(Redirected from Self-control)
'Self control' is perceived in a few ways. One of which is philosophical and might be described as the exertion of one's own
will on their personal self - their behaviors, actions, thought processes. Much of this comes from the perception of self and the ability to set up boundaries for that self. Self-control can be expanded into several different areas, ranging from respect to
willpower. Self-control is therefore centered in the ability of a person to exert their will over the inhibitions of their body or self.
The conventional perspective
People demonstrate great differences in their level of self-control. It can be affected because of illness and past experiences and it can be improved through the course of life. Many religions have teachings about self control. In the
Christian context,
Paul describes self control in the epistle to the
Galatians (5:22), as one of the fruits of the
Spirit. In the
epistle addressed to Titus (2:6) he instructs to `Urge the younger men to be self controlled.' The
Apostle Peter describes an increase in self control as fundamental to the salvation of a Christian (
2 Peter 1:5-8). According to Buddist philosophy,
Dhammapada 80 and 145 reads, "Irrigators lead the waters. Fletchers bend the shafts. Carpenters bend wood. The virtuous control themselves."
Self-control in Behavior Analysis
Another view is that self-control represents the locus of two conflicting contingencies of
reinforcement, which then make a ''controlling response'
' reinforcing when it causes changes in the ''controlled response''
[1] [2]
The importance of using self control for patience
In the 1960s,
Walter Mischel tested four year old children for self control in "The Marshmallow Test": the children were each given a marshmallow and told that they can eat it anytime they want, but if they waited 15 minutes, they would receive another marshmallow. Follow up studies showed that the results correlated well with these children's success levels in later life
[3][4].
Self-control research
In the
experimental analysis of behavior, research on self-control exists with rats, humans and pigeons. This work is based on the
Assumption of generality.
Rat self-control
An example of the kind of important work done in rat self-control research might be Green & Estle's work
[5]
Pigeon self-control
Pigeon self-control research is typically done in a delay-reduction paradigm innovated in the early 1970s
[6]
[7]. In this model of research two responses are made available simultaneously. Each response leads to a different outcome. One response typically leads to a smaller-reinforcement with a small or no delay from the selection of that response to the onset of the consequence. The other response is typically a larger-reinforcement which has some element of delay. In pigeons a common level of delay is as little as 6 seconds to qualify as "large". A typical small-reinforcer, small delay response might be a ''red'' key that produces 2 seconds of food access with no delay. A typical larger-reinforcer response might produce 6 seconds of food access, but only after 6 seconds of delay from that selection. To ensure that the delayed response represents an overall superior choice a delay of several seconds usually follows the smaller-reinforcement choice.
Pigeon research replicates Mischel paradigm
Largely replicating the work of Mischel using pigeons instead of children, Grosch and
Neuringer (1981) were able to affirm
generality in pigeon and human self-control research
[8] by showing that the behavior of human children was accurately represented by pigeons presented with the same conditions.
Human self-control
Human self-control research is typically modelled by using a token economy system in which human participants choose between tokens for one choice and usually more tokens for a delayed choice. Different results were being obtained for humans and non-humans, with the latter appearing to ''maximize'' their overall reinforcement despite delays, with the former being sensitive to changes in delay. The difference in research methodologies with humans - using tokens or conditioned reinforcers - and non-humans using primary reinforcers suggested procedural artifacts as a possible suspect. One aspect of these procedural differences was the delay to the exchange period (Hyten et al 1994)
[9]. Non-human subjects can, and would, access their reinforcement immediately. The human subjects had to wait for an "exchange period" in which they could exchange their tokens for money, usually at the end of the experiment. When this was done with pigeons they responded much like humans (Jackson & Hackenberg 1996)
[10]
Impulse control
Self Control as defined here is also known as impulse control or self regulation. Some psychologists prefer the term impulse control because it may be more precise and hopefully the Self is far more than impulses. The term Self regulation is used to refer to the many processes individuals use to manage drives and emotions. Therefore, self regulation also embodies the concept of will power. Self Regulation is an extremely important executive function of the brain. Deficits in self control/regulation are found in a large number of psychological disorders including ADHD, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, addiction, eating disorders and impulse control disorders[3].
The Self in Behavior Analysis
A ''self'' in behavior analysis refers to a repertoire of behaviors
[11] typically under the control of a set of contingencies of reinforcement. One self may be of strong biological origin - for example our ''eating self''. Another self may be of social origin, for example one that punishes us for over-eating. These two selves may contend in controlling the same response - eating - that sets the stage for self-control.
See also
★
Ego depletion
★
Akrasia
★
Radical Behaviorism
★
Operant Conditioning
★
Verbal Behavior (book)
★
BF Skinner
★
Walden Two
References
1. Skinner, B.F. (1953) ''Science and Human Behavior,'' p.230.
2. Pierce, W. D., & Cheney, C. D. (2004). ''Behavior Analysis & Learning.'' 3rd Ed. Mahway, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 258
3. Mischel, W., Shoda, Yth the members of the original study whom he was able to find. His reported results appear to show that the life-expectancy of the group was more strongly correlated with their assessed self-control level than anything else
4. Reported in the book "The Attitude Factor" by Thomas Blakeslee
5. Which demonstrated that the type of reinforcer can be an important variable in preference reversal as opposed to simply magnitude - a more typical research paradigm.
Green, L., & Estle, S. J. (2003). Preference reversals with food and water reinforcers in rats. ''Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 79,'' 233-242.
6. Rachlin, H., & Green, L. (1972). Commitment, choice and self-control. ''Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 17,'' 15-22.
7. Ainslie, G. W. (1974). Impulse control in pigeons. ''Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21,'' 485-489.
8. Grosch J., & Neuringer, A. (1981). Self-control in pigeons under the Mischel paradigm. ''Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 35, ''3-21.[1]
9. Hyten, C., Madden, G. J., & Field, D. P. (1994). Exchange delays and impulsive choice in adult humans. ''Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 62,'' 225-233.
10. Jackson, K., & Hackenberg, T. D., (1996). Token reinforcement, choice, and self-control in pigeons.''Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 66,'' 29-49.
11. Skinner, B.F. (1971) ''About Behaviorism.'' p.164
=External links=
★
Measuring Self Control
★
Self Control Quotations
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B.F. Skinner (1953) ''Science and Human Behavior''. Ch. XV "Self-Control"
★
The importance of self-control and how to promote self control in children.
self control is driven by reason from the mere fact that self control is dictated by mind.-gilby datur-
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