SHOGUN

Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate

'' is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The modern rank is equivalent to a Field Marshal. As a title, it is the short form of , the governing individual at various times in the history of Japan, ending when Tokugawa Yoshinobu relinquished the office to Emperor Meiji in 1867.
A shogun's office or administration is known in English as a "shogunate" or in Japanese as a , the latter of which literally means "an office in the tent", and originally meant "the house of a general", then suggests a "private government".^[1] The tent is symbolic of the field commander but also denoted that such an office was meant to be temporary.

The title

History

Heian period (794–1185)

Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333)

Kemmu restoration (1333–1336)

Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573)

Oda Nobunaga and the Toyotomi

Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868)

Shogunate

The title

The term ''sei-i taishōgun'' means "great general who subdues the eastern barbarians."^[2] "Eastern barbarian" is one of several ancient terms for various groups who lived in eastern area and had not yet become subject to the central government. Among them were the aboriginal Ainu people who once inhabited Honshū in addition to Hokkaidō.
Minamoto no Yoritomo, the first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate, seized considerable power from the aristocracy in Kyoto. He became the practical ruler of Japan, and received the title ''sei-i taishōgun.'' Thereafter, the heads of three successive shogunates received the same title.

History

Heian period (794–1185)

Main articles: Heian period

Originally, the title of ''Seii Taishōgun'' was given to military commanders during the early Heian Period for the duration of military campaigns against the Emishi who resisted the governance of the Imperial court based in Kyoto. The most famous of these shogun was Sakanoue no Tamuramaro who conquered the Emishi in the name of Emperor Kammu. Eventually, the title was abandoned in the later Heian period after the Ainu had been either subjugated or driven to Hokkaidō.
In the later Heian, one more shogun was appointed. Minamoto no Yoshinaka was named ''sei-i taishōgun'' during the Gempei War only to be killed shortly thereafter by Minamoto no Yoshitsune.

Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333)

Main articles: Kamakura shogunate, Kamakura period

In the early 11th century, feudal estates headed by daimyo and protected by samurai came to dominate internal Japanese politics.^[3] Two of the most powerful families, the Taira and Minamoto, fought for control over the declining imperial court. The Taira family seized control from 1160 to 1185, but was defeated by the Minamoto in the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Minamoto no Yoritomo seized certain powers from the central government and aristocracy and established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military, the samurai, gained some political powers while the Emperors of Japan and the aristocracy in Kyoto remained the ''de jure'' (and in many ways ''de facto'') rulers. In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of ''Sei-i Taishōgun'' by the emperor and the political system he developed with a succession of shogun at the head became known as a shogunate.
Yoritomo's wife's family, the Hōjō, seized the power from the Kamakura shoguns. When Yoritomo's sons and heirs were assassinated, the shogun became a hereditary figurehead. Real power rested with the Hōjō regents. The Kamakura shogunate lasted for almost 150 years, from 1192 to 1333.
In 1274 and 1281, the Mongol Empire launched invasions against Japan. An attempt by Emperor Go-Daigo to restore imperial rule in 1331 was unsuccessful, but weakened the shogunate significantly and led to its eventual downfall.^[4]

Kemmu restoration (1333–1336)

Main articles: Kemmu restoration

The end of the Kamakura shogunate came when Kamakura fell in 1334 and the Hōjō Regency was destroyed. After this two families, Go-Saga the senior line, and Go-Daigo the junior line, had a claim to the throne. The problem was solved with the intercession of the Kamakura Shogunate, who had the two lines alternate. This lasted until 1331 when the Go-Daigo line refused to alternate with the Go-Saga line. As a result the Go-Daigo was exiled. Around 1334-1336 Ashikaga Takauji helped the Go-Daigo line regain the throne.^[5]
The fight against the shogunate left the new Emperor with too many people claiming a limited supply of land. Ashikaga Takauji turned against the Emperor when the discontent about the distribution of land grew great enough. In 1336 the emperor was banished again, in favor of a new emperor.
During the Kemmu Restoration, after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, another short-lived shogun arose. Prince Moriyoshi (also known as Prince Morinaga), son of Emperor Go-Daigo, was awarded the title of ''Sei-i Taishōgun''. However, Prince Moriyoshi was later put under house arrest and, in 1335, killed by Ashikaga Tadayoshi.

Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573)

The tomb of Ashikaga Takauji.

Main articles: Ashikaga shogunate, Muromachi period

In 1338 Ashikaga Takauji, like Yoritomo a descendant of the Minamoto princes, was awarded the title of ''sei-i taishōgun'' and established Ashikaga Shogunate, which lasted until 1573. The Ashikaga had their headquarters in the Muromachi district of Kyoto, and the time period during which they ruled is also known as the Muromachi Period.

Oda Nobunaga and the Toyotomi

Main articles: Sengoku period, Azuchi-Momoyama period

The two powerful sengoku daimyo Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi never had the title ''sei-i taishōgun''. Although these two military adventurers did not succeed in establishing new dynasties of shoguns, they stood at a crucial moment in Japanese history. Their successes paved the way for the relative tranquility of the Tokugawa era. Even though westerners mistook them as shoguns, they were not actually shoguns at all.
Nobunaga was offered the title but he died before accepting it.^[6]^[7] Hideyoshi was named kampaku which was the highest rank nominated by the Imperial family.^[8]

Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868)

Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Main articles: Tokugawa shogunate, Late Tokugawa shogunate

Tokugawa Ieyasu seized power and established a government at Edo (now known as Tokyo) in 1600. He received the title ''sei-i taishōgun'' in 1603. The Tokugawa shogunate lasted until 1867, when Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigned as shogun and abdicated his authority to Emperor Meiji in 1867.
During the Edo period effective power rested with the Tokugawa shoguns, not the emperor in Kyoto, even though the former ostensibly owed his position to the latter. The shogun controlled foreign policy, the military, and feudal patronage. The role of the emperor was ceremonial, similar to the position of the Japanese monarchy after the Second World War.^[9]

Shogunate

The term ''bakufu'' originally meant the dwelling and household of a shogun, but in time it came to be generally used for the system of government of a feudal military dictatorship, exercised in the name of the shogun; and this is the meaning that has been adopted into English through the term "shogunate."
The shogunate system was originally established under the Kamakura shogunate by Minamoto no Yoritomo. Although theoretically the state, and therefore the Emperor, held ownership of all land of Japan, the system had some feudal elements, with lesser territorial lords pledging their allegiance to greater ones. Samurai were rewarded for their loyalty with land, which was in turn, on the liege lord's permission, handed down and divided among their sons. The hierarchy that held this system of government together was reinforced by close ties of loyalty between samurai and their subordinates.
Each shogunate was dynamic, not static. Power was constantly shifting and authority was often ambiguous. The study of the ebbs and flows in this complex history continues to occupy the attention of scholars. Each shogunate encountered competition. Sources of competition included the emperor and the court aristocracy, the remnants of the imperial governmental systems, the ''shōen'' system, the great temples and shrines, the ''shugo'' and the ''jitō'', the ''kokujin'' and early modern daimyo. Each shogunate reflected the necessity of new ways of balancing the changing requirements of central and regional authorities.^[10]

References

Notes

1. Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843-1845, , Conrad, Totman, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 1966
2. 'Shogun', 'The World Book Encyclopedia' ISBN 0-7166-0092-7
3. 'Japan', 'The World Book Encyclopedia' ISBN 0-7166-0092-7
4. Japan: History: Early History to the Ashikaga Shoguns Columbia University
5. A History of Japan, 1134-1615, , George, Sansom, Stanford University Press, 1961,
6.
7.
8.
9. In Name Only: Imperial Sovereignty in Early Modern Japan, , Bob Tadashi, Wakabayashi, Journal of Japanese Studies, 1991
10. Mass, J. et al., eds. (1985). ''The Bakufu in Japanese History,'' p. 189.

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SHOGUN

The title

History

Heian period (794–1185)

Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333)

Kemmu restoration (1333–1336)

Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573)

Oda Nobunaga and the Toyotomi

Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868)

Shogunate

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References

Notes

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