates or 'fingers' enable passengers to get on the upper cabin of the new 555-seater aircraft directly from the gate holdrooms. The holdrooms themselves have been enlarged and appointed to cater for the larger number of passengers flying the A380s. Beside the 11 new gates at Terminal 1 and 2, there will be eight more A380-capable gates at the new Terminal 3, ready in January 9 2008.
In all, the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore spent S$60 million in upgrading the terminals and airport infrastructure ahead of the arrival of the first A380. In the terminals, besides enlarged gate holdrooms and new fingers, the baggage belt carousels at the A380 gates were extended from the normal 70 meters (230 ft) to 90 meters (295 ft). With these new carousels in place, the airport does not expect embarking and disembarking passengers and baggage from the A380 to take longer than it does for the Boeing 747-400s, which carry significantly fewer passengers.
Changi Airport was the second in Asia (after Kuala Lumpur International Airport) to open a dedicated terminal catering to the budget traveller. In order to offer lower landing fees, handling fees and airport taxes, it cuts back on amenities such as aerobridges, elaborate physical structures and decorations in the passenger terminal building. Still, air-conditioning, a range of duty-free shops and food & beverage outlets, and free internet terminals are available. There is no transfer facility at the Budget Terminal. Passengers who need to make transfers need to clear immigration, collect their luggage, clear customs, make their way to the main terminal by taking the free shuttle buses and re-checkin with the respective airline.

Terminal facilities

Extensive foliage in Terminal 2 provide relaxation for passengers in the airside area.

The airport has over 30,000 square metres (322,900 ft²) of space spread between its two terminals for shopping and eating outlets. In terms of sales, it outstrips other shopping malls in Singapore, including those in top tourist-spot Orchard Road. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore derives 60% of its total annual revenue (over US$500 million in the year ending March 2005) from non-aeronautical sources, with 30% from commercial space rental and a percentage of sale receipts. Liquor and perfumes are particularly popular, accounting for over half of total retail sales, followed by watches and tobacco products.
Extensive upgrading work on existing retail areas and their expansion since 2004 has increased sales 13.3% in the first half of 2005 year-on-year over 2004, and as much as 67% compared to the same period in 2003, with brands such as Prada, Gucci, Bulgari and Hermès opening outlets during this period. The airport enjoys "one of the highest concession revenues per passenger in the world" compared to other major international airports according to Jeffrey Loke, CAAS' assistant commercial director.
In addition to a wide array of duty-free shops and eating outlets, Changi Airport has six open-air garden areas. Open to customers of the airport, each garden represents a different group of plants: cacti, bamboo, heliconia, sunflower, fern and orchid. Changi Airport has numerous business centers located around the airport. Within the international transit area of the interconnected Terminals 1 and 2, internet and games facilities, prayer rooms, showers, spas, gym, swimming pool and a hotel are provided. Various lounge areas are provided, some including children's play areas or televisions showing news, movie and sport channels.

Airfreight

The Air Cargo Division of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore manages the Changi Airfreight Centre located in the north of the airport premises.^[15] Fueled by high economic growth in China, the airport handled 1,854,610 tonnes of air cargo in 2005, an increase of 3.3% over the 2004 fiscal year, making it the 10^th busiest airfreight hub in the world and the fifth busiest in Asia. Due to Singapore's large electronics sector, electrical components constitute a significant part of the total cargo traffic handled at the airport, although it has initiated attempts to diversify into the perishable air cargo market.
Relying on extensive use of Information Technology, the Air Cargo Division introduced various IT systems such as the Air Cargo EDI System (ACES), the Advance Clearance for Courier and Express Shipments System (ACCESS) and the Electronic Payment and Invoicing for Cargo (EPIC) to ease customs clearance procedures and movement. It pioneered the TradeNet System, allowing for traders to conduct trade declarations over the internet and speeding the approval process by controlling authorities. TradeNet will be linked to the country-wide Integrated Trade and Logistics IT platform.^[16]

Airline services

Ground handling

Ground handling of an Emirates Boeing 777-300 by CIAS in Terminal 1

Ground handling services are handled by three companies: Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS), Changi International Airport Services (CIAS) and Swissport. SATS, a subsidiary of Singapore Airlines, is the dominant player with close to 80% of the market in the airport. CIAS was formed in 1981 by the Port of Singapore Authority and five airlines (Air France, China Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and Lufthansa Airlines. It handles the remaining market share.
In the early 2000s, the government decided to introduce competition into the market by offering an additional license. Swissair's Swissport successfully won the license (valid for 10 years) and commenced operations on March 2, 2005. As Swissair folded and was subsequently taken over by Swiss International Air Lines, the latter became the company's first customer. Adam Air chose Swissport as its ground handler in 2005, while Tiger Airways followed suit in 2006. Other customers of Swissport include Australian Airlines, Northwest Airlines, Swiss World Cargo, Thai AirAsia and Cardig Air.
CIAS underwent restructuring when its shareholding was bought over by Dubai's Dnata group and Temasek Holdings, being relaunched in June 2005 with a new branding. Its security services were amalgamated into the new Temasek-owned Aetos Security Management Private Limited.

Aircraft maintenance

Five hangars house facilities to provide aircraft maintenance support by SIA Engineering Company and ST Aviation Services Company. This includes a 20,000 square meters (215,000 ft²) column-free hangar which was the world's largest when opened in 1981.

Security

An Aetos auxiliary police officer controlling access to the runway side of the Departure Hall at Terminal 1, Singapore Changi Airport

The airport's security comes under the purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore Police Force. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks and naming of the airport as a terrorism target by the Jemaah Islamiyah, the airport's security has been stepped up. Roving patrol teams consisting of two soldiers and a police officer, armed with assault rifles or submachine guns, patrol the terminals at random intervals.^[17] Officers from the Gurkha Contingent were also deployed later to patrol the transit areas of the terminal buildings.
These measures came at a cost partly borne by travellers in the form of a "passenger security service charge," imposed since 2002.^[18] It is levied at S$6 on passengers in both main terminals and the Budget Terminal.^[19] In 2005, it became the first airport outside the United States to win the "Excellence in Airport Security Award".^[20]
Assisting the state organizations are the security services provided by the ground handlers, namely that of the Singapore Airport Terminal Services's SATS Security Services and Aetos Security Management. Both formed from a merger of the Changi International Airport Services's airport security unit and that of other companies to become a single, island-wide auxiliary police company. These officers man check-in counters to screen luggage, control movements into restricted areas, and so forth.
In 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to luggage-screening processes being conducted behind closed-doors, as opposed to them being done just before check-in previously within public view. Carry-on luggage and persons screening are conducted at the individual departure gates, while check-in luggage are screened in the backrooms and secured before loading. Plans are in place to install over 400 cameras around the airport to monitor passenger activity around the clock and check on suspicious parcels and activity. Tenders to incorporate such a system was called in late September 2005.^[21] A second perimeter fence to prevent unauthorised persons is due for construction, to be completed by 2008. The Airport Police plans to introduce a biometric identification system for access into restricted areas.^[22]
In view of the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot, security screening checks have been stepped up on passengers and their hand-carry luggage, as well as checked-in luggage on flights bound for destinations in the UK and the US from Singapore Changi Airport.^[23] From May 8 2007, all flights out of the airport will impose the new cabin baggage restrictions implemented by the International Civil Aviation Organization, where only 100ml of each particular liquid will be allowed in the hand luggage in a resealable plastic bag no bigger than 1 litre. Items bought from the duty free stores at the airport will not be affected on most flights.^[24]

Air transportation

As all passenger traffic out of the airport is international in nature, the three terminals in operation are equipped with immigration processing facilities for international travel. Flights by Singapore Airlines, its regional subsidiary Silkair, two of its code-shared partners Austrian Airlines and Lufthansa, and some Southeast Asia-based carriers including Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines and Royal Brunei Airlines operate from the newer Terminal 2, while the majority of other airlines use Terminal 1. Two airlines, namely Tiger Airways and Cebu Pacific, utilize the Budget Terminal.
After recovering from a drop in passenger traffic as a result of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003, the airport saw rapid growth in traffic which hit the 30 million mark for the first time a year later in 2004. A monthly record was set in June 2006 with 2,980,106 passengers handled, an increase of 9.1% in its first six months of operations for 2006. The Budget Terminal handled about 657,000 passengers as of October 26, 2006, six months after its opening in March, and constituted 11.3% of total flights in October 2006 compared to 9.6% in April the same year. Media The terminal expects to handle its one-millionth passenger by the end of the 2006.^[25]

Airlines and destinations

The following is a list of airlines that serve Singapore Changi Airport.

''Operations and Statistics''
The Departure Hall of Terminal 2
Operational statistics [2]
Passenger movements
1998	23,803,180	2003	24,664,137
1999	26,064,645	2004	30,353,565
2000	28,618,200	2005	32,430,856
2001	28,093,759	2006	''35,033,000''
2002	28,979,344	2007
Airfreight movements in tonnes
1998	1,283,660	2003	1,611,407
1999	1,500,393	2004	1,775,092
2000	1,682,489	2005	1,833,721
2001	1,507,062	2006	''1,911,000''
2002	1,637,797	2007
Aircraft movements
1998	165,242	2003	154,346
1999	165,961	2004	184,932
2000	173,947	2005	204,138
2001	179,359	2006	''214,000''
2002	174,820	2007
Top destinations [3]
By flight frequencies (weekly one-way)
1	Jakarta		184
2	Bangkok		169
3	Kuala Lumpur		108
4	Hong Kong		101
5	Tokyo		63

Terminal 1

★ Adam Air (Jakarta)

★ AirAsia

★
★ Thai AirAsia (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Hat Yai)

★ Air Bagan (Yangon)

★ Air China (Beijing, Chengdu, Xiamen)

★ Air France (Paris-Charles de Gaulle)

★ Air India (Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jakarta, Mumbai, Melbourne[begins December 2007])

★
★ Air-India Express (Chennai, Mumbai [begins mid 2007], Pune [begins mid 2007], Tiruchirapalli)

★ Air Mauritius (Kuala Lumpur, Port Louis/Mauritius)

★ Air Niugini (Port Moresby)

★ Air Seychelles (Mahé)

★ Air Zimbabwe (Beijing, Guangzhou, Harare)

★ All Nippon Airways (Tokyo-Narita)

★ Asiana Airlines (Seoul-Incheon)

★ Bangkok Airways (Koh Samui)

★ Biman Bangladesh Airlines (Dhaka, Kuala Lumpur)

★ British Airways (London-Heathrow, Sydney)

★ Cathay Pacific (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Colombo, Hong Kong)

★ China Airlines (Kaohsiung, Taipei-Taoyuan)

★ China Eastern Airlines (Kunming, Shanghai-Pudong)

★ China Southern Airlines (Guangzhou, Shenyang)

★ Emirates (Auckland, Brisbane, Colombo, Dubai, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Melbourne)

★ EVA Air (Taipei-Taoyuan)

★ Garuda Indonesia (Beijing, Denpasar/Bali, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Pekanbaru, Semarang, Shanghai-Pudong, Surabaya)

★ Indian Airlines (Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Guwhati, Hyderabad, Melbourne [Starts mid-November 2007])^[26], Pune)

★ Japan Airlines (Kuala Lumpur, Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita)

★ Jet Airways (Bangalore [begins November 15, 2007], Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi)

★ Jetstar Asia Airways (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Manila, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Siem Reap, Taipei-Taoyuan, Yangon)

★
★ Valuair (Denpasar/Bali, Jakarta, Surabaya)

★ KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (Amsterdam)

★ Korean Air (Seoul-Incheon)

★ Merpati Nusantara Airlines (Bandung)

★ Northwest Airlines (Portland (OR), Tokyo-Narita)

★ Lion Air (Jakarta)

★ Qantas (Adelaide, Brisbane, Denpasar/Bali, Frankfurt, London-Heathrow, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney)

★
★ Jetstar Airways operated by Jetstar Asia Airways (Cairns, Darwin)

★ Qatar Airways (Doha, Jakarta)

★ Saudi Arabian Airlines (Jakarta, Jeddah, Riyadh)

★ SriLankan Airlines (Colombo, Kuala Lumpur)

★ Swiss International Airlines (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Zürich)

★ Thai Airways International (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Jakarta)

★ Transaero (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Denpasar/Bali, Moscow-Domodedovo)

★ Turkish Airlines (Istanbul-Atatürk)

★ United Airlines (Chicago-O'Hare, Hong Kong, Tokyo-Narita, Washington-Dulles)

★ Vietnam Airlines (Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City)

★ Xiamen Airlines (Fuzhou, Hangzhou, Xiamen)

Terminal 2

★ Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi, Brisbane) (Starting 27 September 2007) ^[27] ^[28]

★ Lufthansa (Frankfurt, Jakarta)

★ Malaysia Airlines (Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Langkawi, Penang)

★ Philippine Airlines (Jakarta, Manila)

★ Royal Brunei Airlines (Bandar Seri Begawan)

★ Singapore Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Adelaide, Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Amsterdam, Athens, Auckland, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangalore, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Beijing, Brisbane, Cairo, Cape Town, Chennai, Christchurch, Colombo, Copenhagen, Denpasar, Delhi, Dhaka, Dubai, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Hyderabad, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jakarta, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Karachi, Kolkata, Kuala Lumpur, Lahore, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Malé, Manchester, Manila, Melbourne, Milan-Malpensa, Moscow-Domodedovo, Mumbai, Nagoya-Centrair, Nanjing, New York-JFK, Newark, Osaka-Kansai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Penang, Perth, Rome-Fiumicino, San Francisco, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sydney, Taipei-Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita, Vancouver, Zürich)

★
★ Silkair (Balikpapan, Cebu, Chengdu, Chiang Mai, Chongqing, Coimbatore(Starting 28 October 2007), Da Nang, Davao, Kaohsiung, Kathmandu(Starting 28 October 2007), Kochi, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Kunming, Langkawi, Lombok, Manado, Medan, Palembang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Shenzhen, Siem Reap, Solo, Surabaya, Thiruvanathapuram, Xiamen, Yangon)

Terminal 3

Terminal 3 began construction in 1999, and is scheduled to open on 9 January 2008. Construction of the terminal is expected to cost about S$1.75 billion. The new terminal will increase the airport's maximum passenger capacity annually by 22 million, bringing the total annual capacity up to 70 million passengers. The terminal like other airports in the region, has a structure mainly made of glass, with big transparent spaces inside the terminal. The terminal's roof has been designed to allow natural light to enter the building with 900 skylights in the terminal itself. A five metre high "green wall" has been constructed to make the place feel tropical. The terminal will have 28 aerobridge gates, with eight capable of handling the Airbus A380. An open house is being scheduled in November 2007, to coincide with the year-end school holidays. The testing of systems are currently ongoing with trial flights commencing in the later part of the year. 100 retail and 30 food and beverage outlets are being planned for the terminal. The terminal will have more automation than the two older terminals with a fast moving baggage tunnel allowing passengers to connect within the three terminals within an hour.. The terminal was topped out on 30 May 2006, with interior design images released for public viewing in the same month.^[29] As of May 2007, Singapore Airlines is the only confirmed tenant in Terminal 3. Services that will operate from Terminal 3 include long-haul flights to North America, Europe(excluding Moscow and Athens), Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Australia and New Zealand. All other flights on Singapore Airlines are likely to remain in Terminal 2. Star Alliance carriers are likely to move to Terminal 2 in January 2008.^[30] Airlines such as Air China, Jet Airways, United Airlines, Lufthansa, Qatar Airways, Asiana Airlines, Korean Air and All Nippon Airways have also expressed interest in using the new terminal.

Budget Terminal

★ Cebu Pacific (Cebu, Manila, Manila-Clark [pending gov't approval])

★ Tiger Airways (Bandar Seri Begawan (from 2007), Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Chennai (from 28 October 2007), Chiang Mai, Da Nang, Darwin, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Hat Yai, Haikou, Ho Chi Minh City, Kochi (from 30 October 2007), Krabi, Manila-Clark, Macau, Padang, Perth, Phuket, Shenzhen, Udon Thani)

Cargo Terminal

★ Air Hong Kong (Hong Kong)

★ Asiana Cargo (Seoul-Incheon)

★ Cargolux (Luxembourg)

★ Cardig Air

★ Cathay Pacific Cargo (Hong Kong)

★ China Airlines Cargo (Taipei-Taoyuan)

★ China Cargo Airlines (Shanghai-Pudong)

★ DHL

★ Emirates SkyCargo (Chennai, Dubai)

★ EVA Air Cargo (Taipei-Taoyuan)

★ FedEx Express (Anchorage, Cebu, Jakarta, Newark, Penang, Subic, Tokyo-Narita)

★ JAL Cargo (Tokyo-Narita)

★ Jett8 Airlines Cargo (Dubai, Jakarta, Hong Kong, Luxembourg, Manchester)

★ KLM Cargo (Amsterdam, Dubai, Penang,Kuala Lumpur)

★ Korean Air Cargo (Seoul-Incheon)

★ Lufthansa Cargo (Bahrain, Cologne/Bonn)

★ Nippon Cargo Airlines (Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita)

★ NWA Cargo (Anchorage, Los Angeles, Tokyo-Narita, Wilmington)

★ Republic Express Airlines

★ Shanghai Airlines Cargo (Shanghai-Pudong)

★ Singapore Airlines Cargo (See Singapore Airlines Cargo destinations)

★ Tri-MG Intra Asia Airlines (Jakarta-Halim, Jakarta)

★ Transmile Air Services

★ United Parcel Service (Colonge/Bonn, Dubai, Hong Kong, Manila-Clark, Taipei-Taoyuan)

Prospective users

★ AirAsia associate Awair planned to commence flights from 19 January 2005, but was forced to abandon plans to fly to Singapore at the last minute due to administrative issues.[4] Air Asia itself plans to commence flights once bilaterial agreements are liberalised.[5]

★ Delta Air Lines (Plans for flights in recent expansion efforts) [6]

★ East Star Airlines (Plans for flights from Wuhan-Singapore) ^[31] [7]

★ Lao Airlines (Charter flights from Vientiane)

★ Oman Air (Plans for flights with long haul destination expansion)[8]

★ Shenzhen Airlines (Charter flights from Shenzhen)

★ Skywest Airlines (Plans to launch flights by end of 2007) [9]

★ South East Asian Airlines (planned to operate using Tiger Airways' planes to Manila-Clark from February 2007, but has yet to materialise) [10]

★ Uzbekistan Airways (Cargo charter flights from Tashkent)

Former users

★ Aeroflot (Terminated flights due to poor loads)

★ Air Canada

★ Air Macau

★ Air Madagascar

★ Air Sahara (Merge with Jet Airways and has since stop operations to Singapore)

★ Alitalia (Codeshares with KLM from Amsterdam)

★ Ansett Australia (Due to bankruptcy and liquidation)

★ Australian Airlines (terminated from 1 July 2006 after merger into Qantas network)

★ Austrian Airlines

★ Air New Zealand (Auckland; terminated from 2 October 2006) [11]

★ Canadian Airlines (Merger with Air Canada in 2001)

★ China Southwest Airlines (Merged into Air China in 2002)

★ China Yunnan Airlines (Merge into China Eastern Airlines)

★ Evergreen International Airlines (From April 12 2000)

★ EgyptAir

★ First Cambodia Airlines (Company ceased operations on 25 February 2004 due to financial problems)

★ Finnair (via Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi to Helsinki; terminated 16 May 2007)

★ Gulf Air (flew Bahrain-Singapore-Sydney route prior to restructuring of company)

★ Hainan Airlines (Haikou from 31 March 2002 [12], subsequently terminated. Plans to restart flights in December 2004 did not materialise [13]. Currently Charter flights only)

★ Jatayu Airlines

★ Jugoslovenski Aerotransport (JAT) (Belgrade to Sydney via Dubai, Singapore and Melbourne; Terminated flights in 1992 due to UN sanctions on Yugoslavia)

★ Kuwait Airways (Consolidated flights to Jakarta via Bangkok, maintained cargo services)

★ Lauda Air (Taken over by fellow Austrian Airlines Group member Austrian Airlines)

★ Mekong Airlines

★ Nepal Airlines

★ Pakistan International Airlines (flights via Kuala Lumpur to Islamabad, Karachi and Lahore terminated in July 2007)

★ Pan Am (flights via Hong Kong. Route sold to United Airlines on 22 April 1985)

★ PT. Bouraq Indonesia Airlines (Terminated flights March 2006, continuing operations to Changi through codeshare with Silkair)

★ Riau Airlines

★ Royal Air Cambodge (Due to bankruptcy)

★ South African Airways

★ Swissair (Ceased operations on March 31 2002 and services restored by Swiss International Air Lines)

★ Scandinavian Airlines System (Terminated from March 26 2006, serves Singapore with codeshare service with Swiss International Air Lines from Bangkok)

★ Sempati Air (Due to bankruptcy)

★ Shandong Airlines

Accidents and Incidents

The information found in this section is taken from the Aviation Safety Network.

Aircraft en route from Singapore

★ On July 12, 1988, a North American Rockwell CT-39E Sabreliner of the United States Navy departing for Subic Bay International Airport, the Philippines, crashed into the South China Sea. The crew were rescued by a Vietnamese fishing boat.

★ On 31 October 2000, Singapore Airlines Flight 006, a Boeing 747-400 flying from Singapore to Los Angeles via Taipei had an accidental collision with runway equipment at Chiang Kai Shek International Airport, killing 83 out of 179 people on board.

Aircraft en route to Singapore

★ On March 12, 2003, a Boeing 747-412 operated by Singapore Airlines departing Auckland International Airport struck its tail on the runway on liftoff and it scraped for some 490 metres until the aeroplane became airborne.

★ On December 13, 2002, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-62F operated by Arrow Air flying from Yokota was approaching runway 20R. Due to a miscommunication between the First Officer and Captain during landing, when the aircraft touched down only about 1,500 m of the runway remained available. The aircraft overran the runway and came to rest about 300 m from its end.

★ On January 30, 2001, a Boeing 777-31H operated by Emirates Airline (Flight 069) aborted its take-off run on runway 16 of Melbourne Airport, at low speed as a result of a failure within the left (No.1) engine.

★ On December 19, 1997, a Boeing 737-36N operated by Silk Air (SilkAir Flight 185) that took off from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta started a rapid descent, then broke up in flight and crashed into the Musi river delta. It has been suggested by the US NTSB that the captain may have committed suicide by switching off both flight recorders and intentionally putting the Boeing 737 in a dive, possibly when the first officer had left the flight deck.

★ On March 25, 1991, an Airbus A310 operated by Singapore Airlines (Singapore Airlines Flight 117) that departed from Kuala Lumpur was hijacked by four men en route to Singapore. The hijackers wanted the plane refuelled so that they could fly to Australia. When the plane landed in Singapore, elite Commandos stormed the plane, killing the four Pakistani hijackers.

Ground transportation

Changi Airport was built with ground transportation considerations in mind from the onset, with the East Coast Parkway built and opened in tendem with the airport, providing a direct link to the city center. At a distance of about 20 kilometers (12 mi), the expressway was built almost entirely on reclaimed land, thus minimising disruptions to the existing road network in Singapore's East Coast.
While configured in a compact configuration such that the two main passenger terminal buildings and the upcoming Terminal 3 are sited adjacent to each other, allowing for travellers to venture between terminals on foot, a short people mover system was added to facilitate quicker and more convenient transfers. This system is being replaced by a newer system which will connect the three main terminals in 2007 and will introduce greater security features by separating checked-in passengers from the general public on distinct tracks. This rail system is not extended to the Budget Terminal, which is served by free shuttle buses to minimize operational costs.

Inter-terminal transportation

Skytrain

Main articles: Changi Airport Skytrain

Crystal Mover Cars, similar to the ones used in the Sengkang LRT and Punggol LRT, operate on the Skytrain.

Skytrain services are available at the Skytrain stations located at the departure halls of both Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. The system has been revamped with a new fleet of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover Cars, replacing the former Bombardier CX-100 Cars built in the early 1990s. It runs between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 with free fares, operating between 6:00am and 1:30am daily. The Skytrain may be accessed both airside (accessible to ticketed passengers) and landside (accessible to visitors). There are separate train cars to open only to one side of the terminals (either airside or landside). When Terminal 3 opens in 9 January 2008, 5 other skytrain stations will open and the operation hours change to 24 hours.

Shuttle bus

Shuttle buses run between Terminal 2 and the Budget Terminal. As with the Skytrain, fares are free and it operates 24 hours per day.

Land transportation

Train

Changi Airport Station provides train services to the city.

The airport is connected to the Mass Rapid Transit network, with Changi Airport Station located underground between Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. It operates between CG2 Changi Airport Station and EW27 Boon Lay Station via a cross-platform transfer at EW4 Tanah Merah Station. The stardard fare is S$1.90 on a standard ticket or adult EZ-Link card. It operates between 5:31am (5:59am on Sunday/Public holiday) and 11:18pm daily, the trip taking 27 minutes, excluding waiting and transfer times.
A direct, one-train service to the downtown and western parts of Singapore was initially in operation when the station opened on 8 February 2002. This was replaced with a shuttle service between Tanah Merah and Changi Airport stations on 22 July 2003^[32], when it was found that few travellers actually use this route, compared to the number of commuters who need to travel from the city up to Tampines and Pasir Ris. A train transfer is thus necessary at Tanah Merah MRT Station.

Bus

Buses functioned as the main transport mode for cost-conscious travellers as well as local airport staff for a large part of its history until the opening of Changi Airport MRT Station due to its relative affordability and reliability. Services operated by SBS Transit and SMRT Buses are accessible via a bus terminal located in the basement level of both terminals. Bus routes serve both terminals by first entering Terminal 1 before continuing to Terminal 2 and back to their points of origin.

Service	Destination	Notes
SBS Transit Trunk Services
24	Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange
27	Hougang Central Bus Interchange
34	Punggol Bus Interchange
36	Tomlinson Road (loop)
53	Bishan Bus Interchange
SMRT Buses Trunk Services
858	Woodlands Regional Bus Interchange

Taxi

Taxi stands are located within the arrival halls of both terminals. They run from the airport itself to destinations in Singapore. Prices are the fare shown on meter, plus a S$5.00 surcharge (Fri-Sun, 1700 to midnight) or S$3.00 surcharge (all other times) for trips leaving the airport.

Limousine taxi

Limousine taxi services are readily available at the limousine taxi counters, located at the arrival halls of both airport terminals. Similar to taxis, they run from Changi Airport to anywhere in Singapore. Fares are S$35.00, plus applicable surcharges.

Airport shuttle

A 6-seater MaxiCab is used for the two-way airport shuttle service which goes to anywhere within the Central Business District and to hotels in Singapore, except hotels in Changi Village and Sentosa Island, with booking conducted at the counters in the arrival hall. The fare paid to the driver, in cash, at a rate of S$7.00 per adult and S$5.00 per child. The service leaves every 30 minutes from 6:00am through 6:00pm, every 15 minutes from 6:15pm through midnight and every 30 minutes from 12:30am through 2:00am.

Car rental

Car rental services are provided at the car rental counters located in Terminal 2.