SCHOOL

A 'school' is an institution where students (or "pupils") learn while under the supervision of teachers. In most systems of formal education, students progress through a series of schools: 'primary school', 'secondary school', and possibly a 'university' , 'vocational school' or a 'college'. A school may also be dedicated to one particular field, such as a school of economics or a school of dance. In homeschooling and online schools, teaching and learning take place outside of a traditional school building.

Regional varieties

A madrasah in the Gambia

In the United Kingdom, the term ''school'' refers primarily to pre-university institutions, and these can, for the most part, be divided into pre-schools or nursery schools, primary schools (sometimes further divided into infant school and junior school), and secondary schools. There are various types of secondary schools which include grammar schools, comprehensives, secondary moderns and city academies. In Scotland school performance is monitored by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. Ofsted reports on performance in England and Wales.
In much of the Commonwealth of Nations, including Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Tanzania, the term ''school'' refers primarily to pre-university institutions.
In North America, the term ''school'' can refer to any institute of education, at any level, and covers all of the following: preschool (for toddlers), kindergarten, elementary school, middle school (also called intermediate school or junior high school, depending on specific age groups and geographic region), senior high school, college, university, and graduate school.
In the US, school performance through high school is monitored by each state's Department of Education. Many of the earlier public schools in the United States were one-room schools where a single teacher taught seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided by kid hacks and school buses.
In much of continental Europe, the term ''school'' usually applies to primary education, with primary schools that last between six and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to secondary education, with secondary schools often divided between ''Gymnasiums'' and vocational schools, which again depending on country and type of school take between three and six years. The term school is rarely used for tertiary education, except for some ''upper'' or ''high'' schools (German: Hochschule) which are more accurately translated as colleges.

School sizes and structures

School in rural Sudan, 2002

The size and scope of schools varies depending on the resources and goals of the communities that provide for them. A school might be simply an outdoor meeting spot where one teacher comes to instruct a few students, or, alternatively, a large campus consisting of hundreds of buildings and tens of thousands of students and educators.
The basic unit of a school building is the classroom, where the act of instruction takes place. Every school will use space in a different way depending upon the design of the building and the needs of the school and the children. A combination of some of the following areas will be found in schools:

★ a cafeteria (''Commons''), dining hall or canteen where students eat lunch.

★ an athletic field, playground, gym, and/or track for students participating in sports or physical education.

★ an auditorium or hall where student theatrical or musical productions can be staged and where all-school events such as assemblies are held.

★ an office where the administrative work of the school is done.

★ a library where students consult and check out books.

★ specialist classrooms including laboratories for science education.
Boarding schools, where students live full-time amongst their peers, will also include dormitories.

School ownership and operation

Many schools are owned or funded by states. Private schools are those which are operated independently from the government. Private schools usually rely on fees from families whose children attend the school for funding; however, sometimes such schools also receive government support (''see charter schools''). Many private schools are affiliated with a particular religion; these are known as parochial schools.
In the United Kingdom most schools are publicly funded and known as state schools or maintained schools in which tuition is provided free. There are also private schools or independent schools that charge fees. Some of the most selective and expensive private schools are known as public schools, a usage that can be confusing to speakers of North American English. In North American usage, a public school is one that is publicly funded or run.

History and development of schools

Main articles: History of education

The concept of grouping students together in a centralized location runs parallel to the development of unified, modern cultural identity.
Schools have existed as far back as Greek times if not earlier (see Academy). The Byzantines were the first to establish a schooling system at a primary level. According to ''Traditions and Encounters'', the founding of the primary education system began in 425 A.D. and "...military personnel usually had at least a primary education...". Byzantium education system continued until its collapse in 1453 AD.
Islam was another culture to develop a schooling system in the modern sense of the word, largely brought about by conquests of Greek, Roman and Persian cultures, revealing a wealth of knowledge. A lot of emphasis was put on knowledge and therefore a systematic way of teaching and spreading knowledge was developed in purpose built structures. At first, mosques combined both religious performance and learning activities, but by the tenth century, however, the Seljuks introduced the first school, or Madrassa as it was called in Arabic, a proper school built independently from the mosque. They were also the first to make the school or ''Madrassa'' system a public domain under the control of the caliph. The Nizamiyya madrasa is considered by consensus of scholars to be the earliest surviving school, built towards 1066 CE by Emir Nizam Al-Mulk.
Under the Ottomans, learning was given a new dimension as towns of Bursa and Edirne took over as the main centres of learning respectively. The Ottoman system of Kulliye, a building complex containing a mosque, a hospital, madrassa, and public kitchen and dining areas, revolutionized the education system, making learning accessible to a wider public through its free meals, health care and sometimes free accommodation.
The nineteenth century historian, Scott holds that a remarkable correspondence exists between the procedure established by those institutions and the methods of the present day. They had their collegiate courses, their prizes for proficiency in scholarship, their oratorical and poetical contests, their commencements and their degrees. In the department of medicine, a severe and prolonged examination, conducted by the most eminent physicians of the capital, was exacted of all candidates desirous of practicing their profession, and such as were unable to stand the test were formally pronounced incompetent.
The law student was interested in an authorization, called ''ijaza''; covering a field of knowledge, that of law, as well as in a license to teach it and issue legal opinions, called ''ijazat al-tadris wa 'l-fatwa'', which he obtained from one master-juris consult.
The word Baccalaurea in French or International Baccalaureate in English was derived from Arabic ''Bihaqqi Al-Riwayah'', the first known written warrant to be given from a teacher to his student.
However, education in Islamic culture was conservative; consequently, fewer militay technologies were adopted or invented by the Ottomans and after the 17th century, the Ottoman empire grew increasingly weak as a modernized Europe, pushed by the renaisance advanced in the sciences, leading to great advances in chemistry in Russia by Dimitri Mendeleev and the implementation of Electricity by Michael Faraday and Nikola Tesla.
In Europe during the Middle Ages and much of the Early Modern period, the main purpose of schools (as opposed to universities) was to teach the Latin language. This led to the term grammar school which in the United States is used informally to refer to a primary school but in the United Kingdom means a school that selects entrants on their ability or aptitude. Following this, the school curriculum has gradually broadened to include literacy in the vernacular language as well as technical, artistic, scientific and practical subjects.
The one-room schoolhouse is an icon of 19th century rural life in the United States.
Many secondary and college level schools have have different classes for each course. These may be called a class period. A period may vary in time, but is usually 60 minutes long.

School security

The safety of staff and students is increasingly becoming an issue for school communities. In the wake of the Columbine High School massacre and the Virginia Tech incident, many school administrators in the United States have created plans to protect students and staff in the event of a school shooting (Some also taking measures such as installing metal detectors). For some schools, these plans have included the use of Door Numbering to aid public safety response.
Other security concerns faced by schools include bomb threats and the presence of gangs. Bullying is of major concern in many schools.

A typical school entrance building in Australia

School health services

Main articles: School health services

Online schools/classes

Some schools offer remote access to their classes over the Internet. Online schools also can provide support to traditional schools, as in the case of the School Net Namibia.
Some online classes provide experience in a class so that when you take it you have already been introduced to the subject and know what to expect, and even more classes provide High School/College credit allowing you to take the class at your own pace. Many online classes cost money to use but some are offered free.

Schools in popular culture

Schools in the new age are becoming a larger and larger driving force in popular culture. It is not unheard of to hear of schools coming together to perform large tasks for current world events.
Schools and schoolchildren are frequently portrayed in fiction and the media, ranging from Harry Potter and Grange Hill to Battle Royale. See List of fictional schools

Stress

As a profession teaching has very high levels of Work-Related Stress (WRS)^[1] which are listed as amongst the highest of any profession in some countries, such as the United Kingdom. The degree of this problem is becoming increasingly recognised and support systems are being put into place.^[2]^[3] Teacher education is increasingly recognising the need for new entrants to the profession to be aware of and trained to overcome the challenges that they will face on the 'mental health' front.

Discipline

Schools and their teachers have always been under pressure — for instance, pressure to cover the curriculum, to perform well in comparison to other schools, and to avoid the stigma of being "soft" or "spoiling" toward students. Forms of discipline, such as control over when students will and will not speak, and normalized behaviour, such as raising one's hand to speak, are imposed in the name of greater efficiency. Practitoners of critical pedagogy point out that such disciplinary measures have no positive effect on student learning; indeed, some would argue that disciplinary practices actually detract from learning since they undermine students' individual dignity and sense of self-worth, the latter occupying a more primary role in students' hierarchy of needs.

References

Bibliography

★ ''Education as Enforcement: The Militarization and Corporatization of Schools'', edited by Kenneth J. Saltman and David A. Gabbard, RoutledgeFalmer 2003.review

★ Nakosteen, M. (1964). ‘''History of Islamic origins of Western Education A.D 800-1350''’, University of Colorado Press, Boulder, Colorado,

★ Dodge, B. (1962). ‘''Muslim Education in the Medieval Times''’, The Middle East Institute, Washington D.C.

★ Makdisi, G. (1980). ‘''On the origin and development of the college in Islam and the West''’, in Islam and the Medieval West, ed. Khalil I. Semaan, State University of New York Press

★ Ribera, J. (1928). ‘''Disertaciones Y Opusculos''’, 2 vols. Madrid

★ ''Traditions and Encounters'', by Jerry H. Bentley and Herb F. Ziegler

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