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A 'sealed first-price auction' is a form of auction where bidders submit one bid in a concealed fashion. The submitted bids are then compared and the person with the highest bid wins the award, and pays the amount of his bid to the seller. This differs from a standard English auction in that bids are not open or called; bidders must submit valuations based upon supposed market value and their own willingness to pay -- as opposed to engaging in competition through relative prices with other bidders. Other forms of auction include the second price auction, where the highest bidder wins but pays only the second-highest bid. Sealed first-price auction is equivalent to dutch auction in terms of game theory; therefore it theoretically should give the same results as a dutch auction.