(Redirected from Shahanshah)
'Shah' or Shahzad is a
Persian term for a
monarch (ruler) that has been adopted in many other languages. It is either actually used as a princely style or to render original
Near Eastern styles. It also appears in various derived titles.
Word history
"Shah" was the title of
Iranian monarchs, including the
Achaemenid dynasty which unified
Persia and created a vast intercontinental empire until it was overrun by
Alexander the Great.
The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was ''xšāyaθiya xšāyaθiyānām'', "
King of Kings", corresponding to
Middle Persian ''šāhān šāh'', literally "kings' king", and
Modern Persian ''shāhanshāh'' (شاهنشاه). In
Greek this phrase was translated as "βασιλεύς τῶν βασιλέων (basileus tōn basiléōn)", "
king of kings", in rank rather equivalent to emperor. The Indian counterpart of shahanshah was rajadhiraja. Both were often shortened to their root, shah viz. basileus.
From the related word ''kshathra'' "realm, province" also descends ''kshathrapavan'', literally "guardian of the realm", which in western languages became
satrap 'governor' via the Greek and Latin ''satrapes''.
In English its use as title for the king of Persia is recorded since 1564, as ''shaw'' (or ''shaugh''), and for long it remained common to render it in European languages by kingly rather than imperial titles. Via its Arabic form (also shah) it was the root of the western words for
chess and check (as in "check mate").
Ruling Shahs
Nominal Shahs
Various Iranian monarchies, and others imitating that example, used the royal title shah.
This has been the case in
Afghanistan, but in great confusion. The style was used by local rulers, ''e.g.'' in
Herat, or by the national king, but each time inconsistently alternating with other styles (for the central throne including
malik, an equivalent Arabic word for king, and
padshah, a Persian-language imperial title).
Subsidiary use
'Shah-i-Bangalah' was a subsidiary title, adopted by Sultan
Shamsuddin Ilyas shah (1342-1357), the
Sultan of
Bengal who united that state (the use of shah in the name itself, as here, is not titular, and rarely significant).
Shah has predominantly been used in countries where words like "King" are used, but where English is not spoken.
Even non-Muslim dynasties could adopt this royal style. Thus shah (or 'shaha') is a title borne by the Hindu
Maharajadhiraja (King of Kings) of Nepal and his male-line descendants, which was originally conferred as a title by the Muslim Sultan of Delhi on Kulananda Khan, after he made himself ruler of
Kaski. It is also borne by several families descended from rulers of certain Nepali vassal principalities.
The following derived or compound titles designate an even higher rank than merely shah:
Shahanshah
In western languages, the term shah is often used as an imprecise rendering of 'shāhanshāh' (meaning ''
king of kings''). Usually shortened to 'shāh' it is the term for an
Iranian
monarch and was used by most of the former rulers of the Iranian empires, many nationalities of Iranian origin, or under cultural influence.
The term shah or shahanshah has roughly corresponded to
Persia since the
Achaemenid Persian Empire (which had succeeded and absorbed the
Mede state), or the properly
Iranian Empire, after its conquest by Alexander the Great who translated it into Greek as
basileus ton basileon, also often shortened to ''basileus''.
The title is roughly equivalent in rank to the western ''
emperor'' and is hence often translated as such in
English or its equivalent in other languages.
The monarch of Persia (internally always called Iran) was technically the emperor of the Persian Empire (later the ''Empire of Iran'', as Iran was officially known until
1935).
However until the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an enviable ally of the Western powers eager to make the Ottoman Sultan release his hold on various -mainly Christian, European- parts of the Turkish Empire, and western (Christian)
emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as ''padishah'', the western practice was to consider 'king of kings' a particular but royal title.
The last
shah of Iran,
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi officially adopted the title شاهنشاه ''shâhanshâh'' (literally "king of kings") and in western languages the rendering as "emperor", during his coronation. He also styled his wife شاهبانو ''
shahbânu'' ("empress").
★ In orthodox
Georgia,
Giorgi III, grandson of King Bagrat III (who expelled the Turks from the eastern provinces, threw off his allegiance to Byzantium and unified all Georgia, establishing its rule over the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and Armenians,), was the first to assume the subsidiary titles of ''shahanshah'' (like the Persian king of kings) and ''master of all the East and West''. His reign, and that of his successor, his daughter Thamar the Great, are seen as the 'golden age' of Georgia; the titles of the following Georgian rulers varied significantly from reign to reign, especially while under Muslim and Russian domination, but the last enjoying the traditional titles, was "The Most High King (Mepe-Umaglesi)
Irakli I,
by the will of our Lord, ''
Mepe-Mepeta ('King of Kings')'' of the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, ''Shirvanshah'' and ''Shahanshah and Master of all the East and West''", with the style of His Majesty (or His Splendour). However, after imperial Russia (also orthodox) had established a
protectorate over the 'Transcaucasian' kingdom of Georgia, the emperor recognised the following Russified styles and titles as of 24 September, 1783, old style for its Hereditary Sovereign and Prince (now in fact a Russian vassal): ''The Most Serene
Tsar (i.e. King)'' (reign name), ''by the will of our Lord, King (Tsar) of Kartli, King of Kakheti, Hereditary Prince of Samtzkhé-Saatabago, Ruling Prince of Kazakh, Borchalo, Shamshadilo, Kak, Shaki, and Shirvan, Prince and Lord of Ganja and Erivan'', with the style of His Majesty, but without the now too imperial subsidiary titles.
Shah bahadur
In the Mughal tradition, the addition of ''bahadur'' raises any title one rank, so this means something untranslatable such as 'King first class'. Yet this title was adopted as part of the full style of the former
Nawab (vassal 'governor') of
Awadh (the richest remaining province in the Mughal empire, and geographically close to its Delhi capital; often Oudh in English) and Mughal 'regent plenipotentiary (de facto Viceroy) when he followed the British advice to declare himself independent from the completely weakened Mughal court- only to become the political toy of the eager coloniser. However, the crucial element in his majestic full style -''Hazrat Khalid'', (personal reign name and titles) ''Shah Bahadur, Padshah-i-Oudh''- is the imperial title padishah, which could not conceivably be allowed to be assumed by a vassal.
Related and subsidiary princely titles
Ruler styles
★ The title '
padishah' '
great king' (see both articles) was also adopted from the
Iranians (
Persians) by the
Ottomans (the 'Great Sultan' was the Sunni counterpart of the Shiah Shahanshah) for their emperor, and by various other Islamic monarchs claiming imperial rank, such as the Indian mughal (among them only the Ottomans would also claim the
caliphate, full sovereign authority over universal (or at least Sunni) Islam, like the prophet).
★ The Turkish title 'hünkar' is a contraction of the Middle Persian ''khudavendigar'', originally an epithet of semi-divine status. It must have been highly respected not to be swept away by Islam before the Ottomans could adopt it as a subsidiary title in the full style of their Great Sultan (following directly after padishah).
★ Another subsidiary style of the Ottoman sultan khan was ''Shah-i-Alam Panah'' 'King, refuge of the world'.
★ Some Monarchs were known by a contraction of the kingdom's name with Shah, such as
Khwarezmshah, ruler of the short-lived mighty Muslim realm of
Khwarezmia, or the more modest Azeiri
Shirvanshah of Shirvan (later a modest khanate).
Shahzade
'Shahzade'' (
Persian 'شاهزاده' ''Šāhzādé''). In the realm of a shah (or a more lofty derived ruler style), a prince of the blood was logically called 'shahzada' as the term is derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix ''-zāde'' or ''-zāda'', "son, descendant"; see "
Prince" article for other uses of the suffix.
However the precise full styles can differ 'creatively' in the court traditions of each shah's 'kingdom'.
★ Thus in
Oudh, only sons of the sovereign ''Shah bahadur'' (see above) were by birth-right styled ''Shahzada'' (personal title), ''Mirza'' (personal name)'' Bahadur'', though this style could also ''nominatim'' be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives; other male descendants of the sovereign, in the male line were merely styled ''Mirza'' (personal name) or (personal name) ''Mirza''.
Furthermore the title was also used for princes of the blood of a ruler who used an alternative royal style, ''e.g.'', the
Malik (Arabic for king, so equivalent) of Afghanistan.
In the Ottoman dynasty of imperial Turkey, it was part of two styles:
★ male descendants of a sovereign in the male line: ''Daulatlu Najabatlu Shahzada Sultan'' (given name) ''Hazretleri Effendi''; except the crown prince (style Daulatlu Najabatlu Vali Ahad-i-Sultanat (given name) Effendi Hazlatlari), who was however addressed as ''Shahzada Hazratlari'' (or Shahzade Hazretleri) 'imperial highness.'
★ sons of imperial princesses: ''Sultanzada'' (given name) ''Bey-Effendi''.
This could even apply to non-Muslim dynasties, ''e.g.'', the younger sons of the ruling ''Sikh'' Maharaja of Punjab (in Lahore; a Maharajadhiraja): ''Shahzada'' (personal name) ''Singh Bahadur'', while the heir apparent was styled Tika Sahib Bahadur
★ The corruption 'Shahajada' 'Shah's son', taken from the Mughal title Shahzada, is the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a Nepalese sovereign (a Hindu
Maharajadhiraja; but cfr. Shaha above), in the male line.
:For the heir to a 'Persian-style' shah's royal throne, more specific titles were used, containing the key element
Vali Ahad, usually in addition to shahzada where his junior siblings enjoyed this style.
Shahbanu
'
Shahbanu'' (
Persian 'شهبانو', ''Šāhbānū''): Persian term using the word Shah and the Persian suffix ''-banu'' ("lady"): Empress, in modern times official title of
Empress Farah Pahlavi.
Shahdokht
'Shahdokht'' (
Persian 'شاهدخت' ''Šāhdoxt'', is also another term derived from Shah using the Persian patronymic suffix ''-dokht'' "daughter, female descendant", to address the Princess of the imperial households (see:
Princess).
Other princely compound
★ the title of 'Shah-i-Buland Iqbal' and a seat on a gold throne by the side of the Emperor 's throne were awarded on 3 February 1655 to Shahzada
Dara Shikuh, eldest son of the Padshah
Khurram Shah Jehan I (d. 22 October 1666 ), at various times
Subahdar (governor) of
Allahabad,
Punjab,
Gujarat,
Multan and
Kabul; yet he did not succeed as he was put to death on the night of 30-31 August 1659 in Delhi
Other uses
As with many titles, the word shah is also often used in names. This usage almost always has political and aristocratic meaning attached.
''Shah'' is perhaps the third most common last name in India, following
1Singh and
2Patel. It is mostly seen in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, India.. "Shah" is also the last name taken by the royal families in Nepal after King Pritivi Narayan Shah united the kingdom in 1768. "Shah" is also common name of people living in southern Nepal, the Terai region, such as Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Janakpur, and Siraha districts. There are many Shahs living in Nepalese villages such as Arnaha, Laukaha, and Pachrukhi.
See also
★
Aryamehr Pahlavi additional imperial title
★
Iranian monarchy
★
Mirza, also a princely style, but generally awarded to further relatives of the ruler then Shahzada
★
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Last ''Shah'' of Iran
Sources and references
★
RoyalArk - select present countries
★
WorldStatesmen - here Iran; seee ach present country
★
Etymology OnLine
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