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'Brittany' ( pronounced ; , pronounced ; Gallo: ''Bertaèyn'') is a former independent kingdom and duchy, and a province of France. It is also, more generally, the name of the cultural area whose limits correspond to the old province and independent duchy. Brittany is one of the six Celtic Nations. It was at one time called "Lesser Britain".
The historical province of Brittany was split between two modern-day ''régions'' of France. 80% of Brittany has become the ''région'' of Bretagne, while the remaining 20% of Brittany (Loire-Atlantique ''département'' with its ''préfecture'' Nantes, one of the former capitals of the duchy of Brittany) has been grouped with other historical provinces (Anjou, Maine, and so on) to create the ''région'' of Pays-de-la-Loire (that is "lands of the Loire"). For the reasons behind the splitting-up of Brittany, and the current debate regarding reunification, see the Bretagne article.
Brittany occupies a large peninsula in the northwest of France, lying between the English Channel to the north and the Bay of Biscay to the south. Its land area is 34,034 km² (13,137 sq. mi). The region is divided into five departments: to the west is Finistere, Côtes-d'Armor lies to the North, Ille-et-Vilaine is in the north-east, Loire-Atlantique is to the south-east and Morbihan lies in the middle.
In January 2005 the population of Brittany was estimated at 4,271,000 inhabitants. 72% of these live in the Bretagne ''région'', while 28% of these live in the Pays-de-la-Loire ''région''. At the 1999 census, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes (711,120 inhabitants), Rennes (521,188 inhabitants), and Brest (303,484 inhabitants).

Contents

History

Sights

Language

Religion

Gastronomy

Climate

Transport

Trivia about Brittany

See also

External links

References

History

''See main article: History of Brittany''
Brittany's traditional and popular history is equally intertwined with the Matter of Britain and Matter of France, for the Breton and Gallo speaking regions respectively. Although much is remarked of Brittany's ancient Celtic links with Britain and for the sake of its western population, Brittany's modern or political history is stereotyped as merely a French, or "Gallo-Romance" matter. This is a misconception, since the Gallo section (part of Latin Europe) of Brittany reforged links with Britain, albeit as Normandy's "sidekick". The Hundred Years' War has obscured these facts, as well as the Romano-British nature of the Breton people (both Celtic and Romance.)
While the 1066 conquest of England gave control of that kingdom to Normandy via Normans in London, Brittany was imbued with junior status in Northern England via Bretons in Richmond. The relative positions of the Norman Dukes in London to Breton Dukes in Richmond during the Mediaeval period, was not unlike the Primacy of Canterbury above the Province of York, itself formerly superior to Scottish bishops (until cancelling the Treaty of Falaise disestablished York's control in Scotland, except Whithorn).
As the Normans encroached upon Wales, Bretons would simultaneously be influential in Scotland. Important Breton personages in Scottish history were Conan IV, Duke of Brittany, John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond, Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray (FitzRandolph of Middleham), Brian FitzAlan, Lord FitzAlan of Bedale (Viceroy of Scotland for Edward I of England) and the House of Stuart owing their origins to the French province. The pro-Bruce Randolph and pro-Balliol Alan families were illegitimate lines of the counts and dukes of Penthièvre, with permanent lodgings and responsibilities at Richmond Castle. Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond (future King Henry VII) spent quite some time living in Brittany (1471 - 1485). The Tudor dynasty was Welsh and Henry incorporated the White Greyhound of Richmond into his arms, while this animal (or the whippet) is still a favourite pet of Dalesmen to this day. As a result of the Valois Crown incorporating Brittany to France, the Tudors made Brittany's Richmond estate into a permanent appanage of the Royal Family, with Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset being the first bastard it was conferred upon.

Sights

Brittany is famous for its megalithic monuments, which are scattered over the peninsula, the largest alignments are near Karnag/Carnac. The purpose of these monuments is still unknown, and many local people are reluctant to entertain speculation on the subject. The words ''dolmen'' (from "daol" table and "maen" stone) and ''menhir'' (from "maen" stone and "hir" long) come from the Breton language, even though they are hardly used in Breton.
Brittany is also known for its calvaries, elaborately carved sculptures of crucifixion scenes, to be found in churchyards of villages and small towns, especially in Western Brittany.
Significant urban centres include:

★ Nantes

★ Rennes

★ Brest

★ Lorient

★ Quimper

★ Vannes

★ Redon

★ Saint-Brieuc

★ Saint-Nazaire

The walled city of Saint-Malo (''Sant-Maloù''), a popular tourist attraction, is also an important port linking Brittany with England and the Channel Islands. It also was the birthplace of the historian Louis Duchesne, acclaimed author Chateaubriand, famous corsair Surcouf and explorer Jacques Cartier. The town of Roscoff (''Rosko'') is served by ferry links with England and Ireland.
The island of Ushant (Breton: ''Enez Eusa'', French: ''Ouessant'') is the north-westernmost point of Brittany and France, and marks the entrance of the English Channel. Other islands off the coast of Brittany include:

★ Bréhat / enez Vriad

★ Batz / enez Vaz

★ Molène / Molenez

★ Sein / enez Sun

★ Glénan islands / inizi Glenan

★ Groix / enez Groe

★ Belle Île / ar Gerveur

★ Houat / Houad

★ Hoëdic / Edig

★ Île-aux-Moines / Enizenac'h

★ Île d'Arz / an Arzh
Following the successful example of the Cornish-Viking alliance in 722 at the Battle of Hehil (modern day Padstow) which helped stop for a time the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Cornwall, the Bretons made friendly overtures to the Danish Vikings to help contain Frankish expansionist ideas, and in 865 AD the Vikings and Bretons united as one to defeat a Frankish army at the Battle of Brissarthe, near modern day Le Mans. Two Frankish kings, Robert and Ranulph were killed by the Vikings, and the Franks were forced to acknowledge Brittany's independence from the Frankish kingdoms. As with Cornwall in 722, the Vikings tactically helped their Breton allies by making devastating pillaging raids on the Frankish kingdoms.

Language

French, the only official language of the French Republic, is today spoken throughout Brittany. The two regional languages have no official status with regards to the state, although they are supported by the regional authorities within the strict constitutional limits: Breton, strongest in the west but to be seen all over Brittany, is a Celtic language most closely related to Cornish (Breton has in fact slightly more in common with Cornish than Welsh), and Gallo, which is spoken in the east, is one of the Oïl languages.
From the very beginning of its history and despite the end of the independence of Brittany, Breton remained the language of the entire population of western Brittany, if not bishops and French administrators or officers. French laws and economic pressure led people to abandon their language to the one of the ruler, but until the 1960s, Breton was spoken and understood by the majority of the western inhabitants. Since the beginning of the 20th century, it has been very efficiently fought by the French administration and educational system (''"It is forbidden to spit on the ground and to speak Breton"'') in the process of promoting French as the sole language of the country. According to an interview with Erwan Le Coadic, the development officer of the Breton Language Service, "Over the course of the twentieth century, the policies of the government in Paris were calculated to eradicate the use of Breton completely". While he says that there are signs that the "situation has now stabilized", he points to the "almost catastrophic decline" in the Breton language: "Fifty years ago, there were 1,300,000 people who spoke Breton; today there are just 300,000".^[1]
Breton was traditionally spoken in the west (the "Breizh-Izel" or "Basse-Bretagne"), and Gallo in the east (the "pays Gallo" or "Haute-Bretagne"). The dividing line stretched from Plouha on the north coast to a point to the south-east of Vannes. French had, however, long been the main language of the towns. The Breton-speaking area formerly covered territory much further east than its current distribution.
In the Middle Ages, Gallo expanded into formerly Breton-speaking areas. Now restricted to a much reduced territory in the east of Brittany, Gallo finds itself under pressure from the dominant Francophone culture. It is also felt by some to be threatened by the Breton language revival which is gaining ground in territories that were never part of the main Breton-speaking area.
Privately funded ''Diwan'' ("Seed") schools, where classes are taught in Breton by the immersion method, play an important part in the revival of the Breton language. The issue of whether they should be funded by the State has long been, and remains, controversial. Some bilingual classes are also provided in ordinary schools.
Despite the resistance of French administration, bilingual (Breton and French) road signs may be seen in some areas, especially in the traditional Breton-speaking area. Signage in Gallo is much rarer.
A large influx of English-speaking immigrants and second-home owners in some villages sometimes adds to linguistic diversity.

Religion

The first Christian missionaries came to the region from Ireland and Great Britain. With more than 300 "saints" (only a few recognized by the Catholic Church), the region is strongly Catholic. Since the nineteenth century at least, Brittany has been known as one of the most devoutly Catholic regions in France, in contrast to many other more secularised areas. The proportion of students attending Catholic private schools is the highest in France. As in other Celtic regions, the legacy of Celtic Christianity has left a rich tradition of local saints and monastic communities, often commemorated in place names beginning ''Lan'', ''Lam'', ''Plou'' or ''Lok''. The patron saint of Brittany is Santez Anna Saint Anne, the Virgin's mother. But the most famous saint is Saint Ivo of Kermartin ('saint Yves' in French, 'sant Erwan' in Breton), a 13th-century priest who devoted his life to the poor.
Once a year, believers go on a "pardon", the saint's feast day of the parish. It often begins with a procession followed by a mass in honour of the saint. There is always a pagan side, with some food and craft stalls. The three most famous pardons are:

★ from Sainte-Anne d'Auray/Santez-Anna-Wened, where a poor farmer in the 17th century assured the saint give him the order to build a chapel in her honour.

★ from Tréguier/Landreger, in honour of St Yves, the patron saint of the judges, advocates, and any profession involved in justice.

★ from Locronan/Lokorn, in honour of St Ronan, with a ''troménie'' (a procession, 12 km-long) and numerous people in traditional costume,
In Brittany, there is a very old pilgrimage called the ''Tro Breizh'' (tour of Brittany), where the pilgrims walk around Brittany from the grave of one founder saint to another. The seven founder saints of Brittany are:

★ St Pol Aurelian, at Saint-Pol-de-Leon/Kastell-Paol,

★ St Tudual (''sant Tudwal''), at Tréguier/Landreger,

★ St Brieuc, at Saint-Brieuc/S-Brieg,

★ St Malo, at Saint-Malo/S-Maloù,

★ St Samson of Dol, at Dol,

★ St Patern, at Vannes/Gwened

★ St Corentin (''sant Kaourintin''), at Quimper/Kemper
Historically, the pilgrimage was made in one trip (a total distance of around 600 km). Nowadays, however, pilgrims complete the circuit over the course of several years. In 2002, the Tro-Breizh included a special pilgrimage to Wales, symbolically making the reverse journey of the Welshmen Sant Paol, Sant Brieg, and Sant Samzun. Whoever does not make the pilgrimage at least once in his lifetime will be condemned to make it after his death, advancing only by the length of his coffin each seven years.
Some old pagan traditions and customs from the old Celtic religion have also been preserved in Brittany. The most powerful folk figure is the Ankou or the "Reaper of Death". Sometimes a skeleton wrapped in a shroud with the Breton flat hat, sometimes described as a real human being (the last dead of the year, devoted to bring the dead to Death), he makes his journeys by night carrying an upturned scythe which he throws before him to reap his harvest. Sometimes he is on foot but mostly he travels with a cart, the ''Karrig an Ankou'', drawn by two oxen and a lean horse. Two servants dressed in the same shroud and hat as the Ankou pile the dead into the cart, and to hear it creaking at night means you have little time left to live.

Gastronomy

Although some white wine is produced near the Loire, the traditional drinks of Brittany are:

★ cider (Breton: ''chistr'') - Brittany is the second largest cider-producing region in France;

★ a sort of mead made from wild honey called ''chouchen'';

★ an apple eau de vie called ''lambig''.
Some hogdys are also now produced. Historically Brittany was a beer producing region, however, due to import of wine from other regions of France, beer drinking and production slowly came to an end in the early to mid 20th century. In the 1970s, due to a regional comeback, new beer breweries started to open. Around twenty breweries are now open.
Whisky is also being produced, and there is a small handful of distilleries that produce excellent whiskies. Another recent drink is the ''kir Breton'' (crème de cassis and cider) which may be served as an apéritif.
Very thin, wide pancakes made from buckwheat flour are eaten with ham, eggs and other savoury fillings. They are usually called ''galettes'' (Breton ''galetes''), except in the western parts of Brittany where they are called ''crêpes'' (Breton ''krampouezh''). Thin crêpes made from wheat flour are eaten for dessert. Other pastries, such as ''kouign amann'' ("butter cake" in Breton) made from bread dough, butter and sugar, or ''far'', a sort of sweet Yorkshire pudding, or ''clafoutis'' with prunes, are traditional.
Surrounded by the sea, Brittany offers a wide range of fresh sea food and fish, especially mussels and oysters. Among the sea food specialities is cotriade.

Climate

Located on the west coast of France, Brittany has a warm, temperate climate. Rainfall occurs regularly - which has helped keep its countryside green and wooded, but sunny, cloudless days are also common.
In the summer months, temperatures in the region can reach 30 degrees Celsius, but remain comfortable compared to parts of France south of the Loire. Brittany generally has a moderate climate during both summer and winter, and rain is not uncomfortably common or rare.
Brittany's most popular summer resorts are on the south coast (La Baule, Belle Île, Gulf of Morbihan), although the wilder and more exposed north coast also attracts summer tourists.

Transport

There are several airports in Brittany serving destinations in France and England. TGV train services link the région with cities such as Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Lille in France. In addition there are ferry services that take passengers, vehicles and freight to Ireland, England and the Channel Islands.
Brittany Ferries operates the following regular services:

★ Plymouth-Roscoff ('''Pont-L'Abbé''', '''Pont-Aven''', certain winter sailings operated by '''Bretagne''')

★ Poole-Cherbourg ('''Barfleur'', ''Coutances'', ''Normandie Vitesse''' (BF trading name for Condor Vitesse)

★ Portsmouth-St Malo ('''Bretagne''' with winter service operated by '''Pont-Aven''')

★ Portsmouth-Ouistreham (Caen) ('''Mont St Michel'', ''Normandie'', ''Normandie Express''', refit cover provided by '''Bretagne''')

★ Roscoff-Cork ('''Pont-Aven''', occasionally '''Bretagne''')
Irish Ferries operates the following routes:

★ Rosslare-Roscoff

★ Rosslare-Cherbourg ('''Normandy''')

Trivia about Brittany

★ The Breton national anthem Bro Gozh ma Zadoù is set to the same tune as the Welsh and Cornish anthems.

★ A number of Breton independence groups exist and enjoy increasing, but minority, support in elections.

★ Legendary road bicycle racer Bernard Hinault was born in the town of Yffiniac in Brittany.

★ Another famous Breton is the girl Bécassine [2], a character from a strip cartoon, a caricatural representation of the typical Breton maid in the early XXth century. ''Bécassine''" is ''in no way'' a representative character to the Breton culture.

See also

★ Battle for Brest

★

★ Bleimor (Breton Scouting organization)

★ Twinning/Jumelage between Breton and Cornish towns

★ Wales

★ Cornwall

External links

★ Brittany Press Agency

★ Photos of Brittany

★ Guide and Reference about Brittany

★ Over Brittany in pictures

★ Personelezh Breizh e saozneg - Breton identity in English

★ Istor Breizh- History of Brittany

★ Ofis ar brezhoneg - Office of the Breton Language

★ Skingomz e Breizh - Brittany Radios

★ A Guide to Brittany (in English)

★ Istor Breizh e saozneg - History of Brittany in English

★ Breton music in the USA - In English

★ Bretoned ar bed - Bretons du Monde

★ Cultural Heritage

★ Official Brittany Ferries site

★ Brittany photos

★ ('fr') Porspoder photos (30 km from Brest

References

1. Central Brittany Journal, March 2007